Acta Aeronautica et Astronautica Sinica

Started in 1965, a two-monthly in Chinese version     

Comments on “A method for improving extended Kalman filterperformance for angle-only passive ranging”

Some history of this bearings-only problem at Sperry dating from 1965 is presented. The erratic estimation problems were soon recognised and labeled the “Collapse of the Covariance Matrix Problem”. A solution was soon found as a relation transformation on the covariance matrix. The angle of rotation was the difference between estimates of bearing before and after a measurement update. Based on a comparison of covariance analyses for simulated problems using the true bearings with Monte Carlo results it was concluded that no further significant improvement could be achieved. This conclusion is yet to be disproved     

Development of 1000-mHz Distance Measuring Equipment

The major radio aids to air navigation are listed. Underlined are those whose signal format is standardized by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) and they have now all been the subject of the IEEE Aerospace and Electronic Systems Society Pioneer Award, as follows: airborne direction finder/nondirectional beacon (ADF/NDB), Busignies and Moseley, 1959; VHF omnidirectional range (VOR), Stuart, 1962; instrument landing system (ILS), Kramar 1964, Alford 1965; air traffic control radar beacon system (ATCRBS), Williams, Bowden, and Harris, 1973; distance measuring equipment (DME), Dodington, 1980. A brief history of the development of the distance measuring equipment, which also formed the basis for an IEEE National Aerospace Electronics Conference luncheon address, is given.     

Mercury: Magnetic field and interior

Between 1965 and 1975, our knowledge of Mercury and its physical characteristics improved dramatically. Radar studies of the planetary orbit and rotation rate and Mariner 10 spacecraft studies of its surface, atmosphere, magnetic field and plasma environment provided startling new results on what had been the least understood member of the terrestrial planets. With a highly cratered surface and a modest magnetic field, Mercury is a differentiated planet with fractionally the largest iron core of all.     

Report on the Geneva Space Telecommunications Conference? Broadcasting Aspects

The growth of the Intelsat Global Commercial Communications Satellite System, which provides the facilities used to exchange television programs among many countries of the world, is described. Service was initiated between North America and Western Europe in 1965. Currently, some 48 separate geographic areas throughout the world are interconnected by the Intelsat System. The unique air-transportable Earth terminal, developed by the General Electric Company, at the request of the television networks, to meet the special requirements for providing live television coverage in color of the Apollo recoveries at sea, will also be described.     

Magnetic coordinates

The definitions and properties of the magnetic coordinates B, L, K, ₀, R, and are reviewed. The roles these parameters play in the study of geomagnetically trapped particles are discussed in detail. The intrinsic accuracy of the magnetic shell parameter L is examined as are the accuracies which are desired, available, and possible. A plea is made for the adoption of standard methods of presenting results.Paper presented at Advanced Study Institute of IIT Research Institute, Bergen, Norway, August 16 1965.     

Ionospheric absorption of cosmic radio noise

The development of the field of study of ionospheric absorption of cosmic radio noise since 1962 is reviewed. Contributions to the basic theory and methods of analysis are first dealt with. News concerning measuring technique are then briefly treated. In the main part of the paper the development of our knowledge of sudden cosmic noise absorption, polar cap absorption, and auroral absorption is reviewed. The emphasis is on the ionospheric effects. The solar disturbances associated with the absorption effects, the propagation of particles from the Sun to the Earth, and other extraterrestrial sides of the story are not treated.Part of this review paper was presented at the Second Symposium on Radio Astronomical and Satellite Studies of the Atmosphere, Boston, October 1965.     

Techniques in balloon X-ray astronomy

The first balloon observation of a cosmic X-ray source, the Crab Nebula, was made in 1965, only three years after the initial discovery of such sources by rocket observations. Since then balloon data has provided much information on the positions, spectra, time variability and pulsed nature of localized sources, and on the spectrum and isotropy of diffuse galactic and universal components. Measurements are limited to energies above about 20 keV by atmospheric attenuation at 2–3 g cm ^–2 depth and to below several hundred keV by detector sensitivity. Detectors usually consist of large area NaI or CsI scintillation counters with anticoincidence collimators for rejection of charged particles and scattered X-rays. Proportional counters are occasionally used at lower energies and solid state detectors are used where extreme energy resolution is important. The instruments require a pointing capability on the order of 1.0 to 0.1°, depending on the collimator aperture. Digital data is either recorded on board or telemetered using a PCM technique. Exploratory work in the 0.2–10 MeV -ray range is starting now, and balloon observations may be expected to make important contributions in the near future.     

