Design and experimental study of a practical Osculating Inward Cone Waverider Inlet

A design method based on tip to tail streamline tracing and osculating inward cone methods is discussed for designing the integrated Osculating Inward Cone Waverider Inlet(OICWI). A practical geometrical constrained experimental model of OICWI is designed based on the validated design method. It has a total contraction ratio of 4.61 and inner contraction ratio is 2.0. Wind-tunnel tests have been conducted for the OICWI model at free stream Mach number(Ma_∞) of 4.0, 3.5 and 3.0 respectively. The experimental results show that the OICWI has high flow capture ratio and compression abilities. It can self-start at Ma_∞= 3.5 and 4.0 and its flow capture ratio is 0.73 at Ma_∞= 4.0, and Angle of Attack(AOA) 0°. The research results show that the OICWI has advantages of inward cone waverider and streamline tracing inlet. Present OICWI is a novel approach for waverider inlet integration studies and it will promote the use of waverider inlet integration configuration in the studies of airbreathing hypersonic vehicles.     

Numerical study of unsteady starting characteristics of a hypersonic inlet

The impulse and self starting characteristics of a mixed-compression hypersonic inlet designed at Mach number of 6.5 are studied by applying the unsteady computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method. The full Navier-Stokes equations are solved with the assumption of viscous perfect gas model, and the shear-stress transport (SST) k-x two-equation Reynolds averaged Navier- Stokes (RANS) model is used for turbulence modeling. Results indicate that during impulse starting, the flow field is divided into three zones with different aerodynamic parameters by primary shock and upstream-facing shock. The separation bubble on the shoulder of ramp undergoes a generating, growing, swallowing and disappearing process in sequence. But a separation bubble at the entrance of inlet exists until the freestream velocity is accelerated to the starting Mach number during self starting. The mass flux distribution of flow field is non-uniform because of the interaction between shock and boundary layer, so that the mass flow rate at throat is unsteady during impulse starting. The duration of impulse starting process increases almost linearly with the decrease of freestream Mach number but rises abruptly when the freestream Mach number approaches the starting Mach number. The accelerating performance of booster almost has no influence on the self starting ability of hypersonic inlet.     

Control-oriented Modeling for Air-breathing Hypersonic Vehicle Using Parameterized Configuration Approach

This article presents a parameterized configuration modeling approach to develop a 6 degrees of freedom (DOF) rigid-body model for air-breathing hypersonic vehicle (AHV). The modeling process involves the parameterized configuration design, inviscous hypersonic aerodynamic force calculation and scramjet engine modeling. The parameters are designed for airframe-propulsion integration configuration, the aerodynamic force calculation is based on engineering experimental methods, and the engine model is acquired from gas dynamics and quasi-one dimensional combustor calculations. Multivariate fitting is used to obtain analytical equations for aerodynamic force and thrust. Furthermore, the fitting accuracy is evaluated by relative error (RE). Trim results show that the model can be applied to the investigation of control method for AHV during the cruise phase. The modeling process integrates several disciplines such as configuration design, aerodynamic calculation, scramjet modeling and control method. Therefore the modeling method makes it possible to conduct AHV aerodynamics/propulsion/control integration design.     

An SOR Implicit Time-accurate Scheme in Calculating Unsteady Flows

A new time-accurate marching scheme for unsteady flow calculations is proposed in the present work. This method is the combination of classical Successive Over-Relaxation (SOR) iteration method and Jacobian matrix diagonally dominant splitting method of LUSGS. One advantage of this algorithm is the second-order accuracy because of no factorization error. Another advantage is the low computational cost because the Jacobian matrices and fluxes are only calculated once in each physical time step. And, the SOR algorithm has better convergence property than Gauss-Seidel. To investigate its accuracy and convergency, several unsteady flow computa- tional tests are carried out by using the proposed SOR algorithm. Roe’s FDS scheme is used to discritize the inviscid flux terms. Un- steady computational results of SOR are compared with the experiment results and those of Gauss-Seidel. Results reveal that the numerical results agree well with the experimental data and the second-order accuracy can be obtained as the Gauss-Seidel for unsteady flow computations. The impact of SOR factor is investigated for unsteady computations by using different SOR factors in this algorithm to simulate each computational test. Different numbers of inner iterations are needed to converge to the same criterion for different SOR factors and optimal choice of SOR factor can improve the computational efficiency greatly.     

