基于高斯过程的机器人自适应抓取策略

在机器人抓取作业时,目标物体的位姿经常发生变化。为了使机器人在运动过程中能够适应物体的位姿变化,提出了一种基于高斯过程的机器人自适应抓取策略。该方法建立了从观测空间到关节空间的映射,使机器人从样本中学习,省去了机器人视觉系统的标定和逆运动学求解。首先,拖动机器人抓取物体,记录物体的观测变量和机器人的关节角度;然后,利用记录的样本训练高斯过程模型,实现观测变量和关节角度的关联;最后,当得到新的观测变量时,通过训练的高斯过程模型得到机器人的关节角度。经过训练后,UR3机器人成功抓取了物体。     

灵巧手主从抓持中的运动映射

抓持规划是灵巧手研究中的关键问题之一,主从抓持是目前较为可行的解决方案.其核心问题是将人手的抓持合理地映射为灵巧手的抓持.以仿人灵巧手为研究对象,提出了从人手到灵巧手的主从运动映射方法,在直角空间内建立了主从运动映射模型.根据人手和灵巧手运动学结构的相似性,提出了主从映射矩阵的简化形式,即通过主从手指尖位置增量的线性比例映射,由人手各指尖的运动独立控制灵巧手对应指尖的运动.通过实验对主从映射结果进行了分析,初步探讨了主从映射应满足的基本要求.实验结果表明,映射所确定的灵巧手的指尖位置基本在其工作空间,从而保证主从运动可行;主从手的运动轨迹较为相似,从而保证了主从控制的简单直观.     

一种球形移动机器人的运动性能分析

球形移动机器人的特殊结构使之非常适合在缺少人为干预的恶劣环境(如外星球、野外等)中应用,在此类的环境中,机器人的运动性能是决定机器人能否顺利完成预定任务的关键.介绍了BHQ-1G型球形移动机器人的结构,采用几何法和拉格朗日方程建立了该球形移动机器人的模型,并对它的直线运动、爬坡能力、越障、转弯半径等运动性能进行了具体的分析,证明了该设计的可行性并确定了影响该机器人运动性能的参数.该分析结果可用于BHQ-1G机器人的优化设计和样机研制.     

The AGROBOT project.

The aim of this paper is to illustrate the AGROBOT project. This project was initiated to develop a complete robotic system for the production cycle of tomato plants in a greenhouse environment. The robot architecture is based on a vehicle carrying the picking arm (a six degrees of freedom anthropomorphic arm with a gripper/hand), the head with the two micro cameras (for the color stereoscopic vision system) and the VME rack for the complete control of the system. The head was purposely developed to permit complete visibility of the overall area. The vision system drives the head to point the path during navigation or to explore the plants looking for the work objects. The robot will be able to navigate between rows of plants, stop near each plant and identify the relevant objects (fruits or flowers) so as to be able to pick ripe tomatoes or spray anticryptogamic substances on flowers. Due to its flexible architecture, the system can be suited to operate on other kinds of cultivation or could be modified to perform other kinds of operations such as transplanting or packaging. Also the field of action could be different from greenhouses: changing from a wheeled locomotion system to a tracked system, the robot will be able to operate on particularly irregular surfaces. These features make this robotic system particularly adapted to replace human from tiring and harmful tasks or operating within adverse environment.     

Downsizing an orbital space robot: A dynamic system based evaluation

Small space robots have the potential to revolutionise space exploration by facilitating the on-orbit assembly of infrastructure, in shorter time scales, at reduced costs. Their commercial appeal will be further improved if such a system is also capable of performing on-orbit servicing missions, in line with the current drive to limit space debris and prolong the lifetime of satellites already in orbit. Whilst there have been a limited number of successful demonstrations of technologies capable of these on-orbit operations, the systems remain large and bespoke. The recent surge in small satellite technologies is changing the economics of space and in the near future, downsizing a space robot might become be a viable option with a host of benefits. This industry wide shift means some of the technologies for use with a downsized space robot, such as power and communication subsystems, now exist. However, there are still dynamic and control issues that need to be overcome before a downsized space robot can be capable of undertaking useful missions. This paper first outlines these issues, before analyzing the effect of downsizing a system on its operational capability. Therefore presenting the smallest controllable system such that the benefits of a small space robot can be achieved with current technologies. The sizing of the base spacecraft and manipulator are addressed here. The design presented consists of a 3 link, 6 degrees of freedom robotic manipulator mounted on a 12U form factor satellite. The feasibility of this 12U space robot was evaluated in simulation and the in-depth results presented here support the hypothesis that a small space robot is a viable solution for in-orbit operations.     