Analytic example of a Schweppe likelihood-ratio detector

A low-dimensional test problem with a known solution is used to verify various computer implementations of F.C. Schweppe's likelihood detector (1965). In this case a closed-form solution is provided for a Schweppe likelihood detector in terms of an intermediate Kalman filter, as utilized in its implementation, for detecting the presence of a two-state signal model in Gaussian white noise. The associated error probabilities are also evaluated following a procedure that utilizes optimized Chernoff-like bounds for a tight approximation. A methodology is demonstrated for appropriately setting the decision threshold for this example as a tradeoff against allowable observation time. By using this or similar examples, certain qualitative and quantitative aspects of the software implementation can be checked for conformance to anticipated behavior as an intermediate benchmark, prior to modular replacement of the various high-order matrices appropriate to the particular application     

Earth-moon libration points: Theory,existence and applications

The availability of reliable satellites and space probes makes it timely to review our state of knowledge in detail on all aspects of our solar system so that these new tools can be used to maxi-mum advantage in scientific exploration and technical use.Earth-Moon libration points have been of theoretical interest as a concrete example in the three body problem. In analogy with the Trojan Asteroids they may also be collection points for dust or particles or other small bodies which are shown to be of geophysical interest. Finally, they may find use in applications where relatively long time stationary behavior relative to the Earth and the Moon is desirable; for example: for long term Solar observation or as a communication link.The leading question of interest at the present is confirmation of reported ground observations on dust clouds in the vicinity of the stable points through satellite based observations.The Authors are indebted to the Space Sciences Board of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences for permission to use background material of the Space Research Summer Study 1965.     

History of Time-Frequency Technology

Present-day collision avoidance systems (CAS) of the time-frequency variety employ modes of operation similar to those of airborne equipment which has been operating in military aircraft since 1959. A fleet operational evaluation of these systems began in 1961 in aircraft of U. S. Navy Helicopter Squadron HS-4, based on the aircraft carrier U.S.S. Yorktown. This equipment utilized a local clock in each aircraft, a separate time slot for each aircraft's interrogation signal, air-to-air coarse synchronization of all stations, and sufficient free-drift stability for time slot keeping. Operational use of one-way ranging with elimination of propagation delay offsets, higher clock stability for open-loop time keeping in the SNS-64 ... AN/APN-169 family of systems began in 1964 in U. S. Air Force C-130E turboprop aircraft. In 1965, use of the EROS I collision avoidance system began during flight testing of F-4 Phantom supersonic aircraft.     

Theory of formation of the ionosphere

Current knowledge about the solar radiation and absorption and ionization cross sections of atmospheric gases is reviewed. Next the main observed features of ionospheric layers are summarized. Using CIRA 1965 model atmospheres the heights of the peak of the ionization rate are calculated for a number of solar emission lines and it is made clear which of these lines are responsible for the formation of E and F1 layers. The mechanism of electron removal in the F and upper E regions as well as in the lower regions is considered, and the mechanism of formation and some behaviours of each ionospheric layer is discussed. In particular, the equatorial F2 layer is briefly considered. Discrepancies are pointed out between the values of the recombination coefficient and the rate constant for ion-atom interchange reaction obtained from ionospheric observations and from laboratory experiments. Inconsistency of the values of the intensity of solar radiation measured by rocket techniques and inferred from ionospheric considerations is also noted. Some evidence is presented suggesting that corpuscular radiation may be responsible for part of the ionization in the ionosphere even in temperate latitudes.     

