AFDX交换机在强实时条件下的分组调度

研究了航空电子全双工交换式以太网(AFDX,Avionics Full Duplex Switched Ethernet)交换机分组调度方法的实时性能,采用实时通信中的周期性任务模型,依据AFDX协议"确定性网络"中关于交换机支持双优先级消息调度原则,推导出了相应的交换机关键参数的数学表达,提出了强实时约束下基于双优先级调度的负载匹配的分组调度方法(DP-LM,Dual Priority-Load Match),比较了单/双优先级分组调度的不同(消息调度、关键参数和匹配方法),算例结果表明:由于低优先级消息的引入将会对高优先级消息的实时传输产生重要影响.     

TT-RMS:时间触发网络通信表生成算法

针对时间触发网络依据全局时间进行触发数据通信的特点,提出了一种基于单调速率调度(RMS)调度机制的通信表生成算法时间触发单调速率调度(TT-RMS),来生成时间触发网络的通信表.TT-RMS算法在安排消息时间槽过程中,首先根据消息周期,计算出各个链路的总负载,再根据链路的消息周期和总负载,通过RMS机制进行消息排序,确定出消息调度的先后顺序,最后根据时间槽的分配状态进行消息调度,优化了消息的调度过程.所提算法的计算时间复杂度为O(n2),空间复杂度为O(n).目前广泛研究和应用的可满足性理论(SMT)通信表生成方法,其计算时间复杂度通常是多项式级,有时计算时间不收敛.实验结果显示,TT-RMS调度的网络单个链路负载最大可接近100%,计算时间在1 ms左右,平均可调度网络负载是SMT方法可调度网络负载的两倍.TT-RMS通信表生成算法具有计算时间短,可调度消息负载多等优点,可以更好地满足航空航天复杂系统中上千条实时消息流的调度需要.      

保证速率的AFDX交换机实时调度算法

针对AFDX(Avionics Full Duplex Switched Ethernet)网络关键技术——交换机实时调度算法,提出一种保证速率的优先级实时调度算法(PRTRG,Priority Real Time sched-uling algorithm based on Rate-Guaranteed),并运用网络演算理论分析了此调度算法的实时性.在AFDX网络典型配置下,与(FIFO,First In First Out)结果进行分析对比,证明PRTRG算法有效地减少了高优先级数据的端到端延迟上界,同时保证了低优先级数据端到端延迟的确定性,并且阻止了数据流拥塞的扩散,在交换机内部实现了流量隔离.     

基于强化学习的时间触发通信调度方法

未来航空电子系统中将会更广泛地选择基于时间触发的通信机制进行信息传输,以保证信息交互的确定性。如何合理地进行时间触发通信调度设计是时间触发应用于航空电子互连系统的关键。针对时间触发调度的周期性任务,提出了一种基于强化学习的周期调度时刻表生成方法。首先,将流量调度任务转换为树搜索问题,使之具有强化学习所需要的马尔可夫特性;随后,利用基于神经网络的强化学习算法对调度表进行探索,不断缩短延迟时间以优化调度表,且在训练完成后,可以直接使用到消息分布相近的任务中。与使用Yices等可满足模理论（SMT）形式化求解时间触发调度表方法相比,所提方法不会出现无法判定的问题,能够保证时间触发调度设计结果的正确性和优化性。对于包含1 000条消息的大型网络,所提方法的计算速度为SMT方法的数十倍以上,并且调度生成消息的端到端延迟在SMT方法的1%以下,大大提高了消息传输的及时性。      

可抢占实时星载SpaceWire总线网络研究

为基于SpaceWire构建统一的星载总线网络,需要保证消息传输的确定性和实时性。针对传统时间触发通信灵活性不足的缺点,提出了一种支持通信任务传输标志符广播的改进时间触发通信SpaceWire总线网络;在此基础上建立了非破坏性可抢占通信机制,并讨论了经典的处理器实时调度算法在网络通信中的应用;最后分析比较了SpaceWire的事件触发通信、传统的时间触发通信与所提出的可抢占实时通信的延时性能。研究表明,提出的通信机制能够有效改善信息传输的最坏端到端延时,适合于多种优先级通信任务的实时调度。     

基于离散事件方法的AFDX建模与仿真

采用了建模仿真的方法来分析航空电子全双工交换式以太网(AFDX,Avionics Full Duplex switched ethernet)协议.通过对AFDX协议的抽象,基于离散事件的建模方法,以基本的网络元素来抽象化网络中的端系统、交换机等设备,以离散事件来描述网络设备的行为,以此构建了AFDX网络模型,并依据模型实现了仿真.网络演算是一种理论计算AFDX最坏延迟界限的方法,将典型场景下仿真得到的结果与理论计算的结果进行比较,验证了模型.通过不同流量方案下仿真结果的对比,对AFDX进行了传输特性的分析.      

