自组织时分多址甚高频数据链的延时分析

时隙预约方法对自组织时分多址系统的延时性能有很大影响.针对动态时隙分配方案中典型的回溯搜索算法,分析了时隙空闲概率及预约冲突概率对报文延时的影响,并采用概率周期分析方法,通过引入时隙处于空闲和忙状态的概率,详细分析了报文延时与用户数和发报率的关系.最后,提出了一种新的时隙选择算法——序贯搜索算法.仿真结果表明,该算法的延时性能比回溯搜索算法优越.      

一种阵列天线逐通道相关在线标校法

由于发送端和接收端时钟的不一致性,导致低信噪比下阵列天线卫星移动通信的逐通道相关标校有很大的难度。在考虑易实现性和简易性基础上,提出了一种可以解决低信噪比下通道校正的多周期长时累积方法。该校准信号为由地面标校站产生的BPSK调制扩频信号,可以减少卫星设计的复杂度,且在不中断用户数据传输的基础上实现在线标校。该方法通过对接收信号打标、速率匹配等措施来解决收发时钟不一致导致的码偏和频偏问题。研究结果可以为阵列天线卫星通信技术提供支持。     

一种新颖的RFID多标签防碰撞算法

在标签运动较规律的无线射频识别(RFID, Radio Frequency Identification)系统中,读写器按照一般的算法不会优先读取即将离开可读范围的标签,而使系统出现较高的漏读率.针对这种场景,提出一种新的防碰撞算法——先到先服务 (FCFS, First Come First Served) 算法.读写器首先按照到达顺序对标签进行分组,先识别紧迫性高的时间分组标签;其次,算法通过新增一个参数有效避免了一些可预测的碰撞时隙.在识别时间分组的过程中设置了总时隙的上限,从而避免系统阻塞.仿真结果表明,在保持漏读率小于0.01的情况下,系统所能承受的标签运动速度比前缀随机化算法提高了50%.当标签到达率为0.45时,系统的通过率改善最明显,比前缀随机化算法提高了13%左右.      

自组织网络中UPMA协议的群间仿真

基于有效竞争预约接入、无冲突轮询传输的思想,结合分层分布式网络结构为自组织网络提出了依据用户妥善安排的多址接入(UPMA)协议,UPMA协议可以支持节点移动性和多跳网络拓扑,并使用网络仿真工具OPNET仿真评估了它的群间通信性能.该协议利用分群算法将多跳网络拓扑形成轮询所需要的两跳分群结构,包括预约接入和无冲突的轮询服务阶段.有分组发送的节点在每帧的竞争接入时隙中竞争接入.如果成功,则进入轮询服务过程;否则,在本帧重新开始的接入阶段中进行冲突避免和分解的预约接入过程.仿真结果表明,UPMA协议显著提高了多跳群间的业务传输效率,可以提供较高的端到端信道利用率、较低的端到端平均消息时延和较小的平均消息丢弃率.      

移动Ad Hoc网络中一种支持QoS的多址接入协议

基于随机竞争和冲突解决的思想,为多跳移动Ad Hoc网络提出了一种支持服务质量(QoS)的多址接入(QMA)协议.将业务负载划分为时延敏感的实时业务和非时延敏感的数据业务.按照该协议,节点在发送业务分组前利用预报突发进行竞争接入,节点按照业务分组时延情况确定预报突发的长度,所发预报突发能持续到最后的节点优先获得接入.同时,具有实时业务的节点可以按照其优先级在更早的竞争微时隙中开始发送预报突发,因而可以比发送数据业务的节点更优先接入信道.最后利用OPNET仿真评估了QMA协议的多址性能,通过与带冲突避免的载波侦听(CSMA/CA)协议比较表明,QMA协议可以提供较高的吞吐量和较低的消息丢失率,并能为实时业务提供较低的时延,从而实现了对多媒体业务的QoS支持.      

CAN总线并发通信时下位机应用软件设计

为满足系统通信中的时间性能要求,设计一种利用中断接收和发送CAN总线数据的通信方法,给出了算法的C语言流程图实现.当增加GPS作为总线主节点发送广播引起CAN并发通信导致硬件中断冲突时,针对并发通信的硬件中断冲突原理作了分析,重新设计了下位机CAN总线通信软件,解决CAN总线并发通信冲突.     

