灭火飞机投水动响应特性

大型灭火飞机投水飞行时,短时间内大吨位水量的投放会引起载机的动力响应问题.为此,采用小孔出流理论进行飞机投水量的数值模拟,以静气动弹性配平结果为初始条件,考虑飞机的刚体模态和弹性模态,用最小状态拟合技术进行非定常气动力建模,分析了飞机投水飞行时的响应特性;并以投水结束后的飞行状态为初始条件,以飞行操纵产生的舵偏角为输入,分析了飞机退场爬升时的响应特性.结果显示,灭火飞机投水时,飞行姿态和载荷会发生较小变化;退场爬升时,飞行姿态和载荷会发生显著变化.分析结果为大型灭火飞机的结构设计和飞行操纵提供了参考.     

大展弦比飞翼作战飞机横航向飞行品质特性

基于MIL-STD-1797A飞行品质规范,开展了针对大展弦比飞翼作战飞机滚转轴和偏航轴飞行品质特性的研究.随着控制系统对系统动态特性调节作用的日益增强,由飞机构型所引起的动态响应特性差异已变得越来越小,飞翼飞机的闭环滚转模态、螺旋模态、滚转-螺旋耦合振荡、荷兰滚模态、驾驶员座位处的侧向加速度等均可达到较好的飞行品质,但稳态配平特性主要受构型的影响,不能完全满足飞行品质的要求;分析了大展弦比飞翼作战飞机在快速滚转、侧风起降和非对称推力情形下的对滚转轴和偏航轴操纵效能的要求,由于气动构型和操纵面配置等差异,大展弦比飞翼作战飞机在完成某些飞行任务时对操纵效能的需求与常规构型的飞机存在着较大差异.     

弹性飞机货物投放动响应分析

重型货物的投放会引起飞机严重的动力学载荷.激励载荷具有较宽的频带,能激起较多弹性模态的振动,而这种动响应可能被气动弹性效应变得更大.为此建立了弹性飞机重型货物投放动响应分析方法.同时考虑飞机的刚体运动和弹性振动模态,应用能量法建立了弹性飞机的刚弹性耦合动力学方程.应用气动力有理函数拟合技术,建立了货物投放动力学的状态空间方程.以静气动弹性配平结果为初始条件,对状态空间方程进行数值积分得到货物投放动响应.以某型运输机为例进行了无控和有控情况的响应分析,并研究了不同质量货物的投放对飞机动响应的影响.数值分析结果表明:弹性飞机比起刚体飞机会引起更为剧烈的货物投放响应;货物质量直接影响空投动响应的剧烈程度;对于无高度稳定的飞机,货物投放会引起飞行高度的降低.      

双尾撑布局飞机飞行载荷分析

对双尾撑布局飞机进行飞行载荷和气动导数分析,重点分析尾撑纵向弯曲刚度和飞行动压变化,对纵向气动力导数、各操纵面效率以及载荷分布的影响.尾撑纵向弯曲刚度变化会引起纵向静稳定性、平尾升降舵的操纵效率及反效速度、平尾的载荷分布的显著改变.尾段刚度尤其是尾撑的纵向弯曲刚度往往会构成双尾撑布局飞机气动弹性设计的薄弱环节,在设计时应该严格控制尾撑的刚度指标.      

飞翼布局飞机舵面偏转速率设计

舵面偏转速率的大小是飞机飞行控制系统设计的重要约束之一.当偏转速率饱和时,在外界干扰或操纵下,飞机可能进入自激振荡(PIO)状态,导致飞行品质下降.建立了飞翼布局飞机舵面偏转速率限制值的设计方法,给出了某大展弦比飞翼布局飞机的三轴主操纵面偏转速率设计的算例,分析了偏转速率限制对飞机动态响应特性的影响及其与飞机本体气动导数、转动惯量、展弦比构成的组合参数间的关系.结果表明:对于大展弦比飞翼布局飞机而言,其横向主操纵面偏转速率限制值要求最高,纵向次之,航向最低.研究方法和结果可用于飞翼布局飞机的操纵舵面与飞行控制系统初步设计时参考.      