芯片间时间触发消息堆叠调度方法

时间触发（TT）通信方式应用于芯片间互连网络，以保证航空电子通信任务之间消息传递的严格时间确定性。当航空电子任务具有多种操作模式，属于不同模式的芯片间的时间触发调度表会重叠占用时隙，提出芯片间时间触发消息堆叠调度方法，以提高利用网络资源的灵活性和效率，同时减小应用层消息由于等待时间触发时间窗的排队延迟。仿真实验表明：与超调度方法相比，所提方法能够减小芯片间互连网络中时间触发消息的总端到端延迟和链路平均时隙占用率，对于端到端延迟时间较长且链路平均承载消息传输较多的场景，采用所提方法减少端到端延迟的效果更显著。     

软件定义时间触发网络的调度算法优化

软件定义时间触发以太网（TTE）作为优化航空电子系统中消息调度的一种新模式,其动态在线调度算法必须尽力保证任何情况下所有消息的传输确定性。针对时间触发（TT）消息调度间隔小于消息帧长（小时隙）时,速率约束RC消息延迟增大、传输确定性降低的问题,对TT消息调度算法进行改进。首先,构建了TTE的系统模型,阐明了最小延迟（MID）调度算法和背靠背（B2B）调度算法的机制;然后在其基础上提出了大孔隙（MAV）调度算法,以减少（RC）消息的等待延迟;最后,利用OMNeT++实验分析这3种调度算法的性能。实验结果表明:当无小时隙TT消息时,B2B算法的消息延迟最大、MAV调度算法和MID调度算法的消息延迟接近。当有小时隙TT消息时,MAV调度算法的消息传输确定性更好,相比于MID调度算法,MAV调度算法下RC消息的传输确定性提高了87.3%。      

Scaling analysis and model estimation of solar corona index

A monthly average solar green coronal index time series for the period from January 1939 to December 2008 collected from NOAA (The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) has been analysed in this paper in perspective of scaling analysis and modelling. Smoothed and de-noising have been done using suitable mother wavelet as a pre-requisite. The Finite Variance Scaling Method (FVSM), Higuchi method, rescaled range (R/S) and a generalized method have been applied to calculate the scaling exponents and fractal dimensions of the time series. Autocorrelation function (ACF) is used to find autoregressive (AR) process and Partial autocorrelation function (PACF) has been used to get the order of AR model. Finally a best fit model has been proposed using Yule-Walker Method with supporting results of goodness of fit and wavelet spectrum. The results reveal an anti-persistent, Short Range Dependent (SRD), self-similar property with signatures of non-causality, non-stationarity and nonlinearity in the data series. The model shows the best fit to the data under observation.     

Stochastic particle acceleration by the forced interaction of relativistic current sheets

We address the problem of interacting relativistic current sheets in self-consistent kinetic plasma simulations within the framework of the Particle-In-Cell model. The interaction is enforced in head-on collisions of up to 10 current sheets at relativistic bulk speeds. The simulations are motivated by the general problem of Poynting flux dissipation in ‘striped wind’ configurations presumably governing the relativistic outflows pervasive in pulsar winds and gamma-ray bursts. We identify the generation of non-thermal particles and formation of a stable power-law shape in the particle energy distributions f(γ) dγ ∝ γ^−s dγ. In 1D, a spectral index s ∼ 2 is observed and attributed to a stochastic Fermi-type acceleration mechanism. In 2D, the generic index of s ∼ 3–4 is retained as in previous simulations of individual current sheets. Whereas in 2D the high energy cut-off is constrained by the limited dissipation of magnetic energy, in 1D the process converts the bulk motion of current sheets towards directed particle momentum of an exclusive class of non-thermal particles.     

