航空工业技术进步的经济效益分析

运用非中性技术进步模型对航空工业1954年～1988年的技术进步与经济增长情况进行了定量研究,所得结论是:在航空工业35年的发展过程中,劳动投入增长对产出增长的贡献是第一位的,其次是技术进步增长,最后是资本投入增长。文章最后对我国航空工业的技术进步与经济增长政策提出两点建议。     

水对复合材料层合板分层扩展的影响

本文研究了水对复合材料层合板在单向拉伸和疲劳循环载荷作用下的分层扩展速率的影响。研究结果表明,在单向拉伸载荷作用下,水对分层扩展速率影响不大,而在疲劳循环载荷作用下,层合板发生分层后,水渗入层间及横向裂纹中,使层间裂纹和横向裂纹扩展速率大大加快,层合板的疲劳强度和疲劳寿命显著下降。因此当复合材料层合板结构在水介质中工作时,必须考虑到裂纹对水的敏感性。本文还探讨了超载对疲劳裂纹扩展速率的效应。实验结果证明,与金属材料的机理完全不同,超载对复合材料的裂纹扩展不但无延迟效应,反而存在加速现象。     

Instability of the present LEO satellite populations

Several studies conducted during 1991–2001 demonstrated, with some assumed launch rates, the future unintended growth potential of the Earth satellite population, resulting from random, accidental collisions among resident space objects. In some low Earth orbit (LEO) altitude regimes where the number density of satellites is above a critical spatial density, the production rate of new breakup debris due to collisions would exceed the loss of objects due to orbital decay.     

Interaction of gravity with other environmental factors in growth and development: an introduction.

The life of plants and other organisms is governed by the constant force of gravity on earth. The mechanism of graviperception, signal transduction, and gravireaction is one of the major themes in space biology. When gravity controls each step of the life cycle such as growth and development, it does not work alone but operates with the interaction of other environmental factors. In order to understand the role of gravity in regulation of the life cycle, such interactions also should be clarified. Under microgravity conditions in space, various changes are brought about in the process of growth and development. Some changes would be advantageous to organisms, but others would be unfavorable. For overcoming such disadvantages, it may be required to exploit some other environmental factors which substitute for gravity in some properties. In terrestrial plants, gravity can be replaced by light under certain conditions. The gravity-substituting factors may play a principal role in future space development.     

Effects of altered gravity on plant cell processes: results of recent space and clinostatic experiments.

Space and clinostatic experiments revealed that plant cell structure and metabolism rearrangements depend on taxonomical position and physiological state of objects, growth phase and real or simulated microgravity influence duration. It was shown that clinostat conditions reproduce only a part of microgravity biological effects. It is established that various responses occur in microgravity: 1) rearrangements of cytoplasmic organelles ultrastructure and calcium balance; 2) physical-chemical properties of the plasmalemma are changed; 3) enzymes activity is often enhanced. These events provoke the acceleration of growth and differentiation of cells and their aging as a result; at the same time some responses can be considered as cell adaptation to microgravity.     

双离子成分下的赤道电离层R-T不稳定性

等离子体R-T(Rayleigh-Taylor)不稳定性被认为是赤道夜间F区电离层产生不规则体的主要机制, 经典理论中只考虑了氧离子一种正离子成分, 等离子体R-T不稳定性的表达式与氧离子质量和密度无关. 事实上, 在有些情况下, 电离层F区往往不仅仅只有一种正离子存在. 本文利用连续性方程、动量方程和电流守恒方程, 采用微扰方法, 推导了双离子成分条件下, 赤道电离层R-T不稳定性线性增长率的表达式, 研究多种正离子成分对R-T不稳定性的影响. 结果表明, 双离子成分下线性增长率与两种正离子的数密度和质量都相关, 增长率的大小依赖于两种正离子成分所占的比例.      

Growth of plants at reduced pressures: experiments in wheat-technological advantages and constraints.

Procedures and results are presented concerning the growth of wheat plants with variable partial pressures of O2 and N2. Data demonstrate that some growth occurs in pressures as low as 0.1 atmosphere. The growth was similar or higher at 200 mb (0.2 atmosphere) than in normal atmosphere but the development was different. Advantages of the low pressure cultivation, especially in the absence of nitrogen, are discussed, including better ratio volume/mass of plant cultivation module; lower losses of gases by leakage; easier management of photosynthetic oxygen produced by plants.     

某发动机涡轮叶片使用寿命可靠性分析

发动机的载荷谱是发动机结构寿命研究的依据.利用某短寿命发动机的开车数据,对其高压涡轮叶片使用寿命进行了预测.建立了发动机等效寿命消耗计算模型,采用数据压缩处理技术,有效地提取了发动机的工作载荷.根据发动机短使用寿命这一特点,用威布尔分布模型描述此发动机涡轮叶片寿命分布,建立了发动机寿命可靠性模型,采用不完全寿命数据的中位秩法对发动机叶片寿命进行可靠性计算.随着可靠性增长,发动机寿命不断提高,考虑样本的时效性,用动态的威布尔分布模型来描述此发动机可靠性的增长,以便发动机在研制过程中的可靠性评估.      