两种手形对游泳推进效率影响的数值模拟

针对采用何种手形游泳能产生较高的推进效率,运用计算流体力学(CFD,Computational Fluid Dynamics)方法,建立了国内某女运动员手掌和前臂在五指并拢和五指分开两种手形的三维非结构网格模型;计算了90°攻角划水时两种不同手形的手掌和前臂在不同来流速度下的推进阻力、推进升力及其系数值,依据计算结果对手周围的流场进行了分析,研究了不同手形对游泳推进效率的影响.结果表明压差阻力是推进阻力的主要组成部分,在90°攻角划水时五指并拢具有更高推进效率.      

纤维增强型软体夹持器变形及末端接触力

针对目前软体机器人缺乏变形和接触力方面理论研究的问题，以软体夹持器为研究对象，开展了纤维增强型软体夹持器变形及末端接触力的研究。首先设计了气动软体夹持器，该夹持器由纤维增强型单向弯曲驱动器、接触气囊以及单元的连接装置组成；其次基于Yeoh模型、Neo-Hookean模型分别建立了弯曲驱动器驱动压强与弯曲变形圆心角的非线性数学模型和弯曲驱动器末端接触力理论模型；然后开展了软体夹持器变形和末端接触力的仿真及实验，结果证明了理论模型的正确性；最后进行了纤维增强结构对软体夹持器变形和末端接触力影响的研究，实验结果表明:纤维增强结构能大幅度提高软体夹持器的变形和末端接触力。上述研究为其他纤维增强型软体夹持器变形及末端接触力的研究提供了理论基础。      

基于正交试验法的3P3R磨削机器人灵活性优化

针对机器人磨削加工复杂曲面工件时,存在加工路径不连续、需要更换夹具而影响加工精度的问题,提出了一种3P3R磨削机器人.使用D-H法建立了机器人的运动学模型,得到了机器人的正解方程.建立了工件坐标系{W}主动、工具坐标系{T}被动模式的新型机器人系统坐标系,指出了机器人基坐标系{O}与{T}的相对位置是影响磨削机器人的灵活空间的重要因素.采用正交试验法,得到了机器人的第二关节方向的相对位置是影响灵活磨削空间最显著的因素,并且优化了磨削机接触轮相对于机器人摆放的位置,使机器人的灵活磨削空间扩大了1倍,提高了磨削机器人的灵活性.     

灵巧手滚动操作的运动规划

主要研究灵巧手和物体滚动接触时运动规划,首先,介绍了空间物体曲面的表示,在此基础上建立了两刚体点接触时的运动学方程,并由点接触的运动学方程和滚动接触的约束条件得到了两刚体的滚动接触运动方程,然后,由于掌坐标,手指末端坐标,接触坐标和物体坐标之间的位置关系,推导了关节速度和物体速度之间的关系,建立了灵巧手滚动操作的运动方程,并分析了滚动操作中的物理约束,位置约束,速度的约束和方向约束及其表示,最后,     

Approaching control for tethered space robot based on disturbance observer using super twisting law

Approaching control is a key mission for the tethered space robot to perform the task of removing space debris. But the uncertainties of the TSR such as the change of model parameter have an important effect on the approaching mission. Considering the space tether and the attitude of the gripper, the dynamic model of the TSR is derived using Lagrange method. Then a disturbance observer is designed to estimate the uncertainty based on STW control method. Using the disturbance observer, a controller is designed, and the performance is compared with the dynamic inverse controller which turns out that the proposed controller performs better. Numerical simulation validates the feasibility of the proposed controller on the position and attitude tracking of the TSR.     