Study of parachute inflation process using fluid–structure interaction method

A direct numerical modeling method for parachute is proposed firstly, and a model for the star-shaped folded parachute with detailed structures is established. The simplified arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian fluid–structure interaction(SALE/FSI) method is used to simulate the inflation process of a folded parachute, and the flow field calculation is mainly based on operator splitting technique. By using this method, the dynamic variations of related parameters such as flow field and structure are obtained, and the load jump appearing at the end of initial inflation stage is captured. Numerical results including opening load, drag characteristics, swinging angle, etc. are well consistent with wind tunnel tests. In addition, this coupled method can get more space–time detailed information such as geometry shape, structure, motion, and flow field. Compared with previous inflation time method, this method is a completely theoretical analysis approach without relying on empirical coefficients, which can provide a reference for material selection, performance optimization during parachute design.     

一种高效的基于可靠性的多学科设计优化方法(英文)

Design for modem engineering system is becoming multidisciplinary and incorporates practical uncertainties; therefore, it is necessary to synthesize reliability analysis and the multidisciplinary design optimization （MDO） techniques for the design of complex engineering system. An advanced first order second moment method-based concurrent subspace optimization approach is proposed based on the comparison and analysis of the existing multidisciplinary optimization techniques and the reliability analysis methods. It is seen through a canard configuration optimization for a three-surface transport that the proposed method is computationally efficient and practical with the least modification to the current deterministic optimization process.     

Effect of blade sweep on inlet flow in axial compressor cascades

This paper presents comparative numerical studies to investigate the effects of blade sweep on inlet flow in axial compressor cascades. A series of swept and straight cascades was modeled in order to obtain a general understanding of the inlet flow field that is induced by sweep.A computational fluid dynamics(CFD) package was used to simulate the cascades and obtain the required three-dimensional(3D) flow parameters. A circumferentially averaged method was introduced which provided the circumferential fluctuation(CF) terms in the momentum equation.A program for data reduction was conducted to obtain a circumferentially averaged flow field.The influences of the inlet flow fields of the cascades were studied and spanwise distributions of each term in the momentum equation were analyzed. The results indicate that blade sweep does affect inlet radial equilibrium. The characteristic of radial fluid transfer is changed and thus influencing the axial velocity distributions. The inlet flow field varies mainly due to the combined effect of the radial pressure gradient and the CF component. The axial velocity varies consistently with the incidence variation induced by the sweep, as observed in the previous literature. In addition, factors that might influence the radial equilibrium such as blade camber angles, solidity and the effect of the distance from the leading edge are also taken into consideration and comparatively analyzed.     

Development of a coupled supersonic inlet-fan Navier–Stokes simulation method

A coupled supersonic inlet-fan Navier–Stokes simulation method was developed by using COMSOL-CFD code. The flow turning, pressure rise and loss effects across blade rows of the fan and the inlet-fan interactions were taken into account as source terms of the governing equations without a blade geometry by a body force model. In this model, viscous effects in blade passages can also be calculated directly, which include the exchange of momentum between fluids and detailed viscous flow close to walls. NASA Rotor 37 compressor test rig was used to validate the ability of the body force model to estimate the real performance of blade rows. Calculated pressure ratio characteristics and the distribution of the total pressure, total temperature, and swirl angle in the span direction agreed well with experimental and numerical data. It is shown that the body force model is a promising approach for predicting the flow field of the turbomachinery. Then, coupled axisymmetric mixed compression supersonic inlet-fan simulations were conducted at Mach number 2.8 operating conditions. The analysis includes coupled steady-state performance, and effects of the fan on the inlet. The results indicate that the coupled simulation method is capable of simulating behavior of the supersonic inlet-fan system.     

Streamwise-body-force-model for rapid simulation combining internal and external flow fields

A streamwise-body-force-model (SBFM) is developed and applied in the overall flow simulation for the distributed propulsion system, combining internal and external flow fields. In view of axial stage effects, fan or compressor effects could be simplified as body forces along the streamline. These body forces which are functions of local parameters could be added as source terms in Navier-Stokes equations to replace solid boundary conditions of blades and hubs. The val-idation of SBFM with uniform inlet and distortion inlet of compressors shows that pressure perfor-mance characteristics agree well with experimental data. A three-dimensional simulation of the integration configuration, via a blended wing body aircraft with a distributed propulsion system using the SBFM, has been completed. Lift coefficient and drag coefficient agree well with wind tun-nel test results. Results show that to reach the goal of rapid integrated simulation combining inter-nal and external flow fields, the computational fluid dynamics method based on SBFM is reasonable.     

