基于SCADA及以太网的大型空间环境模拟器集中控制系统

以往的空间环境模拟器大多采用分散独立控制的模式,导致多套设备并行试验时人力投入大、设备管理困难。针对这一问题,文章提出了一种基于SCADA（Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition,监控与资料搜集）系统和以太网的分布式集中控制系统。该系统采用B/S架构,将控制网络和企业局域网相结合,为操作用户和管理用户提供方便灵活的远程数据服务。系统对关键模块采用了必要的冗余设计,增加了可靠性和安全性。     

Smaller states and the new balance of power in space

The number of states capable of building, launching and operating satellites has grown significantly over the years. This article discusses how going to space in an egalitarian fashion may influence the current state of affairs related to the militarization and weaponization of outer space, the security postures of the already established space powers, and the global balance of power in general. Potential changes in the relationship between old and new spacefarers may instigate an entire shift in the understanding of threats and opportunities for international cooperation in space.     

Space for science, enterprise and environment: the UK draft Space Strategy

For the UK, space is primarily a means to an end and not an end in itself. This approach has been described as utilitarian. The British National Space Centre describes it as user oriented: the purpose of going into space should be to provide cost-effective information or services to the users, whether these are the science community, commercial operators and customers, or public sector bodies. The new draft UK Space Strategy, published on 22 January 2003, provides the underpinning rationale for this approach, which derives in part from the very individual way in which the UK organises its interests in space.     

Commercial space and international trade rules: an assessment of the WTO''s influence on the sector

This paper explores how the WTO process may affect the development of commercial space industries in Asia. It does so by examining how the ever greater reach of trade rules may constrain industrial and technology policies aimed at developing an indigenous space capability. The role of the USA is also examined, as it is the US industry that will be among the most affected by increased competition in satellite and launcher services.     

Creating a European internal security strategy involving space applications

Space applications are used for countering a wide variety of external security threats but their use for the provision of internal security (for non-military threats like terrorism, organised crime or illegal immigration) is still largely neglected. Several steps have recently been taken to consider space applications for counter-terrorism and other internal security threats. In the context of the general call for a specific European security research programme, the European Union’s Framework Programme for Research and Technological Development (FP 7) is conducting several projects using space applications for fighting internal security threats. However, current attempts remain scattered across national and European initiatives, policy fields and pillars, institutional actors and actors involved in various projects. There is thus a strong need for a more integrated approach at the EU-level through a European Internal Security Strategy complementing the existing European Security Strategy. The US has been looking at the provision of homeland security for some time. A revision of existing structures in Europe should thus not neglect the dimension of transatlantic cooperation in this policy area.     

Threats, risks, and sustainability—Answers from space: Results of the ESPI conference

An initiative was undertaken by the European Space Policy Institute (ESPI) on 10–11 December 2007 to shed new light on the various threats to long-term sustainability on Earth using an interdisciplinary approach. The main objective of this conference was to analyse how space could be a tool for prediction, management or mitigation of threats and risks in six sectors (environment, security, mobility, knowledge, resources and energy) defined by ESPI as the main areas for sustainability. For each sector, one (non-space) speaker from a think-tank covering the respective sector and two speakers from the space sector exchanged views and ideas in order to identify common needs for action to ensure sustainability in the field. Such a dialogue between sector specialist and space experts permitted a detailed examination of the way space has become a crucial tool in solving a variety of today's problems. It also identified areas where space applications could better respond to sectoral and future challenges.     

Current barriers and factors of success in the diffusion of satellite services in Europe

Satellite services benefit civil society by helping tackle challenges such as climate change, the digital divide, etc. They have the potential to deliver concrete benefits to European society through innovative services supporting economic, societal and environmental policies. Such benefits can trigger increased public support for space in Europe. However, this potential has yet to be achieved. This paper argues that technological bias, the diversity of interests and initiatives among stakeholders and their individual actions do not always serve their collective objective to ensure wide diffusion of satellite services. It draws on theories of diffusion of innovation and on its authors' participatory work with the space and the user communities and at their interface in an effort to help diffuse satellite services within civil society. One of the major causes of insufficient service diffusion is the weakness of the interface between the space and user communities; some of factors that currently contribute to this state of affairs are the space community's over-reliance on publicly financed, technical demonstration projects as solutions to service diffusion; insufficient coordination by public authorities of innovation policies and programmes with other public policies and objectives; and an insufficient integration of satellite services within users' culture, traditional tools and services. The discussion allows for conclusions to be drawn on how the system of stakeholders could function better in order for satellite services to be successfully diffused in Europe.     