S-TDMA数据链系统时隙预约选择算法分析

时隙预约选择算法是自组织时分多址(S-TDMA)数据链协议中实现时隙动态预约的关键.采用概率分析理论,详细分析了在多用户时隙选择间隔发生重叠时,目前所使用的一种典型时隙选择算法对S-TDMA甚高频(VHF)数据链性能的影响.进行了计算机仿真,对分析结果进行了比较研究,并以此提出一种有效的新型时隙选择算法.      

基于超声波的移动机器人多目标探测定位方法

为了使移动机器人能够对离散的多个目标进行准确的探测定位,提出了一种新的超声波智能探测方法.采用3个收发一体的超声换能器阵列发送近似的平面声波波束,并建立空间坐标系.3个探头定时发送超声波脉冲,同时数字信号处理器采集并分析接收到的回波信号,在给定的算法下滤除杂波、识别提取回波首波、二次回波和三次回波等特征信号数据,在正确检测出各路波束的回波时间后,通过计算给出多个被测物体的准确定位.实验采用了杆件物体作为被测对象,对回波信号进行高速数据采集处理后计算出被测目标的坐标值,比较了计算物位与实测物位数据,结果验证了该方法的可行性与正确性.      

基于BP神经网络的随机信号筛选算法

在随机信号导航研究中，可接收到的信号数量众多、种类繁杂、特征多样，难以从中选择出适用于导航的信号。针对随机信号的筛选问题，提出了一种基于BP神经网络的随机信号筛选算法。该算法通过输入随机信号的特征信息，对随机信号的定位误差进行了估计，通过定位信息的误差对将信号用于导航的效果进行了评估。仿真结果表明，该算法能够对由随机信号解算而得到的导航信息误差进行估计，可以达到较好的筛选效果。     

Learning in an immersive digital theater

The Houston Museum of Natural Science, in collaboration with Rice University has an outreach program taking portable digital theaters to schools and community sites for over five years and has conducted research on student learning in this immersive environment. By using an external independent evaluator, the effectiveness of NASA-funded Education and Public Outreach (EPO) projects can be assessed. This paper documents interactive techniques and learning strategies in full-dome digital theaters. The presentation is divided into Evaluation Strategies and Results and Interactivity Strategies and Results. All learners from grades 3–12 showed statistically significant short-term increase in knowledge of basic Earth science concepts after a single 22-min show. Improvements were more significant on items that were taught using more than one modality of instruction: hearing, seeing, discussion, and immersion. Thus immersive theater can be an effective as well as engaging teaching method for Earth and Space science concepts, particularly those that are intrinsically three-dimensional and thus most effectively taught in an immersive environment. The portable system allows taking the educational experience to rural and tribal sites where the underserved students could not afford the time or expense to travel to museums.     

Scaling analysis and model estimation of solar corona index

A monthly average solar green coronal index time series for the period from January 1939 to December 2008 collected from NOAA (The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) has been analysed in this paper in perspective of scaling analysis and modelling. Smoothed and de-noising have been done using suitable mother wavelet as a pre-requisite. The Finite Variance Scaling Method (FVSM), Higuchi method, rescaled range (R/S) and a generalized method have been applied to calculate the scaling exponents and fractal dimensions of the time series. Autocorrelation function (ACF) is used to find autoregressive (AR) process and Partial autocorrelation function (PACF) has been used to get the order of AR model. Finally a best fit model has been proposed using Yule-Walker Method with supporting results of goodness of fit and wavelet spectrum. The results reveal an anti-persistent, Short Range Dependent (SRD), self-similar property with signatures of non-causality, non-stationarity and nonlinearity in the data series. The model shows the best fit to the data under observation.     

Stochastic particle acceleration by the forced interaction of relativistic current sheets

We address the problem of interacting relativistic current sheets in self-consistent kinetic plasma simulations within the framework of the Particle-In-Cell model. The interaction is enforced in head-on collisions of up to 10 current sheets at relativistic bulk speeds. The simulations are motivated by the general problem of Poynting flux dissipation in ‘striped wind’ configurations presumably governing the relativistic outflows pervasive in pulsar winds and gamma-ray bursts. We identify the generation of non-thermal particles and formation of a stable power-law shape in the particle energy distributions f(γ) dγ ∝ γ^−s dγ. In 1D, a spectral index s ∼ 2 is observed and attributed to a stochastic Fermi-type acceleration mechanism. In 2D, the generic index of s ∼ 3–4 is retained as in previous simulations of individual current sheets. Whereas in 2D the high energy cut-off is constrained by the limited dissipation of magnetic energy, in 1D the process converts the bulk motion of current sheets towards directed particle momentum of an exclusive class of non-thermal particles.     