Review of shock wave detection method in CFD post-processing

In the present computational fluid dynamics (CFD) community, post-processing is regarded as a procedure to view parameter distribution, detect characteristic structure and reveal physical mechanism of fluid flow based on computational or experimental results. Field plots by contours, iso-surfaces, streamlines, vectors and others are traditional post-processing techniques. While the shock wave, as one important and critical flow structure in many aerodynamic problems, can hardly be detected or distinguished in a direct way using these traditional methods, due to possible confusions with other similar discontinuous flow structures like slip line, contact discontinuity, etc. Therefore, method for automatic detection of shock wave in post-processing is of great importance for both academic research and engineering applications. In this paper, the current status of methodologies developed for shock wave detection and implementations in post-processing platform are reviewed, as well as discussions on advantages and limitations of the existing methods and proposals for further studies of shock wave detection method. We also develop an advanced post-processing software, with improved shock detection.     

内转式进气道/冯·卡门乘波体一体化设计方法

应用特征线理论设计了内转式轴对称基准流场以及外压缩轴对称基准流场，利用激波交线、流线追踪方法等相关技术提出了一种头部进气式的高超声速飞行器内转式进气道/冯·卡门乘波体一体化设计方法，并对生成的一体化构型进行了数值模拟及分析，数值结果验证了该方法的正确性和有效性。该一体化设计方法基本保留了内转式进气道的优良特性，并以高升阻比乘波体为原型构建较高升阻比的一体化构型，从流场耦合的角度出发为减弱机体与进气道之间复杂的波系干扰，实现飞行器内外流的完全耦合进行了探索。     

基于马赫数分布可控曲面外/内锥形基准流场的前体/进气道一体化设计

提出了一种高超声速飞行器乘波前体的外锥形基准流场设计方法,在锥面马赫数分布规律给定的条件下,通过有旋特征线法实现反设计,提高了基准流场设计的灵活性。该基准流场通过锥形"下凹"弯曲激波和波后等熵压缩波系压缩气流,可以在较短的长度内完成高效压缩。基于反正切马赫数分布外锥形基准流场设计的乘波前体具有较高的容积率,乘波特性良好且出口均匀,设计点时有黏升阻比为1.89。另外,基于该乘波前体和马赫数分布可控的内收缩进气道给出了一种双乘波的前体与进气道一体化设计方案,实现了内外流分别独立乘波,充分发挥了乘波前体和内收缩进气道的各自优势。     

一种乘波前体进气道的一体化设计及性能分析

采用特征线方法设计了具有直线初始激波、内收缩段消除激波反射、出口参数均匀可控的基准内锥流场.基于密切内锥(osculating inward turning cone,OIC)乘波体设计方法,发展了一体化密切内锥乘波前体进气道(osculating inward turning cone waverider inlet,OICWI)设计技术.基于一体化基准内锥流场和前体进气道设计技术,设计了密切内锥乘波前体进气道.采用数值软件对设计的乘波前体进气道进行了仿真分析,结论如下:①OICWI的设计是遵循气动原理的.②一体化密切内锥乘波前体进气道的前缘形状、内收缩比及出口参数可以根据需求定量准确设计.③理论设计结果和模拟结果吻合一致,证明设计方法是正确可靠的.④数值模拟研究结果表明一体化密切内锥乘波前体进气道具有较好的出口流场均匀度及较高的流量捕获率和较高的总压恢复特性.      