Development of a gas chromatography compatible Sample Processing System (SPS) for the in-situ analysis of refractory organic matter in martian soil: preliminary results

In the frame of the 2009 Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) mission a new sample preparation system (SPS) compatible with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) has been developed for the in situ analysis of complex organic molecules in the Martian soil. The goal is to detect, if they exist, some of the key compounds that play an important role in life on Earth including carboxylic acids, amino acids and nucleobases.     

Concept options for the aerial survey of Titan

Various aerial platforms intended for long endurance survey of the Titan surface are presented. A few novel concepts are introduced, including a heated methane balloon and a balloon with a tethered wind turbine. All the concept options are predicted to have lower scientific payload fractions than the Huygens probe. It is concluded that the selection of the best aerial platform option depends on more accurate mass estimates and a clear decision on whether, or not, in situ surface composition measurements are required in conjunction with aerial remote sensing.     

Heterogeneous solid/gas chemistry of organic compounds related to comets,meteorites, Titan,and Mars: Laboratory and in lower Earth orbit experiments

To understand the evolution of organic molecules involved in extraterrestrial environments and with exobiological implications, many experimental programs in the laboratory are devoted to photochemical studies in the gaseous phase as well as in the solid state. The validity of such studies and their applications to extraterrestrial environments can be questioned as long as experiments conducted in space conditions, with the full solar spectrum, especially in the short wavelength domain, have not been implemented. The experiments that are described here will be carried out on a FOTON capsule, using the BIOPAN facility, and on the International Space Station, using the EXPOSE facility. Vented and sealed exposition cells will be used, which will allow us to study the chemical evolution in the gaseous phase as well as heterogeneous processes, such as the degradation of solid compounds and the release of gaseous fragments.     

基于LuGre模型的电液加载系统摩擦补偿

为了提高电液加载系统控制精度,针对摩擦问题提出了基于LuGre摩擦模型的前馈补偿方法.建立了用于摩擦仿真分析和补偿器设计的电液加载系统数学模型;通过实验获取并分析了相关的摩擦数据;基于实验数据进行LuGre模型参数辨识,把LuGre模型和辨识结果引入电液加载系统数学模型,并进行仿真结果与实际摩擦数据的对照,证明了LuGre摩擦模型的准确性.设计前馈补偿器,进行了实验对比,实验结果表明前馈补偿器可将摩擦产生的控制误差有效地降至未补偿时的30%左右.      

CoRoT and Kepler results: Solar-like oscillators

The space-borne observatories CoRoT (Convection Rotation and planetary Transits) and Kepler have provided photometric time series data of unprecedented precision for large numbers of stars. These data have revolutionized the fields of transiting exoplanets and asteroseismology. In this review some important asteroseismic results obtained using data from the CoRoT and Kepler space missions concerning stars that show solar-like oscillations are discussed. These results comprise, among others, measurements of the location of the base of the convection zone and helium second-ionization zone in main-sequence stars, the presence (or not) of core-helium burning in red-giant stars, as well as differential rotation in these stars.     

The ESA scientific programme

The ESA scientific programme has, so far, provided several significant astrophysics experiments and further important missions are scheduled for execution during the next decade. These missions are briefly summarised together with several astrophysics investigations presently under study.     

Return to Europa: Overview of the Jupiter Europa orbiter mission

Missions to explore Europa have been imagined ever since the Voyager mission first suggested that Europa was geologically very young. Subsequently, the Galileo spacecraft supplied fascinating new insights into this satellite of Jupiter. Now, an international team is proposing a return to the Jupiter system and Europa with the Europa Jupiter System Mission (EJSM). Currently, NASA and ESA are designing two orbiters that would explore the Jovian system and then each would settle into orbit around one of Jupiter’s icy satellites, Europa and Ganymede. In addition, the Japanese Aerospace eXploration Agency (JAXA) is considering a Jupiter magnetospheric orbiter and the Russian Space Agency is investigating a Europa lander.     

HELIO: The Heliophysics Integrated Observatory

Heliophysics is a new research field that explores the Sun–Solar System Connection; it requires the joint exploitation of solar, heliospheric, magnetospheric and ionospheric observations.