Development Study on ATREX Engine

This is the status report of the development study on ATREX engine (Air Turbo Ramjet) that is now under way in the Institute of Space and Astronautical Science (ISAS) cooperation with the Ishikawajima Harima Heavy Industries (IHI), the Kawasaki Heavy Industries (KHI), the Mitsubishi Heavy Industries (MHI). ATREX engine will be applied for the propulsion system of fly-back booster of TSTO space plane. ATREX is the combined cycle (a fan-boosted ramjet) engine providing the effective thrust from sea level static to flight Mach number 6. ATREX is worked on the expander cycle with precooling the incoming air as shown in Fig. 1. ATREX employs the tip turbine configuration which allows the compactness and the light weight of turbo machinery and the variable geometry airintake and plugnozzle which allow the wide range operation conditions.From 1990 to 1992, “ ATREX-500“ has been tested at the sea level static conditions. ATREX-500 is the 1/4-scale model of which fan inlet diameter is 300 mm and overall length 2,200 mm. From 1992 have been performed the wind tunnel tests on the primary components of ATREX, the axisymmetric variable geometry airintakes, the precoolers and the variable geometry plug nozzles. In parallel to the windtunnel tests, the ram combusters have been tested simulating the hypersonic flight conditions and the application studies on advanced carbon-carbon composite for the tip-turbine and fan assembly has been proceeded.In 1994 initiated the flight test plan in which ATREX will be verified in the practical flight conditions by using an unmanned flying test bench.In 1995 will be tested ATREX-500 installing the precooler under the sea level static conditions to examine the engine performance and the icing on the precooler.The present paper addresses the high loading ram combuster experiment using the mixer with skewed lobes to generate swirl flow and the analytical studies and the designs on the precooler and the precooled ATREX engine and the flight test plan.     

Research on hypersonic aircraft using pre-cooled turbojet engines

Systems analysis of a Mach 5 class hypersonic aircraft is performed. The aircraft can fly across the Pacific Ocean in 2 h. A multidisciplinary optimization program for aerodynamics, structure, propulsion, and trajectory is used in the analysis. The result of each element model is improved using higher accuracy analysis tools. The aerodynamic performance of the hypersonic aircraft is examined through hypersonic wind tunnel tests. A thermal management system based on the data of the wind tunnel tests is proposed. A pre-cooled turbojet engine is adopted as the propulsion system for the hypersonic aircraft. The engine can be operated continuously from take-off to Mach 5. This engine uses a pre-cooling cycle using cryogenic liquid hydrogen. The high temperature inlet air of hypersonic flight would be cooled by the same liquid hydrogen used as fuel. The engine is tested under sea level static conditions. The engine is installed on a flight test vehicle. Both liquid hydrogen fuel and gaseous hydrogen fuel are supplied to the engine from a tank and cylinders installed within the vehicle. The designed operation of major components of the engine is confirmed. A large amount of liquid hydrogen is supplied to the pre-cooler in order to make its performance sufficient for Mach 5 flight. Thus, fuel rich combustion is adopted at the afterburner. The experiments are carried out under the conditions that the engine is mounted upon an experimental airframe with both set up either horizontally or vertically. As a result, the operating procedure of the pre-cooled turbojet engine is demonstrated.     

RBCC推进系统主火箭发动机气氧／煤油推力室研究

为满足RBCC推进系统主火箭发动机对气氧／煤油推力室的要求,对其进行了高燃烧室压力和温度、大范围变工况工作研究。气氧／煤油推力室喷注器采用中心区气液双组元内混式喷嘴和边区直流喷嘴结合结构,身部采用夹层冷却结构。通过对推力室气氧／煤油推进剂的点火及雾化混合技术、推力室喷注器及身部冷却设计技术、推力室的点火启动、稳态工作等关键技术的研究表明,推力室在室压3MPa、5MPa工况下可稳定燃烧。额定推力650N的气氧／煤油推力室方案可靠、点火工作正常,可以满足大范围变工况稳定工作要求。     

基于碳氢燃料裂解工作的ATR发动机性能分析

提出了一种基于碳氢燃料裂解气体驱动涡轮工作的ATR发动机方案,并对特定裂解气成分的碳氢ATR发动机性能进行计算,获得了裂解气中烷/烯比对发动机性能的影响规律。结果表明,在同一飞行条件下,随着发动机转速上升,推力逐渐上升,比冲基本呈减小趋势;在同一转速下,碳氢燃料裂解气中烷/烯比越大,发动机比冲越高。在烷/烯比4、转速百分比70%条件下,发动机比冲最高达到约7 644 m/s;随着烷/烯比逐渐升高,裂解气比热容逐渐升高。     