高超声速内收缩进气道分步优化设计方法

提出了基准流场与唇口平面形状分步优化的高超声速内收缩进气道设计方法。基准流场以反射激波不均匀性最小和总压恢复最大进行多目标优化设计,使用结合Tayler-Maccoll方程的有旋特征线方法(MOC)进行流场计算,获得双拐点母线内收缩锥基准流场。进气道唇口形状以沿流线积分(Streamline Integral Method, SIM)获得的进气道无黏阻力最小为目标进行优化设计,获得类椭圆形唇口平面形状。针对优化设计结果进行数值模拟,与传统直母线基准流场相比,双拐点母线基准流场反射激波后流动不均匀性下降40%左右,总压损失减少35%左右,总体性能提升明显。类椭圆唇口进气道在设计点的单位质量流量无黏阻力相较于圆形唇口降低6%,具有良好的压缩特性和气动效率,能够减弱进气系统对飞行器气动性能的不利影响。研究结果表明该方法是一种高效且实用的高超声速内收缩进气道设计方法。     

锥导乘波构型设计、优化与分析

乘波构型是高超声速飞行器高升阻比气动布局设计的参考外形之一,设计中需要综合考虑升阻比、容积率和容积等要求。在锥导乘波构型参数化设计的基础上,采用工程估算和计算流体力学相结合的方法,通过正交试验设计分析了不同参数对目标影响的敏感性,合理选择设计参数优化区间,应用改进的多目标遗传算法对乘波构型进行了优化设计,针对优化外形开展了气动性能的数值模拟研究,并在高超声速炮风洞中完成了缩比模型的验证性实验。结果表明:优化设计外形具有良好的升阻比,且在一定攻角范围内升阻比较高,数值模拟和实验分析基本吻合。研究结果可为高超声速滑翔式飞行器的设计提供参考。     

涡波效应宽速域气动外形设计

拓展了密切锥乘波体设计方法的应用,推导了设计方法中激波出口型线、流线追踪起始线与平面形状轮廓线之间的几何关系,建立了定平面乘波体设计方法。通过定制乘波体的平面形状引入涡效应,提出涡波效应宽速域气动布局的概念,即在高超声速状态下使用激波效应、在低速状态下使用漩涡效应提升布局的总体性能。以双后掠布局为例,使用CFD方法评估其高速和低速状态的气动性能,与带锥体的平板进行对比,分析了升阻比、升力系数以及流场特性,初步给出了非线性增升效果。计算结果表明：当前定平面乘波体布局在低速状态和高超声速状态均具有较好的气动性能,弥补了传统乘波体的性能缺陷,为宽速域气动布局的设计提供了新的思路。     

乘波体构型飞行器的高超声速测压实验研究

乘波体构型是高超声速飞行器的重要气动布局之一。对某多目标优化设计的乘波体构型飞行器进行了高超声速测压实验,对其气动性能进行风洞实验验证。实验马赫数M=6和M=7,迎角α=-4°、-2°、0°、2°、4°、6°、8°。结果表明：该乘波体构型各部件气动性能良好。进气道唇口准确捕捉到压缩激波,激波位置与设计吻合。乘波体上表面流向压力变化不大,有利于减小乘波体飞行阻力。下表面经过进气口内压段时压力有明显的增大,后体膨胀效果显著。在设计状态下,该乘波体飞行器整体气动性能良好。     

乘波体飞行器气动布局优化设计

由于具有高升阻比,乘波体是高超声速巡航飞行器气动布局的首选方案。文章在求解圆锥激波流场精确解的基础上,应用流线追踪方法,建立了乘波体飞行器气动布局的参数化模型。在此基础上,对飞行器的气动力特性进行了估算。最后,以气动布局参数为设计变量,升阻比最大化为设计目标,对乘波体飞行器进行气动布局优化设计,应用改进的粒子群优化算法(Particle Swarm Optimization,PSO),对优化模型进行求解,得到了优化的气动布局设计方案。     

钝化前缘乘波布局及其一体化构型气动特性

以最大升阻比为优化目标,在锥型流场中优化设计出乘波布局,并考虑高超声速飞行器的防热需求,对乘波布局进行钝化设计,利用数值模拟和风洞实验两种手段,研究钝化前缘乘波布局的气动特性.结果表明:在一定钝化半径内,随着钝化半径的增加,乘波构型的升力特性变化仅为2%,但阻力特性增加近3倍,升阻比降低了将近50%.尽管如此,为了钝化乘波布局,仍维持了较高的升阻比,升阻比为3左右.同时,以二维顶压式进气道为基础,在多级楔锥组合体流场中,设计出满足超燃发动机进气要求的乘波前体/进气道一体化构型,并进行前缘钝化设计.针对一体化构型进行了数值验证,结果表明:此类一体化构型升阻比大于2.6,同时发动机总压恢系复数保持在40%左右,满足进气道的要求.