微型扑翼低雷诺数绕流气动特性研究

针对微型扑翼所处典型飞行状态,数值模拟研究了微型扑翼绕流的低雷诺数气动特性.基于结构化嵌套网格求解了预处理后的三维非定常雷诺平均Navier-Stokes方程,空间离散采用了中心格式有限体积法,非定常时间推进为双时间法.通过与文献低雷诺数扑翼的试验值对比验证了本文算法的有效性,接下来通过大量计算研究了关键气动参数和展向折叠扑动模式的影响规律.研究结果表明迎角、扭转角和折叠扑动对升力影响较大,扭转角和减缩频率对推力影响较大.本文的研究得到了微型扑翼气动力特性的机理性结论,有助于理解微型扑翼飞行原理,为设计微型扑翼提供了参考依据.     

扑翼非定常气动特性的实验研究

扑翼的动态特性使其具有与固定翼完全不同的飞行模式,为了研究扑翼在扑动周期内的非定常气动特性,建立基于虚拟仪器的扑翼风洞实验测控系统,能够实现对气动力、扑动角度、功率等物理量的实时测量;以斯特劳哈尔数作为扑翼非定常程度的度量标准,并根据斯特劳哈尔数的定义完成扑翼在不同扑动幅度、扑动频率和来流速度条件下的风洞实验;分析扑翼在不同条件下的升力、推力及推进效率,进而得出斯特劳哈尔数对扑翼气动特性的影响规律。结果表明:扑翼的气动力随斯特劳哈尔数的增大而显著增大;当斯特劳哈尔数处于特定范围内时,扑翼具有较高的推进效率。     

扑翼升力特性的非定常涡格法计算研究

针对西北工业大学航空学院微型飞行器研究室研制的PY-1型扑翼机,建立了扑翼的运动模型,并采用非定常涡格法模拟了该扑翼的升力特性,分析了迎角、飞行速度对升力特性的影响。计算结果与实际飞行试验吻合,验证了非定常涡格法模拟扑翼非定常气动特性的正确性和有效性。研究结果可为扑翼机的气动设计提供参考。     

预处理AUSMDV格式在微型扑翼绕流数值模拟中的应用

由于微型扑翼的低速低雷诺特性,对其粘性绕流的数值模拟存在较大困难。传统的中心空间离散格式不具有格式耗散而需要加入带有自由度的人工耗散,给计算带来不确定因素;此外,在低速低雷诺条件下,RANS方程组的条件数太大,导致计算收敛缓慢甚至不收敛,需要引入预处理方法加速收敛。本文使用具有低耗散特性的AUSMDV空间离散格式结合预处理方法对扑翼的非定常粘性绕流进行了数值模拟,非定常推进采用了含双时间迭代的LU-SGS隐式时间推进,湍流模型采用了BL模型。计算结果表明,加入预处理能够克服AUSMDV格式难以收敛的缺点,并且与中心格式相比,基于预处理的AUSMDV格式能够更准确地模拟扑翼的非定常粘性绕流,通过将本文计算结果与文献结果对比验证了本文方法的有效性。在此基础上研究了扑翼相关参数对气动特性的影响,对进一步了解扑翼气动力产生机理,指导扑翼的气动设计具有参考价值。     

柔性扑翼全机气动结构耦合特性及稳定性研究

由于微型扑翼飞行器具有体积小、重量轻等特点,在飞行过程中会产生明显的柔性变形,因此在对扑翼气动特性进行数值模拟时,有必要考虑柔性变形的影响。基于结构动力学理论,发展了一种适用于扑翼全机气动结构耦合特性的数值模拟方法与一种适用于扑翼的结构动力学求解方法。方法利用哈密顿原理,对动能和应变能进行变分,进而得到扑翼动力学方程,采用结构有限元方法对运动方程进行离散并求解;采用基于嵌套网格的CFD求解器对微型扑翼全机非定常绕流进行数值模拟。采用CFD/CSD耦合求解器对微型扑翼飞行器全机气动结构耦合特性进行数值模拟,分析了结构变形对柔性扑翼气动特性的影响,并分别对扑动过程中刚性扑翼和柔性扑翼的压心变化范围进行研究,分析了结构变形对柔性扑翼稳定性的影响。     