变轨发动机不等量截尾试验可靠度评估

对于可靠度要求极高和任务时间以小时计的变轨发动机来说，目前广泛采用以铌合金为材料并喷涂以抗高温氧化涂层方案的推力室，这一类发动机在方案试验阶段结束后的研制试验中往往只出现截尾试验的结果。给出了不等量截尾试验结果的可靠度评估方案。     

某发动机喷管周围流场研究

运用Fluent流体动力学软件,采用结构化网格和RNG k-ε湍流模型研究了热试车条件下,某带高温隔热屏发动机喷管周围及隔热屏上温度场的分布,计算结果与试验结果吻合较好.研究结果表明：推进系统热试车条件下,高温隔热屏各组成部分温度均在各自耐受温度以内;高温隔热屏能有效地将发动机羽流的对流及辐射进行隔离,避免高温燃气对发动机周围的推进系统组件进行再加热.     

500t级液氧煤油补燃发动机起动过程仿真研究

500t级液氧煤油补燃发动机是我国首台采用双推力室方案、自身分级起动方式的重型液体火箭发动机。结合重型发动机特点建立了描述发动机起动过程的数学模型,通过数值仿真分析了影响发动机起动特性的主要因素,确定了发动机的起动方案。研究结果表明：液氧主阀和发生器燃料阀打开时差应确保发生器点火在氧头腔充满后进行;流量调节器的转初级起始时间应早于推力室建压时间;燃料节流阀转大流量应在发动机起动受控段进行。     

铣槽结构液体火箭发动机推力室壳体热应力分析

介绍了液体火箭发动机推力室铣槽结构热应力的数值分析方法,通过建立液体火箭发动机推力室的流场燃烧和导热理论模型,运用有限体积法考虑液膜冷却计算出发动机工作时的燃气、燃烧室壳体和冷却工质的温度场,将得出的结果作为壳体热应力计算模型的边界条件进行热应力场有限元分析。内、外壁温度的计算数据与实验结果基本相符。     

Non-stationary heat behaviour of liquid propellant rocket engines

The transient behaviour of the liquid propellant rocket engine is accompanied by non-stationary heat processes in the combustion chamber, the cooling jacket, and the injector. Based on the analysis of the phenomena, which take place in the liquid propellant rocket engine after cut-off command, the major stages of the curve of the rocket thrust drop were defined. A mathematical model of heat processes is suggested, which includes the calculation of transient heat transfer in the chamber, and the detection of boiling-up of the liquid fuel components in the cooling jacket and in the injector. The determination of the law of the rocket thrust drop and a calculation of the after-effect impulse (AEI) are presented. The calculated transient heat flux the combustion chamber and the transient wall temperatures were compared with experimental data, which were received during starting, and with the impulsive behaviour of the liquid propellant rocket engine.     

10kN双向摇摆再生冷却发动机技术研究

介绍了10kN双向摇摆发动机的主要技术方案和关键技术．对涂层和边区余氧系数等影响因素进行了传热计算及分析,获得了再生冷却身部的气壁温、液壁温和热流密度的轴向分布曲线,指出了发动机身部可靠冷却的边界工况。针对两种推进剂（N2O4／MMH、N2O4／UDMH）,设计了喷注压降和流量不同的两种喷注器方案,地面热试车表明,两种喷注器方案燃烧稳定,其燃烧效率相当,可达95％～96％。发动机多次地面试验研究验证了发动机设计方案的可行性。     

5kN再生冷却发动机推力室传热研究

5 kN摇摆发动机推力室采用再生冷却身部,为检验推力室冷却方案设计的合理性,对5 kN再生冷却发动机推力室进行传热计算,分析了再生冷却的影响因素,并针对发动机设计提出了相应的改进措施,改进后的发动机热试车工作正常,表明了改进工作的有效性。     

液氧／煤油补燃循环发动机起动过程研究

液体火箭发动机起动过程是发动机研制过程中的难点和关键技术之一。针对某液氧／煤油补燃循环发动机,进行了起动过程研究。建立了发动机各组件的动态数学模型,并进行了适当简化。计算得到了起动过程发动机性能参数随时间变化的仿真曲线。计算结果与试车数据基本相符,初步验证了所建立的仿真模型及采用的仿真方法的正确性。还分析了部分干扰因素对发动机起动过程的影响。     

