电动力绳系研究进展

介绍了电动力绳系的主要构造及工作原理,回顾了国内外关于电动力绳系的研究历程,并总结了相关在轨试验进展情况。从绳系模型、轨道动力学以及绳系展开动力学与控制等几个方面对电动力绳系进行了分析,最后对电动力绳系技术未来的发展和应用做了展望。     

系统参数对电动力绳系动力学的影响

将电动力绳系(EDT)的主星质量、子星质量、绳系质量以及绳系中的电流视为系统参数，研究这些参数对系统的摆动动力学和轨道动力学的影响。哑铃模型下的电动力绳系摆动动力学方程存在不稳定的周期解，通过Floquet理论来衡量周期解的不稳定程度，从而研究各系统参数对摆动动力学的影响。建立了用春分点轨道元素的形式描述的电动力绳系轨道动力学方程，并以降轨时间来衡量电动力绳系的降轨效率，从而研究系统参数对轨道动力学的影响。运用算例对周期解迁移矩阵的特征值、降轨时间随各系统参数的变化关系进行了仿真，分别得出了各系统参数对系统摆动动力学和轨道动力学的影响。综合本文的仿真结果，并考虑实际发射及空间运行中的其它因素，对电动力绳系的设计和降轨策略提出了建议。     

火箭末级离轨系统中电动力绳系释放条件分析与控制设计

绳系释放过程是电动力绳系火箭末级离轨技术的关键,开展了绳系释放条件分析及控制方案设计。首先,基于"珠式"思想,建立离轨系统绳系释放过程的刚-柔耦合动力学模型。随后,基于数值仿真开展绳系释放条件分析。仿真结果分析发现,释放时火箭末级初始姿态对绳系释放稳定性影响较大,仅靠绳系拉力控制,系统稳定裕度较小,很难保证绳系释放稳定性。据此,进一步提出了一种绳系稳定释放控制方案,并通过数值仿真验证了控制方案的有效性。     

绳系卫星系统交会对接的应用与设计

文章介绍了绳系系统交会对接这项新技术在空间中的应用。主要包括:空间站利用系绳与航天器交会对接,实现为空间站提供各种供给;利用绳系系统与空间碎片对接,可回收或转移空间碎片,保护空间环境;利用一级或多级的绳系系统组成轨道转移系统,实现向地球同步轨道或火星轨道上转移和运送有效载荷。文章还介绍了绳系交会对接系统的设计,包括系统的一般控制方法和算法以及系统的结构设计。随着各项相关技术的发展,绳系卫星系统交会对接将发挥更大作用。     

基于电动力绳系的航天器离轨方式初步研究

为寻找适合近地轨道上使用的航天器离轨技术,文章对目前各种离轨策略的基本原理及优缺点作了分析与对比,重点对电动力绳系离轨装置进行了深入研究,建立了数学模型,推导出离轨时间预估公式,对离轨的过程进行了数学仿真,结果证实电动力阻力能使近地轨道上航天器的轨道高度迅速降低,电动力绳系离轨策略具有很高的工程实用性。     

论绳系小卫星的应用与技术可行性

借助空间系绳的作用,绳系小卫星增强与扩大了现代小卫星的能力,在空间探测与航天技术中具有独特的功能,可承担一般小卫星不能承担或难以承担的太空使命。本文阐述绳系小卫星在太空使命(空间开发与应用,空间环境探测,以及航天新技术试验与演示等)中的应用及其原理,包括建造微重力空间平台,实现机动变轨,进行空间环境探测,以及利用导体系绳装置生成电能、贮存能量、提升轨道等。通过对小型绳系系统SEDS-1、SEDS-2、PMG、TiPS飞行试验的综述与分析,论述绳系小卫星技术可行性与成熟性,包括系绳的伸展,子星的控制,系绳的切断,子星的再入,导体系绳的电动力学应用,以及长系绳生存能力等。对中国绳系小卫星的应用与技术发展提出方案设想。     