基于经验的抓取姿态构造及数据手套校正

针对数据手套校正过程中真实人手姿态获取困难、校正模型简单的问题,提出一种基于真实抓取经验的校正数据库构造方法.该算法根据人手生理结构和手套传感器布局建立具有更高运动逼真度的虚拟手运动学模型,实现更为灵活的拇指运动和软手掌效果;在不需要任何外部硬件设备的情况下,将真实抓取经验与最优化理论结合,寻找针对给定三维物体及操作任务的最优抓取姿态,从而构造真实人手姿态数据库;利用最小二乘拟合和闭环迭代算法获得精确的数据手套传感器输出模型.实验结果表明:所提出的姿态构造方法能有效提高数据手套校正效率,且操作过程简单,易于实现自动化校正,适合实际工程应用.     

轮式腿型机器人的越障分析与仿真

为了提高地面移动机器人的地面适应性和越障能力,通过模仿昆虫的腿形,在移动机器人机械本体上设计了一种轮式腿结构.同时选择了轮式腿结构布局的最优方案,提高了机器人运动的平稳性.针对该种结构在非结构环境中的越障性能进行了相关的分析,从理论上分析了具有轮式腿结构的机器人具有很强的越障能力和越障平稳性.并用ADAMS (Automatic Dynamic Analysis of Mechanical Systems) 对该机器人进行了运动学的仿真,仿真结果表明具有轮式腿结构的机器人具有较强的越障能力,可以翻越高度为轮式腿半径1.2倍的垂直障碍,验证了机构的可行性和越障原理的正确性,为轮式腿型机器人的进一步研究提供了理论基础和依据.     

一种爬壁机器人的动力学建模

City-Climber是1台爬壁机器人,为研究该机器人的3D路径规划问题,建立了City-Climber在方形房间内运动的运动学模型和动力学模型,该动力学模型包括3个子模型,机器人在地面、墙壁和天花板的运动分别用1个子模型描述.引入无量纲变量分别对3个子模型进行简化,再用Matlab软件对模型进行仿真,验证了动力学模型的正确性.该模型可用于解决City-Climber在3D环境下的路径规划和避障问题.     

漂浮基闭链双臂空间机器人抓持系统动力学及载荷力/位置混合控制的模糊变结构控制器设计

讨论了载体位置、姿态均不受控制的漂浮基双臂空间机器人抓物系统的动力学建模和控制问题. 利用拉格朗日方法和牛顿欧拉法分别建立了双臂空间机器人及负载的非线性动力学模型, 结合空间机器人固有的特性及闭合链约束关系, 得到抓持系统合成动力学方程. 以此为基础, 考虑到空间机器人系统结构的复杂性及某些参数的变动性, 根据具有较强鲁棒性的变结构控制理论, 针对该抓持系统惯性空间轨迹跟踪设计了全局滑模控制方案及相应的PI内力控制方案, 从而达到位置、力的混合控制. 为克服滑模控制器抖振的缺点, 附加设计了模糊控制器, 根据系统的输出来动态调节滑模控制器的参数, 从而既可确保系统的快速响应又可降底原有的抖振. 系统数值仿真证明了上述控制方案的有效性与准确性.      

基于概念空间学习认知的机器人目标识别方法

针对复杂环境中机器人多类目标识别通常所依托的原始特征空间中数据区分度低、难以直接表达高层次特征知识的挑战性问题,采用概念空间知识表达方法,通过多传感器数据融合与特征提取建立基本特征空间,并运用高斯混合模型表示目标的各种属性,形成具有高层知识特性的概念空间,在此基础上进行高层知识的概念学习,增强多类目标在概念空间中的可区分性.利用支持向量机作为机器人的分类器,实现针对室内环境的多类目标物体的准确识别.实验结果表明:该方法不但有效地获取和表达待识别目标的高层特征知识,而且能有效提高机器人的目标识别与环境感知能力,展现出优越的分类识别性能.     

基于速度方向可操作度的机器蛙机构参数优化

以速度方向可操作度作为跳跃性能的评价指标,从机构设计角度寻求改善仿蛙跳跃机器人跳跃性能的方法.在仿蛙跳跃机器人机构模型的基础上,建立了起跳阶段的运动学方程,得到机器人从关节空间到质心运动空间的速度映射关系,结合速度方向可操作度,利用优化算法对仿蛙跳跃机器人的机构参数进行优化,使机器人的跳跃性能达到最佳.优化结果表明,运用速度方向可操作度理论,对跳跃机器人机构参数进行优化研究是有效可行的.     