Neutron measurements in space

The experimental measurements of the neutron flux and energy spectrum in space since 1964 are reviewed and related to the theoretical predictions. A discussion of the neutron sources is presented. The difficulties associated with neutron measurements of both the atmospheric neutron leakage flux and solar neutrons are included. Particular emphasis is placed upon the neutron leakage flux and energy measurements at energies greater than about 1 MeV. The possibilities of CRAND as a source for the energetic trapped protons are discussed in light of recent measurements of the 10–100 MeV neutron flux. The current status of the solar neutron flux observations is also presented.The primary purposes of neutron measurements in space have been to determine the neutron leakage flux from the atmosphere of the Earth and the solar neutron flux. As a consequence of the inefficient methods for neutron detection and the difficulties of conducting the measurements in the presence of the galactic and solar cosmic-ray backgrounds, the experimental results are very conflicting. It is the purpose of this review to interpret and discuss recent neutron measurements. In order to understand these results the theoretical predictions of the neutron fluxes and energy spectra from possible neutron sources will be briefly presented. Since comparisons of the different neutron measurements depend critically upon the experimental techniques, we will briefly discuss neutron detection methods applicable to space measurements. The emphasis will be upon measurements since 1964 made outside the Earth's atmosphere, but considerable reference will be made to high energy neutron experiments conducted within the Earth's atmosphere at < 10g cm^-2 altitude. A review of earlier neutron measurements of terrestrial and solar neutrons has been made by Haymes (1965).     

The atmosphere of Venus

The investigations of Venus take a special position in planetary researches. It was just the atmosphere of Venus where first measurements in situ were carried out by means of the equipment delivered by a space probe (Venera 4, 1967). Venus appeared to be the first neighbor planet whose surface had been seen by us in the direct nearness made possible by means of the phototelevision device (Venera 9 and Venera 10, 1975). The reasons for the high interest in this planet are very simple. This planet is like the Earth by its mass, size and amount of energy obtained from the Sun and at the same time it differs sharply by the character of its atmosphere and climate. We hope that the investigations of Venus will lead us to define more precisely the idea of complex physical and physical-chemical processes which rule the evolution of planetary atmospheres. We hope to learn to forecast this evolution and maybe, in the far future, to control it. The last expeditions to Venus carried out in 1978 — American (Pioneer-Venus) and Soviet (Venera 11 and 12) — brought much news and it is interesting to sum up the results just now. The contents of this review are:

1. The planet Venus — basic astronomical data.
2. Chemical composition.
3. Temperature, pressure, density (from 0 to 100 km).
4. Clouds.
5. Thermal regime and greenhouse effect.
6. Dynamics.
7. Chemical processes.
8. Upper atmosphere.
9. Origin and evolution.
10. Problems for future studies

Here we have attempted to review the data published up to 1979 and partly in 1980. The list of references is not exhaustive. Publications of special issues of magazines and collected articles concerning separate space expeditions became traditional last time. The results obtained on the Soviet space probes Venera 9, 10 (the first publications) are collected in the special issues of Kosmicheskie issledovanija (14, Nos. 5, 6, 1975), analogous material about Venera 11, 12 is given at Pis'ma Astron. Zh. (5, Nos. 1 and 5, 1978), and in Kosmicheskie issledovanija (16, No. 5, 1979). The results of Pioneer-Venus mission are represented in two Science issues (203, No. 4382; 205, No. 4401) and special issue of J. Geophys. Res. (1980). We shall mention some articles to the same topic among previous surveys: (Moroz, 1971; Sagan, 1971; Marov, 1972; Hunten et al., 1977; Hoffman et al., 1977) and also the books by Kuzmin and Marov (1974) and Kondrat'ev (1977). Some useful information in the part of ground-based observations may be found in the older sources (for example, Sharonov, 1965; Moroz, 1967). For briefness we shall use as a rule the abbreviations of space missions names: V4 instead of Venera 4, M10 instead of Mariner 10 and so on. The first artificial satellites of Venus in the world (orbiters Venera 9 and 10) we shall mark as V9-O, V10-O unlike the descent probes V9, V10. Fly-by modules of Venera 11 and Venera 12 we shall mark as V11-F and V12-F. Pioneers descent probes — Large (Sounder), Day, Night and North — will be marked as P-L, P-D, P-Ni, P-No, orbiter as P-O, and bus as P-B.     