Comparing plant and fungal gravitropism using imitational models based on reiterative computation.

Mathematical models which imitate plant gravitropic responses were used to compare plant and fungal gravitropism with kinetic data from the agarics Coprinus cinereus and Flammulina velutipes. Similarities were: bending depends on differential growth; growth of the organ is most intensive just behind the apex; gravitropisms exhibit a substantial time delay. Differences were: the agaric stem apex always returns to the vertical (some plant organs show stable plagiogravitropic growth); curvature compensation occurred in C. cinereus; C. cinereus stems rarely overshot or oscillated around the vertical although data for F. velutipes showed a single overshoot and oscillation. The work focused attention on the need for data on detection-level thresholds, angle-response and acceleration-response relationships in fungi, and the need for detailed observations of gravitropism kinetics in a larger number and wider range of fungi.     

一种新的微机辅助疲劳裂纹扩展综合测试系统

在对数据处理和变载技术研究的基础上,采用C+ +编程,在X86系列微机上建立了一套新的功能先进的计算机辅助疲劳裂纹扩展速率综合测试、处理与分析系统.与其它系统相比,该系统在测试精度、信息获取、试验周期等方面大大改进,可进行恒ΔP法、恒ΔK法以及降ΔK升ΔK法等多种载荷与应力强度因子幅的控制试验,并在腐蚀疲劳裂纹扩展测试中得到成功应用,说明该系统测试有效,功能可靠.     

Somatic embryos of daylily in space

Poor growth and nuclear abnormalities observable in some space-grown plants have been hypothesized as due to a combination of factors such as degree of development, the specific way the plants are grown and the way they experience multiple stresses, some of which are space-specific. Data from a 132-day experiment on ‘Mir’ using embryogenic cell cultures of daylily (Hemerocallis) allow seemingly contradictory evidence from earlier Shuttle missions to be harmonized: a) the more developed an embryo the less likely it is to suffer catastrophic cell stress during growth, whereas the less developed it is, the greater its vulnerability; (b) the extent to which the stress becomes manifest is also dependent on the extent of pre-existing stresses imposed by suboptimal growing conditions; (c) an appropriate, albeit undesirable, ‘stress match’ with other non-equilibrium determinants, much like a ‘tug of war’, can result in genomic variations in space. It is not understood what is/are the feature(s) of the space environment that cause the various cell division perturbations but they have not yet been mimicked on earth. The stress symptoms were found only in space materials and, as predicted, they were most frequently encountered in smaller, less-developed materials grown under non-optimized conditions. It is concluded that, while any substantial deviation from ‘optimum’ can be a ‘stress’, spaceflight subjects vulnerable materials to cell division or DNA-repair stress(es) that appear distinctive, but remain elusive so far. Fastidiously-controlled growing environments must be devised to resolve the matter of direct versus indirect effects of space. On a practical level, it is predicted that adapting plant biotechnologies to space conditions will not be a casual matter.     

Effect of simulated microgravitation on phytohormones and cell structure of tropical orchids.

When studying the effect of two month clinostating on the phytohormonal system of orchids with different types of shoot system branching and different shoot morphology, it was determined that, as a result of simulated microgravitation, endogenous growth regulators changed less in the species with sympodial branching than in species with monopodial branching and without pseudobulbs. Stimulators prevail in the balance of growth regulators in species of the first type and inhibitors in species of the second type. Besides this, comparative analysis of structural organization of juvenile leaf surface tissue of tested orchids was carried out. Variability of size, number and structure of stomatal organization were found according to species belonging to each branching type after clinostating. Electronic microscope studies show some structural peculiarities of epidermal and mesophilous cells.     

The nutritional adequacy of a limited vegan diet for a Controlled Ecological Life-Support System.

Purdue University, as well as the Johnson and Kennedy Space Centers and NASA Ames Research Center, are investigating approximately 5-10 plants that will be grown hydroponically to provide not only the energy and nutrients, but also the oxygen for humans habitating in Mars and lunar bases. The growth and nutritional status of rats fed either a control diet (adequate in all macro- and micronutrients) or a strict vegetarian diet consisting of 5 (vegan-5) or 10 (vegan-10) candidate crop species were investigated. In addition, vegan-10 diets were supplemented with mineral and/or vitamin mix at a level similar to the control diets to assess the effect of supplementation on nutrient status. The assessment of inedible plant material as an alternative food source was also investigated. Results of this study demonstrated that consumption of the vegan-10 diet significantly improved weight gain of rats compared to that for rats fed the vegan-5 diet. Mineral supplementation, at a level present in the control diet, to the vegan-10 diet improved growth and nutrient status, but growth was significantly lower compared to the control-fed rats. Inclusion of inedible plant material, high in ash content, improved some indices of nutrient status, without improving growth.     