电动力绳系卫星轨道机动策略研究

针对电动力绳系卫星轨道机动问题,提出三种电流控制策略实现不同要求的轨道机动。采用常值电流、bang-bang式电流以及傅里叶式电流三种控制策略来实现电动力绳系卫星的轨道机动,并引入小误差修正方法来提高控制精度。结果表明：常值电流和bang-bang式电流分别能够实现轨道倾角和升交点赤经的独立变化;而傅里叶式的时变电流能够实现考虑气动阻力情况下的一般轨道机动。提出的小误差修正方法只需经过一次误差修正就能显著提高轨道机动控制精度。     

辐射开环空间绳系机器人编队动力学及控制

提出了一种新型辐射开环空间绳系机器人编队系统,其在编队稳定性、任务灵活性及燃料消耗等方面具有明显的优势。针对辐射开环空间绳系机器人编队系统自旋运动过程中的构型误差控制问题,首先建立了编队系统的自旋动力学模型;然后分析了空间绳系机器人的绳系拉力和空间平台的自旋扭矩对编队系统自旋运动中出现的构型误差的控制能力;设计了一种依靠空间绳系机器人绳系拉力和空间平台自旋扭矩作为控制量,对构型误差进行控制的协调控制方法;最后通过数字仿真进行了校验和分析。仿真结果表明：设计的协调控制方法能够明显改善编队系统自旋运动中构型误差的控制效果。     

视觉导引受限下空间绳系机器人最优逼近控制

针对空间绳系机器人对目标逼近过程中单目视觉视线角约束和导航信息不全问题，首先建立空间绳系机器人系统动力学模型。然后考虑抓捕器视线角约束，采用高斯伪谱法对空间绳系机器人逼近任务姿轨轨迹进行一体规划。同时设计无需相对目标距离的闭环控制器实现对空间绳系机器人最优姿轨轨迹进行跟踪控制。仿真结果表明，该方案能够克服视觉导引受限的影响，实现空间绳系机器人对位姿最优轨迹的精确跟踪。     

绳系卫星系统动力学,运动学与控制评述纲要

基于作者对绳系卫星系统的研究成果,比较全面、系统、扼要地阐述了绳系卫星系统在动力学与运动学方面的特性与研究方法,并对绳系系统的控制技术作出评述。     

在轨服务中空间系绳的应用及发展

针对空间系绳在空间在轨服务中的应用与发展问题，在简述空间系绳传统应用及试验情况的基础上，综述了空间绳系机器人、空间绳网机器人两类新在轨应用方式的研究和发展，主要包括动力学建模、结构设计、相对状态测量、逼近/抓捕控制、拖曳变轨等。最后进一步讨论了空间系绳未来的研究方向。     

Experiments and numerical simulations of an electrodynamic tether deployment from a spool-type reel using thrusters

The amount of space debris is ever increasing, and pollution of the space environment has become a serious problem that can no longer be ignored. Consequently, the active removal of large space debris from crowded economically useful orbits should begin as soon as possible. The Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency has been investigating an active debris removal system that employs highly efficient electrodynamic tether (EDT) technology for orbital transfer. This study investigates the tether deployment from a spool-type reel using thrusters by means of numerical simulations of an EDT system. The thrusters are used in order to ensure the deployment of a tether with the length of several kilometers. In the simulations using a multiple mass tether model, the key parameters are estimated from various on-ground experiments. By means of the numerical simulations, the dynamics of tether deployment is studied and requirements of thruster needed for the deployment, such as the thrust forces and the periods of thruster activation, are clarified.     

