旋转机翼飞机旋翼模式前飞状态干扰气动特性

和传统直升机相比,旋转机翼（CRW）飞机在旋翼模式前飞时各部件之间存在更为严重的气动干扰。为了获得旋转机翼/机身/鸭翼/平尾之间的非定常气动干扰规律,基于运动嵌套网格技术,通过求解三维非定常雷诺平均Navier-Stokes（URANS）方程,建立了旋翼前飞流场数值模拟方法。首先对传统直升机旋翼/机身干扰模型进行了计算,验证了方法的可靠性,然后对某旋转机翼飞机全机在旋翼模式前飞状态下的非定常流场进行了数值模拟,并对各个气动部件上的非定常气动力和力矩的变化进行了分析。结果表明：飞机在旋翼模式前飞时,机身部件对旋转机翼的干扰较弱,在经过机身上方时拉力峰值仅略有增加;旋转机翼对鸭翼和垂尾干扰较弱,对机身和平尾干扰较强,随着前飞速度增大,旋转机翼对平尾的干扰会产生较大的升力损失和抬头力矩,需要引起重视。计算结果为该类飞行器的总体综合设计提供了参考。     

Variations of flutter mechanism of a span-morphing wing involving rigid-body motions

The present paper aims to reveal the significance of rigid-body motions for the flutter mechanism of a span-morphing wing model. The inclusion of rigid-body motions into aeroelastic formulation and flutter analysis is presented. A state-space aeroelastic equation combining the dynamics of stepped Euler-Bernoulli beam with unsteady strip aerodynamic theory is developed by quasi-static modeling. Using a numerical example, variations of flutter mechanism from the bending-torsional flutter to the body-freedom flutter are observed as the span increases. In addition, effects of some dimensionless parameters on the variations of flutter mechanism are investigated. The investigated parameters belonging to the fuselage have limited influences on the bending-torsional flutter but a significant impact on the body-freedom flutter.     

Control law design for transonic aeroservoelasticity

Existing computational transonic aeroservoelastic researches focus on directly coupling the structural dynamic equations, CFD solver and servo system in time domain, study the effect of the given feedback control laws on the responses of the aeroelastic system. These works have not involved the design of the flutter active control law. The non-linearity of transonic flow brings great difficulties to aeroservoelastic analysis and design. Recent research of the unsteady aerodynamic reduced order models (ROM) based on CFD provides a challenging approach for transonic aeroservoelastic analysis and design. Coupling the structural state equations with the aerodynamic state equations of the wing and the control surface based on the ROM, we construct a transonic aeroservoelastic model in state-space. Then the sub-optimal control method based on output feedback is used to design the flutter suppressing law. The study first demonstrates the open loop of the Benchmark Active Controls Technology (BACT) wing. The computational results of the CFD direct simulation method and the ROM analysis method are both agree well with the experimental data. Then both the closed loop time responses and the flutter results by ROM technique are compared with those of numerical aeroservoelastic simulation based on Euler codes to validate the correctness of the design method of the control law and aeroservoelastic analysis method. An increase of up to 20% of the speed index can be achieved by the control law designed by sub-optimal control method for this model.     

Flight dynamics characteristics of canard rotor/wing aircraft in helicopter flight mode

The aerodynamic layout of the Canard Rotor/Wing(CRW) aircraft in helicopter flight mode differs significantly from that of conventional helicopters. In order to study the flight dynamics characteristics of CRW aircraft in helicopter mode, first, the aerodynamic model of the main rotor system is established based on the blade element theory and wind tunnel test results. The aerodynamic forces and moments of the canard wing, horizontal tail, vertical tail and fuselage are obtained via theoretical analysis and empirical formula. The flight dynamics model of the CRW aircraft in helicopter mode is developed and validated by flight test data. Next, a method of model trimming using an optimization algorithm is proposed. The flight dynamics characteristics of the CRW are investigated by the method of linearized small perturbations via Simulink. The trim results are consistent with the conventional helicopter characteristics, and the results show that with increasing forward flight speed, the canard wing and horizontal tail can provide considerable lift,which reflects the unique characteristics of the CRW aircraft. Finally, mode analysis is implemented for the linearized CRW in helicopter mode. The results demonstrate that the stability of majority modes increases with increasing flight speed. However, one mode that diverges monotonously,and the reason is that the CRW helicopter mode has a large vertical tail compared to the conventional helicopter. The results of the dynamic analysis provide optimization guidance and reference for the overall design of the CRW aircraft in helicopter mode, and the model developed can be used for control system design.     