Local stability analysis of interface region of astrophysical viscous shear flows with a gradual velocity gradient

In this paper, we extend the stability analysis of cold sharp shear flows to warm astrophysical cases with, inevitable, gradual velocity gradient in the interface region in the presence of viscosity effect. Using linear perturbation theory as well as the local approximation method, the instability growth rate of the excited electromagnetic modes has been investigated for the relativistic and non-relativistic cases of solar wind interacting with interstellar plasma medium. Results show that astrophysical shear systems with a small velocity gradient in the transition region are more stable rather than larger ones. Moreover, dependent on the viscosity coefficient value, the viscosity effects could have a positive role on the instability growth rate of the system in some range of initial bulk velocity, while it plays a destructive role in other velocity ranges.     

垂直电流对赤道电射流中双流不稳定性的影响

本文导出了在由中性风引起的垂直电流的条件下, 赤道电射流中双流不稳定性的相速度, 增长率和饱和水平的修正公式.在通常电射流条件下, 密度为2×10-7A/m2的垂直电流对不稳定性有一定的影响.当驱动电场接近不稳定性的临界值时, 上述垂直电流有着决定性的影响.本文结果说明反向电射流期间十分强的半周日潮汐风引起的垂直电流可能是使“H”型不稳定性饱和水平十分高的原因之一.      

Preliminary characterization of persisting circadian rhythms during space flight.

In order to evaluate the function of the circadian timing system in space, the circadian rhythm of conidiation of the fungus Neurospora crassa was monitored in constant darkness on the STS 9 flight of the Space Shuttle Columbia. During the first 7 days of spaceflight many tubes showed a marked reduction in the apparent amplitude of the conidiation rhythm, and some cultures appeared arrhythmic. There was more variability in the growth rate and circadian rhythms of individual cultures in space than is usually seen on earth. The results of this experiment indicate that while the circadian rhythm of Neurospora conidiation can persist outside of the Earth's environment, either the timekeeping process or its expression is altered in space.     

Capillary movement of liquid in granular beds in microgravity.

A more complete understanding of the dynamics of capillary flow through an unsaturated porous medium would be useful for the development of an effective water and nutrient delivery system for the growth of plants in space. An experiment was conducted on the Mir Space Station that used an experimental cuvette called "Capillary Test Bed" to compare fluid migration under terrestrial laboratory conditions by positioning the cuvette such that the hydrostatic force is negated and on Mir under microgravity conditions. Differences in fluid migration in the cuvette were observed with migration being slower in microgravity compared with some ground control experiments.     

赤道反向电射流中不均匀性的对流放大特性及对某些观测特性的解释

本文分析了反向赤道电射流条件下的不均匀性的对流放大特性。根据电射流不稳定性的线性理论,对一个分层均匀的电射流的模式的数值计算表明:在反向电射流条件下,电射流不均匀性有如下的特性:在波的传播过程中,在上电射流区内,波矢向下旋转,在下电射流区内,波矢向上旋转;在驱动电场E_D数值相同的情况下,反向电射流条件下的射线路径积分增长率r比正常电射流情况的要小得多。这是由于波的群速度方向是向下的,而电子密度梯度起稳定化作用。对于电子密度的特征长度L_N=6km和│E_D│=0.8mV/m,波长λ=10m,高度h≥105km,有r<20。在这一高度范围,波可能是不饱和的,增大L_N,使波在h=105km饱和的临界电场│E_D│值减小。上述计算结果可解释某些在反向电射流条件下,在Addis-Ababa观测到的10m波长雷达回波的特性。      

A statistical analysis of substorm associated tail activity

Substorm onset timing is a critical issue in magnetotail dynamics research. Solar wind energy is accumulated in the magnetosphere and the configuration of the magnetosphere evolves toward an unstable state during the growth phase. At some point, the expansion phase begins and the stored energy is released through a variety of processes that return the magnetosphere to a lower energy state. In recovery the various processes die away. Unfortunately, the ground and magnetospheric signatures of onset, i.e. energy release, can be seen both in the growth phase prior to onset and in the expansion phase after onset. Some investigators refer to each of these events as a substorm. Tail observations suggest that most substorms have one event that differentiates the behavior of the tail field and plasma. We refer to this time as the “main substorm onset”. Each substorm associated phenomenon is timed independently and then compared with main substorm onsets. ISEE-2 tail observations are used to examine the tail lobe magnetic conditions associated with substorms because ISEE-2 orbit has a high inclination and frequently observes lobe field. Approximately 70 ∼ 75% of tail lobe B_t and B_z change are associated with the main substorm onset. If the satellite is more than 3 Re above (below) the neutral sheet, 86% (57%) of plasma pressure dropouts are associated with substorms. We interpret our results as evidence that the effect of the growth phase is to drive the magnetosphere towards instability. As it approaches global instability local regions become temporarily unstable but are rapidly quenched. Eventually one of these events develops into the global instability that releases most of the stored energy and returns the magnetosphere to a more stable configuration.