有分布质量系绳的卫星系统的动力学

以一组偏微分方程建立起的数学模型和采用距离速率控制算法来描述系统的受控运动。创建的递推算法用于计算系统的定常运动和称驻形。根据求解小偏差运动方程和通过边界条件求解特征根以判定驻形的稳定性。给出了模拟结果。     

空间系绳的安全性设计准则探讨

系绳的安全性设计是成功实施空间系绳试验非常重要的一环。文章首先介绍了空间系绳的发展状况,然后对已有的系绳材料与结构作了详细的介绍与分析,并通过对国外历次空间系绳试验的总结,给出了从安全性角度如何选择系绳的考虑因素。     

电动系绳离轨装置的设计与分析

电动系绳离轨效果显著,无需消耗推进剂,是处理LEO(低地球轨道)废弃航天器的有效手段。文章介绍了利用电动系绳进行离轨的原理,提出了电动系绳离轨装置所需的硬件及其设计要求;给出了电动系绳离轨装置的控制策略和工作过程,并利用系绳运动方程对电动系绳离轨的效能进行了分析。结果显示,利用电动系绳可以大大减小离轨的面积时间积。     

Sounding rocket experiment of bare electrodynamic tether system

An overview of a sounding rocket, S-520-25th, project on space tether technology experiment is presented. The project is prepared by an international research group consisting of Japanese, European, American, and Australian researchers. The sounding rocket will be assembled by the ISAS/JAXA and will be launched in the summer of 2009. The sounding rocket mission includes two engineering experiments and two scientific experiments. These experiments consist of the deployment of bare electrodynamic tape tether in space, a quick ignition test of hollow cathode system in space, the demonstration of bare electrodynamic tether system in space, and the test of the OML (orbital-motion-limit) current collection theory.     

Tether satellite system collision study

A study was performed to determine the probability of collision with resident space objects and untrackable debris for the tether component of the Tethered Satellite System (TSS) after it broke away from the space shuttle orbiter (mission STS-75) in February 1996. Both an analytical and a numerical approach were used in this study, and the results obtained with these two methods were found to be in good agreement. These results show that the deployed tether is expected to have been impacted by several particles 0.1 mm or larger in size. The probability of collision with objects 10 cm in size or larger was on the order of 10⁻³ per month. Since the severed tether reentered within one month after deployment, the collision hazard to other objects while in orbit was small. The analytical methods used in this study are general and can be applied to future tether collision evaluations.     

Self-stabilising attitude control for spinning tethered formations

The paper analyses the dynamics of a spinning tethered formation where the tethered units are modelled as extended rigid bodies. The system, composed by two platforms linked by a flexible tether a few hundreds of meters long, constitutes the building block of more complex tethered architectures utilised in proposed space interferometry missions. The issue investigated herein is the transfer of a collimated beam from one platform to another in the presence of environmental perturbations and structural vibrations affecting the position and attitude of the two tethered units. We propose to damp residual oscillations and limit the effect of environmental torques with the aid of two passive dampers placed at the tether attachment point. When the damping system is properly tuned, this approach has the considerable advantage of rapidly bringing the system to a minimum energy configuration (zero residual vibrations) without any external control force. Numerical results show the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy and provide an important element towards the implementation of future space-based observatories and formation-flying demonstration mission based on tether-connected architectures.     

Optimal reconfiguration maneuvers for spacecraft imaging arrays in multi-body regimes

Upcoming National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) mission concepts include satellite arrays to facilitate imaging and identification of distant planets. These mission scenarios are diverse, including designs such as the terrestrial planet finder-occulter (TPF-O), where a monolithic telescope is aided by a single occulter spacecraft, and the micro-arcsecond X-ray imaging mission (MAXIM), where as many as 16 spacecraft move together to form a space interferometer. Each design, however, requires precise reconfiguration and star tracking in potentially complex dynamic regimes. This paper explores control methods for satellite imaging array reconfiguration in multi-body systems. Specifically, optimal nonlinear control and geometric control methods are derived and compared to the more traditional linear quadratic regulators, as well as input state feedback linearization. These control strategies are implemented and evaluated for the TPF-O mission concept.