Development of a gas chromatography compatible Sample Processing System (SPS) for the in-situ analysis of refractory organic matter in martian soil: preliminary results

In the frame of the 2009 Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) mission a new sample preparation system (SPS) compatible with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) has been developed for the in situ analysis of complex organic molecules in the Martian soil. The goal is to detect, if they exist, some of the key compounds that play an important role in life on Earth including carboxylic acids, amino acids and nucleobases.     

Concept options for the aerial survey of Titan

Various aerial platforms intended for long endurance survey of the Titan surface are presented. A few novel concepts are introduced, including a heated methane balloon and a balloon with a tethered wind turbine. All the concept options are predicted to have lower scientific payload fractions than the Huygens probe. It is concluded that the selection of the best aerial platform option depends on more accurate mass estimates and a clear decision on whether, or not, in situ surface composition measurements are required in conjunction with aerial remote sensing.     

Heterogeneous solid/gas chemistry of organic compounds related to comets,meteorites, Titan,and Mars: Laboratory and in lower Earth orbit experiments

To understand the evolution of organic molecules involved in extraterrestrial environments and with exobiological implications, many experimental programs in the laboratory are devoted to photochemical studies in the gaseous phase as well as in the solid state. The validity of such studies and their applications to extraterrestrial environments can be questioned as long as experiments conducted in space conditions, with the full solar spectrum, especially in the short wavelength domain, have not been implemented. The experiments that are described here will be carried out on a FOTON capsule, using the BIOPAN facility, and on the International Space Station, using the EXPOSE facility. Vented and sealed exposition cells will be used, which will allow us to study the chemical evolution in the gaseous phase as well as heterogeneous processes, such as the degradation of solid compounds and the release of gaseous fragments.     

基于LuGre模型的电液加载系统摩擦补偿

为了提高电液加载系统控制精度,针对摩擦问题提出了基于LuGre摩擦模型的前馈补偿方法.建立了用于摩擦仿真分析和补偿器设计的电液加载系统数学模型;通过实验获取并分析了相关的摩擦数据;基于实验数据进行LuGre模型参数辨识,把LuGre模型和辨识结果引入电液加载系统数学模型,并进行仿真结果与实际摩擦数据的对照,证明了LuGre摩擦模型的准确性.设计前馈补偿器,进行了实验对比,实验结果表明前馈补偿器可将摩擦产生的控制误差有效地降至未补偿时的30%左右.      

CoRoT and Kepler results: Solar-like oscillators

The space-borne observatories CoRoT (Convection Rotation and planetary Transits) and Kepler have provided photometric time series data of unprecedented precision for large numbers of stars. These data have revolutionized the fields of transiting exoplanets and asteroseismology. In this review some important asteroseismic results obtained using data from the CoRoT and Kepler space missions concerning stars that show solar-like oscillations are discussed. These results comprise, among others, measurements of the location of the base of the convection zone and helium second-ionization zone in main-sequence stars, the presence (or not) of core-helium burning in red-giant stars, as well as differential rotation in these stars.     

The ESA scientific programme

The ESA scientific programme has, so far, provided several significant astrophysics experiments and further important missions are scheduled for execution during the next decade. These missions are briefly summarised together with several astrophysics investigations presently under study.     

Return to Europa: Overview of the Jupiter Europa orbiter mission

Missions to explore Europa have been imagined ever since the Voyager mission first suggested that Europa was geologically very young. Subsequently, the Galileo spacecraft supplied fascinating new insights into this satellite of Jupiter. Now, an international team is proposing a return to the Jupiter system and Europa with the Europa Jupiter System Mission (EJSM). Currently, NASA and ESA are designing two orbiters that would explore the Jovian system and then each would settle into orbit around one of Jupiter’s icy satellites, Europa and Ganymede. In addition, the Japanese Aerospace eXploration Agency (JAXA) is considering a Jupiter magnetospheric orbiter and the Russian Space Agency is investigating a Europa lander.