柔性扑翼气动结构耦合特性数值研究

微型扑翼体积小、重量轻,其柔性变形对气动特性有显著的影响。通过求解雷诺平均N-S方程(ReynoldsAveraged Navier-Stokes,RANS)和结构动力学方程,对微型柔性扑翼飞行器的气动结构耦合特性进行了数值模拟研究。针对微型扑翼的大幅运动,发展了适用于扑翼的气动结构耦合数值计算方法,研究了微型扑翼的气动结构耦合特性。通过求解雷诺平均Navier-Stokes(RANS)方程得到微型扑翼的非定常气动特性;利用哈密顿原理(Hamilton Principle)推导了扑翼的结构动力学方程,采用结构有限元方法对该动力学方程进行离散并求解,得到扑翼的动态结构特性;采用松耦合方法进行迭代。计算结果与风洞实验结果相比吻合良好,验证了所发展方法的有效性。在此基础上研究了惯性力和关键运动参数对柔性扑翼气动及结构特性的影响规律,有助于比较详细、全面地了解微型扑翼的气动机理,为柔性扑翼的设计提供了参考依据。     

微型扑翼飞行器非定常运动对平尾的影响

以西北工业大学自行研制的微型扑翼飞行器ASN211为研究对象,利用其简化的二维扑翼及平尾串列翼模型进行了非定常数值模拟,分析了扑翼俯仰运动及沉浮运动对平尾气动性能的影响。在数值模拟模块中,模型的俯仰运动及沉浮运动由动网格技术实现。通过计算流体力学(CFD)软件Fluent对此非定常流场进行数值计算,重点研究了扑翼非定常运动尾流对平尾气动效率的影响。定常状态与非定常时均条件下平尾升力曲线的对比分析表明,扑翼的非定常运动能够增大平尾的失速迎角及最大升力系数,因而使平尾的失速特性得到改善。     

基于CFD方法对微型扑翼翼型设计的研究

基于CFD方法从扑翼设计的角度出发对扑翼的外形进行深入的研究.使用基于广义无限插值理论的代数网格生成方法开发适合扑翼运动的三维结构N-S动网格,并应用有限体积法结合双时间推进技术求解预处理后的低速三维非定常N-S方程,完成了对低速扑翼绕流的数值模拟.通过与文献算例的比较验证了本文方法的可靠性和正确性.在此基础上,对文献[8]中介绍的一种混合翼型的相关参数变化对扑翼气动特性的影响开展了深入的研究.     

变展长战术导弹非定常气动特性研究

以某轴对称基准弹为模型,通过数值模拟对其进行了准定常和非定常气动特性研究,探索可变翼飞行器在变展长过程中的非定常气动特性。结果表明:在弹翼连续变展长的过程中,非定常气动特性曲线在对应的准定常气动特性曲线周围形成滞回环,若来流马赫数增大,则滞回环变小。当来流为超声速时,轴对称基准弹飞行迎角和变形周期对其非定常气动特性影响较小,而非定常气动特性并不显著,接近于准定常气动特性,在可变翼飞行器设计过程中可以忽略不计;当来流为亚声速时,展长变化对非定常气动特性有一定的影响,不能忽略。     

扑翼飞行器非定常气动特性研究

为了研究复杂的非定常运动状态下扑翼飞行器翅翼的气动特性,针对自行研制的一种仿鸟扑翼飞行器建立了翅翼二维非定常空气动力学模型.基于该模型,通过用MATLAB编制计算升力系数和推力系数的程序,计算并分析了各运动参数对升力和推力特性的影响.结果表明,相位差对推力系数的影响较大,而升力系数随迎角的变化较快.     

小型和微型无人机的气动特点和设计

讨论了当前包括固定翼、扑翼和微型旋翼的小型无人驾驶飞行器(SUAV)和微型无人驾驶飞行器(MAV)的进展和未来发展可能涉及的技术问题。讨论了低雷诺数空气动力特性,包括分离气泡和展弦比的影响。介绍了用于拍动翼的非定常空气动力特性和高升力机理。讨论了目前存在的2种设计方法——多学科/多目标优化设计和探索式/进化式的设计方法,以及在设计中柔性翼和主动智能控制的重要性。     

考虑弹性转轴的扑翼三维气动数值计算

通过求解雷诺平均Navier-Stokes方程,研究了同时具有扑动和俯仰运动的三维扑翼气动特性.为了模拟扑翼的弹性特性,在扑翼俯仰轴处设计了扭簧.研究了扑翼平面形状、俯仰弹性轴与质心的相对位置、俯仰刚度变化等参数的影响.结果表明:俯仰角相对扑动角有一个大的相位超前量,且刚度系数越大该超前量越大;考虑了俯仰弹性特征后,计...     