细长三角翼摇滚运动数值研究

采用亚迭代耦合求解流体动力学方程和刚体动力学方程数值研究方法,建立流体与刚体运动耦合的无时间滞后的数值手段来分析研究飞行器非定常的耦合运动特征,预测失稳运动的发生与发展。研究表明:在流动结构失稳后机体运动逐步形成极限环振荡的周期性自维持运动,滚转力矩系数滞回曲线呈现典型的”双8”稳定形态,前缘涡的非对称飘起与再附是典型三角翼摇滚的驱动形式;三角翼构型的自由滚振幅随攻角变化呈现阶跃式的变化;自激振荡的幅度及频率与滚动惯量的大小存在对应的规律性关系。非定常自激振动的翼摇滚具有多控制参数、非稳定、非线性的运动特征。     

弹性飞行器伺服气动弹性分析

伺服气动弹性问题是因非定常空气动力、结构弹性与飞行控制系统间的闭环耦合而引起的弹性飞行器新课题。首先,综述了飞行器伺服气动弹性相关问题;其次,考虑飞行器刚体模态与弹性模态的动态耦合,建立了弹性飞行器俯仰通道短周期运动模型;最后,通过编制软件对飞行器伺服气动弹性进行了仿真分析,并得出了相应的结论。     

Numerical simulation of aerodynamic interaction for a tilt rotor aircraft in helicopter mode

A rotor CFD solver is developed for simulating the aerodynamic interaction phenomenon among rotor, wing and fuselage of a tilt rotor aircraft in its helicopter mode. The unsteady Navier–Stokes equations are discretized in inertial frame and embedded grid system is adopted for describing the relative motion among blades and nacelle/wing/fuselage. A combination of multi-layer embedded grid and ‘‘extended hole fringe" technique is complemented in original grid system to tackle grid assembly difficulties arising from the narrow space among different aerodynamic components, and to improve the interpolation precision by decreasing the cell volume discrepancy among different grid blocks. An overall donor cell searching and automatic hole cutting technique is used for grid assembly, and the solution processes are speeded up by introduction of Open MP parallel method. Based on this solver, flow fields and aerodynamics of a tilt rotor aircraft in hover are simulated with several rotor collective angles, and the corresponding states of an isolated rotor and rotor/wing/fuselage model are also computed to obtain reference solution.Aerodynamic interference influences among the rotor and wing/fuselage/nacelle are analyzed,and some meaningful conclusions are drawn.     

低RCS飞行器外形设计实践

 在鸭式布局的基础上 ,对飞行器各部件及部件间的连接方式进行了外形隐身设计。对初步形成的鸭翼 -翼身融合体改变机身头部形状和立尾配置等进行 RCS优化。给出了飞行器各种状态下的 RCS平均值和迎头± 45°区内的 RCS值。测试结果表明 ,尖头机身、 30°双立尾 (立尾与垂直平面成± 30°角 )的鸭翼 -翼身融合体的 RCS值最小。对 RCS优化后的外形 ,风洞测力试验表明其气动性能也较好 (最大升阻比达到 8,失速迎角超过 2 6°)     

Aeroservoelastic stability analysis for flexible aircraft based on a nonlinear coupled dynamic model

A unified theoretical aeroservoelastic stability analysis framework for flexible aircraft is established in this paper. This linearized state space model for stability analysis is based on nonlinear coupled dynamic equations, in which rigid and elastic motions of aircraft are both considered. The common body coordinate system is utilized as the reference frame in the deduction of dynamic equations, and significant deformations of flexible aircraft are also fully concerned without any excessive assumptions. Therefore, the obtained nonlinear coupled dynamic models can well reflect the special dynamic coupling mechanics of flexible aircraft. For aeroservoelastic stability analysis, the coupled dynamic equations are linearized around the nonlinear equilibrium state and together with a control system model to establish a state space model in the time domain. The methodology in this paper can be easily integrated into the industrial design process and complex structures. Numerical results for a complex flexible aircraft indicate the necessity to consider the nonlinear coupled dynamics and large deformation when dealing with aeroservoelastic stability for flexible aircraft.     