液体发动机分级燃烧循环最高室压通用模块化计算方法

提出了一种新的液体火箭发动机分级燃烧循环最高室压计算方法。该方法按照预定的计算顺序，对发动机系统的各个模块进行叠代计算，采用拟牛顿法求解系统未知量。     

液氧/煤油发动机换热器试车台配气系统设计

在液氧/煤油发动机研制试验过程中,需要对发动机的换热器进行试验验证,以此来满足发动机对换热器的要求。主要阐述了利用音速孔板控制以及计算气体流量的具体方法、理论计算,以及使用过程中所存在的问题和解决的方法。所设计的配气系统满足了液氧/煤油发动机换热器系统的试验要求。     

偏二甲肼组分变化对火箭发动机稳态工作性能的影响

通过建立液体发动机稳态工作模型与热力计算模型,利用最小二乘优化与迭代计算的方法,仿真研究了被空气部分氧化的偏二甲肼(UDMH)对泵压式液体火箭发动机的影响规律。结果表明,随着UDMH中二甲胺、偏腙和水含量的增加,推进剂混合比略有升高,发动机推力、燃烧室压强和燃烧室温度等参数有较明显下降。与传统地单纯分析推进剂能量性能相比,此方法更能准确表征在火箭发动机系统复杂的调节机制作用下,变质推进剂对发动机工作性能的影响。     

Spacecraft “Foton-M” in-flight thermal conditions

The problem of thermal conditions aboard the “Foton-M” spacecraft during its orbital flight is under consideration in this paper. The problem is very acute for performing microgravity experiments onboard of the orbital platform, because on one hand, many experiments need a definite temperature range to be performed, and on the other hand all electrical devices aboard radiate heat. To avoid uncontrolled heating of the environment special heat exchangers are used. To transport heat from different places of the capsule to heat exchanger special fans are installed given definite orientation. All the heat exchange facilities should be designed in advance being adjusted to current capsule loading and heat radiation by equipment. Thus special tools are needed predicting the capsule thermal conditions being function of equipment placement.The present paper introduces a new developed prognostic mathematical model able to forecast temperature distribution inside the capsule with account of fan induced air flows, thermal irradiation by scientific equipment and heat losses due to cooling system.     

分级燃烧循环发动机启动过程的变结构控制

针对分级燃烧循环液体火箭发动机启动过程的特点，提出了一种变结构控制系统。将启动过程的控制量分解为期望控制输入和随机反馈控制输入，后者由变结构控制来确定。选择发动机涡轮泵转速，预燃室和燃烧室压力作为跟踪状态变量构造线性切换函数，采用分段的等速趋近率实现滑动模态控制。这种变结构控制结构简单且具有较强的鲁棒性，使发动机启动过程的稳定性增强，仿真研究验证了变结构控制系统的有效性。     

连续爆轰发动机的研究进展

连续爆轰发动机是一种基于爆轰波将推进剂的化学能转化成热能的新概念发动机,近年来受到世界各主要国家的高度关注。现已成功获得多种燃料长时间稳定的连续爆轰,较深入地认识了连续爆轰流场结构,初步测得推力和比冲,验证了连续爆轰发动机的性能优势并在火箭模态、冲压模态以及涡轮模态下都实现了稳定连续爆轰。对连续爆轰发动机的工作原理,以及近年来世界各主要国家在连续爆轰发动机的基础研究和应用研究方面取得的代表性成果进行了综述,并给出尚待解决的问题,为其进一步工程化应用提供参考。     

"神舟"号载人飞船轨控发动机的研制

概述了“神舟”号载人飞船2500N轨控发动机研制的主要组件和相关试验的结果。介绍了研制试验情况，喷注器方案、燃烧稳定性、喷注器热相容性和推力室内冷却等关键技术，以及为满足载人航天高可靠性、高安全性要求而采取的可靠性措施。     

补燃循环发动机起动过程涡轮功率控制

分析了采用富氧燃气发生器的补燃循环发动机起动过程中涡轮功率的控制方法,指出起动过程中涡轮功率的主要控制参数为发生器温度和涡轮压比。起动过程中发生器温度的控制依靠选择合适的流量调节器起动流量、转级时间和转级速率来实现。起动过程中涡轮压比的控制需要控制推力室的建压时间和建压幅度,这需要选择合适的推力室燃料主阀打开时间、燃料节流阀转大流量的时间。通过数值仿真,分析了上述控制方法对发动机起动过程的影响机理。