Unsteady aerodynamics and flow control for flapping wing flyers

The creation of micro air vehicles (MAVs) of the same general sizes and weight as natural fliers has spawned renewed interest in flapping wing flight. With a wingspan of approximately 15 cm and a flight speed of a few meters per second, MAVs experience the same low Reynolds number (10⁴–10⁵) flight conditions as their biological counterparts. In this flow regime, rigid fixed wings drop dramatically in aerodynamic performance while flexible flapping wings gain efficacy and are the preferred propulsion method for small natural fliers. Researchers have long realized that steady-state aerodynamics does not properly capture the physical phenomena or forces present in flapping flight at this scale. Hence, unsteady flow mechanisms must dominate this regime. Furthermore, due to the low flight speeds, any disturbance such as gusts or wind will dramatically change the aerodynamic conditions around the MAV. In response, a suitable feedback control system and actuation technology must be developed so that the wing can maintain its aerodynamic efficiency in this extremely dynamic situation; one where the unsteady separated flow field and wing structure are tightly coupled and interact nonlinearly. For instance, birds and bats control their flexible wings with muscle tissue to successfully deal with rapid changes in the flow environment. Drawing from their example, perhaps MAVs can use lightweight actuators in conjunction with adaptive feedback control to shape the wing and achieve active flow control. This article first reviews the scaling laws and unsteady flow regime constraining both biological and man-made fliers. Then a summary of vortex dominated unsteady aerodynamics follows. Next, aeroelastic coupling and its effect on lift and thrust are discussed. Afterwards, flow control strategies found in nature and devised by man to deal with separated flows are examined. Recent work is also presented in using microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) actuators and angular speed variation to achieve active flow control for MAVs. Finally, an explanation for aerodynamic gains seen in flexible versus rigid membrane wings, derived from an unsteady three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics model with an integrated distributed control algorithm, is presented.     

Aerodynamic modelling of insect-like flapping flight for micro air vehicles

Insect-like flapping flight offers a power-efficient and highly manoeuvrable basis for a micro air vehicle capable of indoor flight. The development of such a vehicle requires a careful wing aerodynamic design. This is particularly true since the flapping wings will be responsible for lift, propulsion and manoeuvres, all at the same time. It sets the requirement for an aerodynamic tool that will enable study of the parametric design space and converge on one (or more) preferred configurations. In this respect, aerodynamic modelling approaches are the most attractive, principally due to their ability to iterate rapidly through various design configurations. In this article, we review the main approaches found in the literature, categorising them into steady-state, quasi-steady, semi-empirical and fully unsteady methods. The unsteady aerodynamic model of Ansari et al. seems to be the most satisfactory to date and is considered in some detail. Finally, avenues for further research in this field are suggested.     

压电致动器扑翼结构动力学仿真

采用传统扑动机构的微型扑翼,气动效率低、扑动能耗大。采用压电致动器的微型扑翼通过压电材料进行致动使机翼产生上下扑动,有效地将扑动机构和机翼两个主要系统进行集成,不仅节省重量,同时它具有任务变形自适应能力强、气动效率高和扑动能耗小的特点。通过PCL语言建立采用压电致动器的扑翼有限元模型,结合同尺寸扑翼气动力试验数据,进行采用压电致动器扑翼结构仿真。利用仿真结果研制采用压电致动器扑翼原理样机,研究表明,采用压电致动器后扑翼扑动频率得到明显提高,压电片可有效控制机翼的弯扭变形,有助于提高扑翼的气动效率。     

一种非对称折叠扑翼的风洞试验与数值模拟

为了解鸟类翅膀折叠运动的作用,对一个专利中的折叠扑翼机构进行了数学建模,外翼的折叠运动由非定常过程中的气动力、弹性恢复力矩和惯性力决定.利用风洞试验和数值模拟两种方式对该折叠扑翼模型进行了研究.数值模拟和风洞试验结果表明:相对于非折叠扑翼,折叠翼能够有效提高平均升力;在一定范围内增加内翼扑动频率可以提高折叠翼平均升力系...     