转轴位置对俯仰动态特性的影响

研究了转轴位置对机翼、机身和三个组合体上翼面的动态特性的影响，对于机翼和机身，当转轴位置后移时其动态迟滞效应更为强烈。当翼面处于转轴之前，上仰时会出现更为的动态迟滞效应。因此鸭翼达到失速状态较晚。而当翼面处于转轴之后时，如尾翼，将会更早地出现动失速，转轴位置对动态迟滞特性的影响可以认为主要是由于俯仰运动时的动态洗流影响所导致的实际有效迎角的变化。由此影响了动态分离涡及其发展。     

振动鸭翼复杂流场测量

研究鸭式布局飞机模型振动鸭翼对翼面涡流场的非定常干扰影响，进行了有无鸭翼、鸭翼不同偏角和不同振动频率，不同振动平均偏角及不同模型攻角下的主翼面涡流场静动态流动显示和翼面及立尾上压力分布测量。分析上述参数对主翼涡大小和强度、主翼涡位置和破散特性，压力分布特性的影响及其造成该现象的上下洗效应，涡系干扰和动态迟滞特性等复杂流动机理。     

考虑刚体/弹性耦合的飞机动稳定性研究

以大展弦比无人机为例,研究刚体运动对飞机纵向气动伺服弹性(ASE)稳定性以及弹性运动对飞机纵向飞行力学稳定性的影响。针对带有反馈控制的飞机,建立了时域的刚体/弹性耦合运动方程;以刚体运动频率与一阶弹性频率的比值为参数,分别研究有无刚体模态时的ASE系统稳定裕度和有无弹性模态时的飞行力学稳定裕度。数值仿真表明,当飞机刚体运动频率与一阶弹性频率的比值大于0.01时,飞机刚体运动对ASE稳定裕度的影响逐渐显现;当该频率比值大于0.03时,飞机弹性运动对飞行力学稳定裕度的影响开始突现;当该频率比大于1时,刚体弹性耦合效应不可忽略。     

跨音速机翼结构动力响应的计算研究

通过交替求解流体运动方程和结构动力方程来计算时域内二维机翼的结构动力响应,并研究了结构参数对系统稳定性的影响,使用控制中的相平面图对计算结果进行分析,来判断系统的结构稳定性。计算中流体运动方程采用二维非定常Ｅｕｌｅｒ方程,并用Ｊａｍｅｓｏｎ提出的有限体积方案,四步Ｒｕｎｇｅ－Ｋｕｔｔａ时间推进求解;结构模型采用二自由度ＰＡＰ模型。经分析,计算结果合理。     

旋转机翼对CRW飞机气动特性影响的动态试验研究

鸭式旋翼/机翼（CRW）飞机是一种新型复合升力飞机。旋转机翼的焦点位置、迎风面积随旋转机翼方位角剧烈变化,同时旋转机翼气动力受前机身上洗流影响明显,综合影响使得旋转机翼在旋转状态下全机气动特性随旋转机翼方位角剧烈变化。通过风洞试验对纵向气动特性进行了研究,结果表明：旋转机翼的升阻特性变化对全机升阻及俯仰特性的影响以振荡的形式表现,频率为旋转机翼的旋转频率,幅值都在固定翼状态稳态值的5%以上。     

鸭式布局地效翼数值研究

针对地效飞行器气动特性和纵向静稳定性这两个重要问题,应用数值模拟的方法对鸭式布局地效飞行器进行了研究。在鸭式布局中,主翼和鸭翼互相干扰,流场比较复杂。简化了地效飞行器模型,只考虑了主翼和鸭翼,通过改变鸭式布局地效飞行器中鸭翼相对主翼的位置和角度,分析其对气动特性和纵向静稳定性的影响。     

直升机急拉杆机动飞行仿真建模与验证

 针对直升机大机动飞行仿真,建立了一个非线性的飞行动力学模型,考虑了翼型非定常/动态失速、机动飞行引起的动态尾迹畸变、桨叶弹性变形效应和发动机动态特性。采用基于有限元分析的挥舞-摆振-扭转耦合的弹性桨叶模型,并利用一种新的数值方法将旋翼/机体耦合运动方程表示为显式形式,整个飞行动力学模型表示为状态空间格式。以UH-60A直升机在高速飞行条件下的急拉杆机动飞行为例进行仿真计算,并与飞行试验数据进行对比验证。分析表明,仿真结果与试验结果吻合,高速飞行条件下机体抬头过程中前行桨叶非定常气动载荷的计算误差是引起旋翼和机体运动仿真误差的主要原因。     