结冰飞机非线性稳定域确定及安全操纵方法

结冰会恶化飞机的动力学特性,造成飞行包线收缩,威胁飞行安全,研究结冰后飞机的非线性稳定域变化对于驾驶员操纵应对策略设计以及飞行安全的提高具有重要意义。以NASA的GTM为案例飞机,首先对飞机气动参数进行多项式拟合,同时结合结冰因子模型,建立了飞机在结冰条件下的纵向通道动力学模型;然后通过分岔分析方法对飞机在不同程度结冰条件和操纵指令下的飞行状态变化进行了研究,并将其用于指导驾驶员操纵,同时考虑到分岔分析方法的局限性,利用微分流形理论确定了飞行系统的非线性稳定域,并将其作为飞行安全边界;最后针对结冰情形,提出将分岔分析方法与微分流形理论相结合共同用于操纵指导,并进行了操纵时域验证。研究结果表明,结冰会使安全边界收缩,在小扰动的作用下都可能使飞行状态超出安全边界。随着结冰程度增加,飞机的稳定性质甚至会发生变化,此时飞行状态将很难维持在原有的安全边界以内,提出了通过指导驾驶员操纵指令变化使飞行状态到达新的安全边界。研究结果对于飞行安全操纵及边界保护都具有一定的指导意义。      

动力翼伞纵向四自由度动力学仿真

在考虑载荷物和伞体相对运动的前提下,研究了动力翼伞纵向运动过程.将伞体和伞绳作为一个平面运动刚体,载荷物具有绕系挂点的摆动自由度,建立纵向四自由度动力学模型.求解翼伞从平飞至爬升状态推力阶跃操纵的动力学响应,由状态量的变化曲线得出动力操纵初期伞体失速倾覆的主要原因是迎角剧烈变化而超过失速边界.获得推力操纵值和推力增加速率所形成的操纵包线,当推力操纵幅度较小时,增加速率并无限制;当推力增加幅度较大时,增加速率的限制值随着增幅变大而减小.此外从能量角度计算了大动力快速操纵前后载荷物的机械能变化,并提出动力翼伞新的雀降操纵方式.计算表明该方法可以有效减少接地前后的能量,即可以减少接地后载荷物翻转对正面动力系统的冲击.     

机翼前缘积冰对大飞机操稳特性的影响

机翼结冰影响飞机的操稳特性和飞行性能,对飞行安全造成危害。基于实验数据构建了典型的不同结冰严重程度的机翼前缘积冰冰形,采用高精度数值模拟方法得到背景飞机机翼前缘积冰的气动数据,建立了飞机六自由度非线性动力学模型,在此基础上设计了俯仰角保持、滚转角保持及高度保持模式的自动驾驶仪闭环仿真系统。通过开环仿真,分析了不同程度积冰对飞机配平特性、纵向长短周期模态及横航向模态的影响,比较了不同程度积冰情形下飞机动态响应的差异。通过闭环仿真,研究了积冰对3种模式下自动驾驶性能的影响。仿真结果表明:积冰对飞机配平特性、模态特性及开环动态响应特性均会造成一定的不良影响,威胁飞行安全。      

基于数字虚拟飞行的民机复飞爬升梯度评估

飞机的爬升梯度反映了其越过地面障碍达到安全高度的能力,为保障民机复飞时的飞行安全,适航条款规定复飞爬升梯度应满足一定的数值要求。根据适航条款对民机复飞程序和复飞爬升梯度的规定,提出了一种基于数字虚拟飞行的复飞爬升梯度适航符合性评估方法。基于适航条款规定和驾驶员操纵特点,建立了复飞任务的数字化模型和驾驶员操纵模型,进而以中国某型涡喷支线客机为对象建立飞行动力学模型,构成了可进行复飞爬升任务仿真的数字虚拟飞行仿真系统。通过仿真计算完成了对着陆爬升和进场爬升的爬升梯度评估,并与真实试飞结果对比,评估相对误差在10%以内,验证了本文方法的适用性和准确性。本文方法可应用于民机的概念方案设计,为保证飞机复飞爬升性能的适航符合性和最大着陆重量的确定等提供支持。     

Learning in an immersive digital theater

The Houston Museum of Natural Science, in collaboration with Rice University has an outreach program taking portable digital theaters to schools and community sites for over five years and has conducted research on student learning in this immersive environment. By using an external independent evaluator, the effectiveness of NASA-funded Education and Public Outreach (EPO) projects can be assessed. This paper documents interactive techniques and learning strategies in full-dome digital theaters. The presentation is divided into Evaluation Strategies and Results and Interactivity Strategies and Results. All learners from grades 3–12 showed statistically significant short-term increase in knowledge of basic Earth science concepts after a single 22-min show. Improvements were more significant on items that were taught using more than one modality of instruction: hearing, seeing, discussion, and immersion. Thus immersive theater can be an effective as well as engaging teaching method for Earth and Space science concepts, particularly those that are intrinsically three-dimensional and thus most effectively taught in an immersive environment. The portable system allows taking the educational experience to rural and tribal sites where the underserved students could not afford the time or expense to travel to museums.     