一种仿生扑翼飞行器的设计及动力学分析

为了提高仿生扑翼飞行器设计水平,弄清仿生扑翼飞行器的动力学特性、改善其飞行性能,设计了一种折展翼仿鸟扑动飞行样机,并对其动力学特性进行了分析。通过仿生方式设计了基于曲柄连杆的折展扑动机构,建立了扑翼机构的运动学模型,得到了相关运动学参数,并采用拉格朗日方法,推导出扑翼扑动时的动力学模型。基于条带方法对该扑翼的气动力、气动力矩载荷进行估算,分析了折展扑翼非对称扑动时翼翅气动力矩变化规律,结果表明:与一般直扑翼相比,折展翼在上扑阶段受到更小的阻力,因而扑翼扑动过程中能够获得更大的升力。基于ADAMS软件包,对扑动机构关键铰接位置的力学特性进行分析,为优化扑动机构、提高其结构强度提供重要参考。      

Flapping and flexible wings for biological and micro air vehicles

Micro air vehicles (MAVs) with wing spans of 15 cm or less, and flight speed of 30–60 kph are of interest for military and civilian applications. There are two prominent features of MAV flight: (i) low Reynolds number (10⁴–10⁵), resulting in unfavorable aerodynamic conditions to support controlled flight, and (ii) small physical dimensions, resulting in certain favorable scaling characteristics including structural strength, reduced stall speed, and low inertia. Based on observations of biological flight vehicles, it appears that wing motion and flexible airfoils are two key attributes for flight at low Reynolds number. The small size of MAVs corresponds in nature to small birds, which do not glide like large birds, but instead flap with considerable change of wing shape during a single flapping cycle. With flapping and flexible wings, birds overcome the deteriorating aerodynamic performance under steady flow conditions by employing unsteady mechanisms. In this article, we review both biological and aeronautical literatures to present salient features relevant to MAVs. We first summarize scaling laws of biological and micro air vehicles involving wing span, wing loading, vehicle mass, cruising speed, flapping frequency, and power. Next we discuss kinematics of flapping wings and aerodynamic models for analyzing lift, drag and power. Then we present issues related to low Reynolds number flows and airfoil shape selection. Recent work on flexible structures capable of adjusting the airfoil shape in response to freestream variations is also discussed.     

Optimal thickness distributions of aeroelastic flapping shells

The severe weight limitations of flapping wing micro air vehicles necessitates the use of thin flexible wings, which in turn requires an aeroelastic modeling tool for proper numerical characterization. Furthermore, due to the unconventional nature of these vehicles, wing design guidelines for thrust and/or power considerations are not generally available; numerical design optimization then becomes a valuable tool. This work couples a nonlinear shell model to an unsteady vortex lattice solver, and then computes analytical design gradients: the derivative of aerodynamic force/power quantities with respect to a large vector of thickness variables. Gradient-based optimization is then used to locate the wing structure that maximizes the thrust, or minimizes the power under a thrust constraint, for a variety of shell boundary conditions. Changes in the topological features of the optimal wing thicknesses highlight important aeroelastic interactions that can be exploited for efficient flapping wings.     

三维仿生悬停扑翼的时间非对称扑动气动特性

基于对现有黄蜂飞行观察实验的分析，建立了不同下扑和上挥时间非对称扑动悬停扑翼运动轨迹模型，并采用数值求解三维层流Navier-Stokes(N-S)方程的方法，研究了采用不同下扑和上挥时间比的仿生悬停扑翼气动特性.结果表明采用适当的时间非对称扑动可以增强悬停扑翼的气动性能.进一步通过对不同时间非对称扑动扑翼流场分析得出，采用时间非对称扑动不但可以增强使扑翼产生高升力的旋转环流机制，而且还可以增强扑翼表面涡流和展向流的强度,从而使扑翼具有更好的气动性能.