Gain self-scheduled H_∞ control for morphing aircraft in the wing transition process based on an LPV model

This article investigates gain self-scheduled H 1 robust control system design for a tailless fold- ing-wing morphing aircraft in the wing shape varying process. During the wing morphing phase, the aircraft’s dynamic response will be governed by time-varying aerodynamic forces and moments. Nonlinear dynamic equations of the morphing aircraft are linearized by using Jacobian linearization approach, and a linear parameter varying (LPV) model of the morphing aircraft in wing folding is obtained. A multi-loop controller for the morphing aircraft is formulated to guarantee stability for the wing shape transition process. The proposed controller uses a set of inner-loop gains to provide stability using classical techniques, whereas a gain self-scheduled H 1 outer-loop controller is devised to guarantee a specific level of robust stability and performance for the time-varying dynamics. The closed-loop simulations show that speed and altitude vary slightly during the whole wing folding process, and they converge rapidly after the process ends. This proves that the gain self-scheduled H 1 robust controller can guarantee a satisfactory dynamic performance for the morphing aircraft during the whole wing shape transition process. Finally, the flight control system’s robustness for the wing folding process is verified according to uncertainties of the aerodynamic parameters in the nonlinear model.     

Active Control Law Design for Flutter/LCO Suppression Based on Reduced Order Model Method

 Active stability augmentation system is an attractive and promising technology to suppress flutter and limit cycle oscillation (LCO). In order to design a good active control law, the control plant model with low order and high accuracy must be pro-vided, which is one of the most important key points. The traditional model is based on low fidelity aerodynamics model such as panel method, which is unsuitable for transonic flight regime. The physics-based high fidelity tools, reduced order model (ROM) and CFD/CSD coupled aeroservoelastic solver are used to design the active control law. The Volterra/ROM is applied to constructing the low order state space model for the nonlinear unsteady aerodynamics and static output feedback method is used to active control law design. The detail of the new method is demonstrated by the Goland+ wing/store system. The simu-lation results show that the effectiveness of the designed active augmentation system, which can suppress the flutter and LCO successfully.     

大展弦比飞机运动稳定性建模及分析

随着飞机设计技术的提高和新型材料的应用，现代飞机气动弹性效应越来越显著，刚体运动和弹性体振动互相解耦的关系不再明显，在分析弹性飞机相关问题时，应该综合地、统一地考虑飞行动力学与气动弹性力学问题。本文在一般体轴系下综合考虑了飞机刚体运动自由度和弹性振动自由度，建立弹性飞机刚弹耦合运动的方程，通过在配平状态下引入小扰动运动假设，以及利用有理函数拟合技术将偶极子格网法计算所得到的频域非定常气动力转化为时域形式，建立了大柔性飞机刚弹耦合小扰动状态空间方程，并对纵向运动稳定性进行分析计算。针对文中构型飞机，运用本文所采用的方法计算所得结果与传统的线性及刚体计算所得结果进行对比分析，非线性计算方法所得颤振速度更小，而且失稳模态亦发生变化，对于飞行力学模态而言，长周期模态稳定性变差，在计算速度范围内出现失稳的现象，由此说明机翼大变形对飞机稳定性所带来的影响。     

多输入气动伺服弹性系统抗阵风不灵敏性研究

针对飞机多输入 /多输出气动伺服弹性系统的抗阵风不灵敏性进行理论分析与计算验证。对于耦合的多回路飞行控制系统 ,建立弹性结构、非定常气动力和控制系统构成的气动伺服弹性分析模型 ,根据现代控制理论中的鲁棒分析技术 ,以系统回差矩阵的奇异值理论为基础 ,应用系统抗干扰不灵敏性的判据 ,确定气动伺服弹性系统对阵风外干扰保持不灵敏性的能力。以某型飞机横侧向耦合控制系统为对象 ,采用 Dryden谱形式的大气紊流模型作为外部阵风干扰 ,对系统的不灵敏性及阵风响应进行计算、分析和比较