Spectrophotometric diagnostics of energy characteristics and conductance of the auroral ionosphere from satellite: 1. Specific methods,accuracy problems,and instrumentation requirements

One of the most important tasks of space research is to find a way of real-time monitoring of the space environment conditions around the Earth. This is necessary in order to provide warning about the threats of critical failures in ground-based and space technological systems, thus providing for their stable and secure operation. In view of this concern, methods of diagnostics of ionospheric energy and electrodynamic characteristics continue to be developed on the basis of spectral and photometric measurements, analyzing the glow intensity of emissions of the upper atmosphere observed from above. Serial panoramic monochromatic maps of the intensity of luminosity of the upper atmosphere emissions measured from orbiting detectors can serve as a main data source for such an analysis. In this paper we consider the principal aspects of the method, and, on this basis, the instrumentation requirements are formulated.     

A knowledge-based architecture for planning military intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance

One of the most important objectives of military intelligence is to warn of potential or immediate threats. This paper investigates several related research issues. First, what kinds of data can military space provide, with which to watch, monitor, and analyze hostile forces? Second, what operational mechanisms can work to integrate military intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance? Third, how can a system architecture in support of intelligence operations be implemented for decision support and knowledge management? The paper investigates how research work can contribute a system concept with military space applications to national defense and security. It investigates the use of a geographical information system as a system platform for integrating the spatial database, attribute database, rule base, case base and knowledge repository as a knowledge-based decision support system. A hypothetical case showing how the system is implemented is presented.     

SSA: Where does Europe stand now?

With the growing need for monitoring and awareness of all the objects in space (including debris) now recognized, the types of effort required towards this end are discussed, with the emphasis on European activities. A number of European documents acknowledging the problem are cited and initiatives to promote space situational awareness (SSA) are examined. While there is currently no provision in the EU budget beyond 2013 for protecting ground and space assets from space environmental threats, an encouraging degree of bilateral cooperation between member states suggests that an SSA capability is emerging in Europe.     

一种基于共享控制的双臂协同遥操作控制方法

针对双臂空间机器人精细操作任务，提出一种双臂协同遥操作共享控制方法。该方法将传统的遥操作四通道控制结构与共享控制相结合，通过在主从端控制器中加入优势因子，实现操作者与机器人左右操作手力和位置信息的双闭环反馈回路，并通过调节优势因子使主端的操作者对从端机械臂具有不同的控制权重，且主端操作者在协同操作时可以感受到对方的操作意图。通过CHAI 3D搭建的实验平台设计典型空间操作实验，并与单个操作者单独进行双手操作和双操作者分别操作单机械臂的情况对比。实验结果表明，本算法操作精度和效率较高，操作中的碰撞次数较少。     

The earth observation market: industrial dynamics and their impact on data policy

This paper examines the relationship between public sector objectives in the Earth observation data market and the economic interests of Earth observation data procedures. The Earth observation data market is treated as a particular example of an information market and the economic incentives created by the cultural characteristics of the market, particularly in Europe, are considered to assess the implications for data pricing policies. The analysis focuses upon implications of the vertical and horizontal linkages in the Earth observation industrial participation chain which includes space segment suppliers, space agencies and operators, data intermediaries and end users. A rebalancing of administrative and market decisions is proposed that would result in a shift in the allocation of public resources from space agencies and data intermediaries to data users whose activities are deemed to be in the widest public interest.     