Stochastic particle acceleration by the forced interaction of relativistic current sheets

We address the problem of interacting relativistic current sheets in self-consistent kinetic plasma simulations within the framework of the Particle-In-Cell model. The interaction is enforced in head-on collisions of up to 10 current sheets at relativistic bulk speeds. The simulations are motivated by the general problem of Poynting flux dissipation in ‘striped wind’ configurations presumably governing the relativistic outflows pervasive in pulsar winds and gamma-ray bursts. We identify the generation of non-thermal particles and formation of a stable power-law shape in the particle energy distributions f(γ) dγ ∝ γ^−s dγ. In 1D, a spectral index s ∼ 2 is observed and attributed to a stochastic Fermi-type acceleration mechanism. In 2D, the generic index of s ∼ 3–4 is retained as in previous simulations of individual current sheets. Whereas in 2D the high energy cut-off is constrained by the limited dissipation of magnetic energy, in 1D the process converts the bulk motion of current sheets towards directed particle momentum of an exclusive class of non-thermal particles.     

Concept options for the aerial survey of Titan

Various aerial platforms intended for long endurance survey of the Titan surface are presented. A few novel concepts are introduced, including a heated methane balloon and a balloon with a tethered wind turbine. All the concept options are predicted to have lower scientific payload fractions than the Huygens probe. It is concluded that the selection of the best aerial platform option depends on more accurate mass estimates and a clear decision on whether, or not, in situ surface composition measurements are required in conjunction with aerial remote sensing.     

Heterogeneous solid/gas chemistry of organic compounds related to comets,meteorites, Titan,and Mars: Laboratory and in lower Earth orbit experiments

To understand the evolution of organic molecules involved in extraterrestrial environments and with exobiological implications, many experimental programs in the laboratory are devoted to photochemical studies in the gaseous phase as well as in the solid state. The validity of such studies and their applications to extraterrestrial environments can be questioned as long as experiments conducted in space conditions, with the full solar spectrum, especially in the short wavelength domain, have not been implemented. The experiments that are described here will be carried out on a FOTON capsule, using the BIOPAN facility, and on the International Space Station, using the EXPOSE facility. Vented and sealed exposition cells will be used, which will allow us to study the chemical evolution in the gaseous phase as well as heterogeneous processes, such as the degradation of solid compounds and the release of gaseous fragments.     

基于LuGre模型的电液加载系统摩擦补偿

为了提高电液加载系统控制精度,针对摩擦问题提出了基于LuGre摩擦模型的前馈补偿方法.建立了用于摩擦仿真分析和补偿器设计的电液加载系统数学模型;通过实验获取并分析了相关的摩擦数据;基于实验数据进行LuGre模型参数辨识,把LuGre模型和辨识结果引入电液加载系统数学模型,并进行仿真结果与实际摩擦数据的对照,证明了LuGre摩擦模型的准确性.设计前馈补偿器,进行了实验对比,实验结果表明前馈补偿器可将摩擦产生的控制误差有效地降至未补偿时的30%左右.      

CoRoT and Kepler results: Solar-like oscillators

The space-borne observatories CoRoT (Convection Rotation and planetary Transits) and Kepler have provided photometric time series data of unprecedented precision for large numbers of stars. These data have revolutionized the fields of transiting exoplanets and asteroseismology. In this review some important asteroseismic results obtained using data from the CoRoT and Kepler space missions concerning stars that show solar-like oscillations are discussed. These results comprise, among others, measurements of the location of the base of the convection zone and helium second-ionization zone in main-sequence stars, the presence (or not) of core-helium burning in red-giant stars, as well as differential rotation in these stars.     

The ESA scientific programme

The ESA scientific programme has, so far, provided several significant astrophysics experiments and further important missions are scheduled for execution during the next decade. These missions are briefly summarised together with several astrophysics investigations presently under study.     

HELIO: The Heliophysics Integrated Observatory

Heliophysics is a new research field that explores the Sun–Solar System Connection; it requires the joint exploitation of solar, heliospheric, magnetospheric and ionospheric observations.     

Radioactivity of the Moon and planets

In this report the main results of the study of radioactivity of the solar sistem bodies are considered. The radioactivity of the Moon and planets was measured by means of vehicles in situ. The radioactivity of the lunar samples, brought to the Earth was studied with laboratory equipment.     

应用于毫米波反射计的多项式校准方法

为了在毫米波波段准确测量波导器件的反射系数,提出了一种应用在反射系数测试前端(反射计)中的校准方法.该校准方法采用基于多项式的误差模型,使得每一个误差项的求解都转化成一个求解轨迹圆圆心的问题,同时不影响求解精度.采用一个滑动负载、一个滑动短路和一个短路器,在毫米波波段降低了对标准件理想程度的要求.实验中搭建了一个Ka波段的反射计,图解误差项的求解过程,分析了误差项的物理意义.把校准后的测量结果与商用矢量网络分析仪(VNA,Vector Network Analyzer)进行比较,吻合较好.同样比较了一组W波段反射计对波纹喇叭的测量结果,进一步验证了方法的合理性.