捷变频磁控管用高频直线振荡电机设计

捷变频磁控管的快速捷变特性取决于驱动电机的性能,要求电机功耗小、体积小、效率高,能实现高频稳幅直线振动.文章介绍了音圈直线电机、电磁开关式直线电机和电磁混合式直线电机等三种方案,通过对其工作原理和性能特点分析,确定了音圈直线电机驱动方案,进行了电磁场仿真分析和电磁参数设计,进行了样机试验测试.结果表明,设计的音圈直线电...     

桨叶实度及轴间距对摆线桨气动特性影响研究

悬停状态下,设计参数和摆线桨间距离对摆线桨的气动特性有较大影响。首先通过算例验证滑移网格计算方法应用于摆线桨悬停状态下气动力计算的准确性,然后研究摆线桨在不同半径、弦长和桨叶数时的气动参数特性,最后计算分析不同距离时,摆线桨间的气动干扰特性。结果表明:随着半径增大,桨叶气动力和单位面积上载荷均增大;弦长越大,气动力越大,桨叶单位面积上载荷反而越小;4叶片摆线桨产生的气动力比3叶片和6叶片大,而3叶片的桨叶载荷最大;合力偏转角分别随转速和实度的增大而减小;随着摆线桨间距离的增加,气动力损失系数和合力偏转角均减小。     

Interaction of non-perpendicular/parallel solar wind shock waves with the earth's magnetosphere

The interaction of travelling interplanetary shock waves with the bow shock-magnetosphere system is considered. We consider the general case when the interplanetary magnetic field is oblique to the Sun-planetary axis, thus, the interplanetary shock is neither parallel nor perpendicular. We find that an ensemble of shocks are produced after the interaction for a representative range of shock Mach numbers. First, we find that the system S ₊ R _– CS _– S ₊ appears after the collision of travelling fast shock waves S ₊ (Mach number M = 2 to 7) with the bow shock. Here, S _– and R _– represent the slow shock wave and slow rarefaction wave, and C represents the contact surface. It is shown that in the presence of an interplanetary field that is inclined by 45° to the radial solar wind velocity vector, the waves R _– and S _– are weak waves and, to the first degree of approximation, the situation is similar to the previously studied normal perpendicular case. The configuration, R ₊ C _m S _– S ₊ or R ₊ C _m R _– S ₊ where C _m is the magnetopause, appears as the result of the fast shock wave's collision with the magnetopause. In this case the waves S _– and R _– are weak. The fast rarefaction wave reflected from the magnetosphere is developed similar to the case for the collision of a perpendicular shock. The shock wave intensity is varied for Mach numbers from 2 to 10. Thus, in the limits of the first approximation, the validity of the one-dimensional consideration of the nonstationary interaction of travelling interplanetary shock waves with the bow shock-magnetosphere system is proved. The appearance of the fast rarefaction wave, R ₄, decreasing the pressure on the magnetosphere of the Earth after the abrupt shock-like contraction, is proved. A possible geomagnetic effect during the global perturbation of the SSC or SI⁺ type is discussed.An invited paper presented at STIP Workshop on Shock Waves in the Solar Corona and Interplanetary Space, 15–19 June, 1980, Smolenice, Czechoslovakia.     

A new target tracking filter based on deep learning

At present, current filters can basically solve the filtering problem in target tracking, but there are still many problems such as too many filtering variants, too many filtering forms, loosely coupled with the target motion model, and so on. To solve the above problems, we carry out crossapplication research of artificial intelligence theory and methods in the field of tracking filters. We firstly analyze the computation graphs of typical a-β and Kalman. Through analysis, it is concluded that ...     

Investigations of entrainment characteristics and shear-layer vortices evolution in an axisymmetric rear variable area bypass injector

In this study,firstly,for the axisymmetric RVABI,the change-rule of adverse pressure gradient caused by radial velocity during the transition of internal flow mode in variable geometry is summarized,and a Bypass Ratio(BR) iterative algorithm based on the empirical correlation of non-equilibrium pressure is proposed.The algorithm can estimate the nonlinear relationship between area ratio and BR,with an error range falling below 6.5%.Then,we discuss the favorable effect of uniform mixing on the th...