基于指端6维力传感器的接触点测量算法研究

在硬手指接触模型下应用6维力传感器测量值计算接触点位置时,有可能出现无解现象.针对这一问题,分析和证明了硬手指和软手指接触模型下解的存在性和相容性,指出当测量力和力矩正交时,硬手指算法有实根,且符合相容性,反之则不然.当测量力和力矩非正交时,对任意非零接触力旋量,软手指算法存在唯一实数解.因此在实际测量过程中,可通过判断测量力和力矩是否正交,作为选择使用两种算法的依据,以确保测量结果和控制系统稳定可靠.通过实验对上述方法进行了验证.      

考虑摩擦的空间抓捕过程碰撞动力学分析与控制

目前针对空间抓捕中的碰撞进行建模的方法中很少考虑摩擦因素。然而,摩擦作为碰撞过程中不可避免的现象,对碰撞动力学响应及整个空间抓捕任务有着不容忽视的影响。文章结合库伦摩擦理论和拉格朗日乘子法,建立了同时兼顾滑动和粘滞状态的摩擦模型,然后将求解到的摩擦力与碰撞力进行矢量合成,作为对碰撞模型的修正。另外,针对碰撞过程对机器人姿态产生的干扰,利用反 馈线性化设计了解耦控制器对基座姿态漂移进行稳定控制。数值仿真采用一个平面2灢DOF空间机器人,利用动量和动量矩守恒定理验证了动力学模型的正确性,同时基座姿态控制结果收敛说明了控制器的有效性。     

A Partially Orthogonal EnKF approach to atmospheric density estimation using orbital debris

A key requirement for accurate trajectory prediction and space situational awareness is knowledge of how non-conservative forces affect space object motion. These forces vary temporally and spatially, and are driven by the underlying behavior of space weather particularly in Low Earth Orbit (LEO). Existing trajectory prediction algorithms adjust space weather models based on calibration satellite observations. However, lack of sufficient data and mismodeling of non-conservative forces cause inaccuracies in space object motion prediction, especially for uncontrolled debris objects. The uncontrolled nature of debris objects makes them particularly sensitive to the variations in space weather. Our research takes advantage of this behavior by utilizing observations of debris objects to infer the space environment parameters influencing their motion.The hypothesis of this research is that it is possible to utilize debris objects as passive, indirect sensors of the space environment. We focus on estimating atmospheric density and its spatial variability to allow for more precise prediction of LEO object motion. The estimated density is parameterized as a grid of values, distributed by latitude and local sidereal time over a spherical shell encompassing Earth at a fixed altitude of 400 km. The position and velocity of each debris object are also estimated. A Partially Orthogonal Ensemble Kalman Filter (POEnKF) is used for assimilation of space object measurements to estimate density.For performance comparison, the scenario characteristics (number of objects, measurement cadence, etc.) are based on a sensor tasking campaign executed for the High Accuracy Satellite Drag Model project. The POEnKF analysis details spatial comparisons between the true and estimated density fields, and quantifies the improved accuracy in debris object motion predictions due to more accurate drag force models from density estimates. It is shown that there is an advantage to utilizing multiple debris objects instead of just one object. Although the work presented here explores the POEnKF performance when using information from only 16 debris objects, the research vision is to utilize information from all routinely observed debris objects. Overall, the filter demonstrates the ability to estimate density to within a threshold of accuracy dependent on measurement/sensor error. In the case of a geomagnetic storm, the filter is able to track the storm and provide more accurate density estimates than would be achieved using a simple exponential atmospheric density model or MSIS Atmospheric Model (when calm conditions are assumed).     

仿壁虎刚毛阵列对卫星表面吸附能力模型与计算

壁虎脚的粘着机理对航天机器人脚掌的研制和开发具有重要启发意义.通过单根刚毛与光滑表面黏着力模型与计算、卫星粗糙表面分布模型与接触概率与计算、刚毛阵列与卫星粗糙表面黏着力模型与计算等，分析仿壁虎刚毛阵列对卫星表面的吸附能力，发现在一定条件下仿壁虎刚毛阵能够在太空失重环境中黏着在卫星表面，对航天舱内爬行机器人、管道机器人的研制和开发具有重要的启示意义.