交互支持中空间链路扩展业务研究及实现

目前,基于空间链路扩展业务的交互支持已成为国际空间技术领域的一个研究热点,而我国地面系统尚不支持空间链路扩展业务。通过对空间链路扩展业务的研究和对国外应用现状的调研,结合我国地面系统特点,提出在我国地面系统实施该业务的具体方案,并探讨系统应用中如何保证数据传输完整性的问题。     

星载电子侦察与电子对抗

星载电子侦察与对抗技术主要用于对空间目标的侦收和检测,对于空间可能的威胁目标,实施有效的干扰。介绍了用于星载电子侦察与对抗的单机被动定位技术,基于单脉冲光纤延时复制的低截获概率雷达技术,并行信号检测与分选技术以及电子干扰技术。     

关于CCSDS无损数据压缩建议的初步研究

无损数据压缩是航天空间任务的重要业务 ,在商用和计算机通信中也占有越来越重要的地位。对 CCSDS(Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems)建议的无损数据压缩的基本原理、编解码方法、系统实现、压缩性能进行了分析研究。对 CCSDS的无损数据压缩建议在空间及其它领域的应用提出了初步看法 ,并指出了扩展和进一步研究的建议。     

Transparency and confidence-building measures for space security

Transparency and confidence-building measures (TCBMs) are a set of tools designed to display, predict and discipline states’ behaviour with respect to maintaining the security of space. With intentional and unintentional threats to the peaceful use of space on the rise, there is a growing international consensus on the need for greater transparency in space-related activities as well as confidence-building measures to reduce the prospects of disruption to the ever-expanding role of space in our day-to-day lives. Terrestrial TCBMs can serve as a guide to understanding what political arrangements are possible in space, including certain precedents in the areas of arms control, non-proliferation and disarmament. At the same time, current and emerging challenges in space - including orbital space debris, risk of collisions, growing saturation of the radiofrequency spectrum, the crowding of satellites in geostationary (GEO) orbit and threat of purposeful disruption - need to be evaluated in the context of unilateral, bilateral, multilateral and private initiatives to increase space situational awareness and security. This paper describes and evaluates various prospective TCBMs alongside current proposals to advance safety and security in space, including the EU Draft Code of Conduct for Outer Space Activities. It offers specific recommendations, arguing that Europe is uniquely qualified to negotiate a 21st century TCBM architecture thanks to its history of diplomacy and ability to identify common ground among disparate parties. This will only happen, however, with a more defined institutional design and the EU’s emergence as a global civilian leader.     

Global space exploration 2025: Europe's perspectives for partnerships

Space exploration is an emblematic domain of space activities where traditionally only established space powers have been active. However, new actors are demonstrating great interest in it, principally for international prestige reasons, with an increasing number making ambitious plans. Complementing national endeavours, international cooperation has become a central element of most countries' exploration strategy, since the costs of doing it alone are so great. Europe's development into a fully fledged actor in space exploration requires a shared assessment of the future challenges, threats and opportunities with which it will be confronted in order to derive the best options for cooperation to lead and anticipate rather than follow and endure change.     

We the people: Consequences of the revolution in the management of space applications

The creation of Google Earth has initiated a new market for space imaging with hundreds of millions of potential customers. The distribution of data could replace their production as the driving factor in the development of the image business, up to the point where the managers of the flow of information would control and finance the space system, as operators do with satcoms.     

卫星用累积检漏法技术研究——三种定量比对校验方法分析

卫星用累积检漏技术是目前世界各国宇航工程检漏工作者较多采用的一种检漏方法，但在使用该方法时必须配备定量比对校验方法。介绍了各国常用的三种定量比对校验方法：标准漏孔比对法、定量气体浓度比对法和定量气体量比对法。对这三种校验方法进行了比较和分析，并从优点、缺点和技术含量三个方面进行了综合评估，认为累积检漏法中的氦质谱检漏仪选用定量气体浓度比对法较合理些。这种方法具有检漏时间短、检测误差小等特点。     

Competitiveness of commercial space transportation services

Competition between the providers of space transportation has become intense with the distinct possibility of governments providing both direct and indirect subsidies in order to influence transportation user choices. This bodes well for users of transportation services but has serious ramifications with regard to the future makeup of the international space transportation industry. This paper addresses the following key issues: selecting a launch service given a decision to establish a business to provide satellite communication services; establishing the price that should be bid by a launch provider in order to have a specified chance of being awarded the launch contract; and assessing the possibility that a launch provider is utilizing unfair or predatory pricing in order to increase the likelihood of winning launch contracts and thereby increasing market share. A method is developed and results presented based upon establishing ‘value in use’ pricing that explicitly takes into account the multiple attributes of alternative launch services. This leads to an assessment of ‘predatory’ pricing in terms of the value in use pricing.