高温气体效应对高超声速磁流体控制的影响

高温气体效应会严重影响高温气体流场的流动特性，进而影响高超声速磁流体控制效率。基于低磁雷诺数假设，通过耦合求解带电磁源项的三维Navier-Stokes流场控制方程和电场泊松方程，开展完全气体模型、平衡气体模型、化学非平衡气体模型、热化学非平衡气体模型等条件下的高超声速磁流体控制数值模拟，分析气体模型对磁流体控制的影响，研究高温气体各种非平衡效应及焦耳热振动能量配比等对高超声速磁流体控制的影响规律。研究表明：化学非平衡效应对高超声速磁流体控制影响显著，采用化学非平衡气体模型模拟得到的磁控增阻特性介于完全气体模型和平衡气体模型之间，平衡气体和完全气体模型磁控热流变化的定性规律，与非平衡气体模型模拟结果差异很大；热力学非平衡效应对高超声速磁流体控制的影响，与焦耳热振动能量作用比率紧密相关，随该配比增大，磁场增阻效果由67%降到约12%；高温气体效应会极大地降低磁控增阻效果，会明显地增强部分表面区域的磁控热流减缓效果，要准确数值模拟高超声速磁流体控制，必须有效地考虑化学和热力学非平衡效应，同时选用接近实际情况的焦耳热振动能量配比。     

High-temperature gas effects on aerodynamic characteristics of waverider

This paper focuses on the analysis of high-temperature effect on a conical waverider and it is a typical configuration of near space vehicles. Two different gas models are used in the numerical simulations, namely the thermochemical non-equilibrium and perfect gas models. The non-equilibrium flow simulations are conducted with the usage of the parallel non-equilibrium program developed by the authors while the perfect gas flow simulations are carried out with the commercial software Fluent. The non-equilibrium code is validated with experimental results and grid sensitivity analysis is performed as well. Then, numerical simulations of the flow around the conical waverider with the two gas models are conducted. In the results, differences in the flow structures as well as aerodynamic performances of the conical waverider are compared. It is found that the thermochemical non-equilibrium effect is significant mainly near the windward boundary layer at the tail of the waverider, and the non-equilibrium influence makes the pressure center move forward to about 0.57% of the whole craft’s length at the altitude of 60 km.     

真实气体效应下高马赫数内转进气道特性研究

为初步研究高马赫数内转进气道在真实气体效应下的工作特性,首先设计额定工作状态Ma=12的高超声速内转进气道,再结合不同气体模型对其进行数值模拟。研究结果表明:化学非平衡气体在流场结构、工作性能和气动加热方面与热完全气体较为相近,与热化学非平衡气体存在一定差别。离解反应发生在边界层内和低速涡流区内,热化学非平衡气体的离解反应程度比化学非平衡气体大。在隔离段内激波反射处,相比完全气体,化学反应气体的静温降低了2000～2500K。高热流区在上壁面喉道位置与下壁面激波反射点位置附近,温度较高的等温壁面、热化学非平衡气体均可降低壁面热流密度,不同壁面条件对隔离段出口性能参数影响较为明显。真实气体效应、壁面温度对隔离段涡流区的影响较为复杂,有待进一步研究。     

先进战斗机过失速机动模型飞行试验技术

具有过失速机动能力的战斗机在近距空战中能够取得快速占位、先敌瞄准、有效规避攻击的战术优势,是先进战斗机的标志性性能要求。模型飞行试验技术作为空气动力学研究三大手段之一,在解决飞行器技术难题、实现技术创新方面发挥了重要作用。本文介绍了中国空气动力研究与发展中心利用带动力自主控制模型飞行试验平台发展的过失速机动模型飞行试验技术,以及开展的先进战斗机构型典型过失速机动模型飞行试验,分述了在大迎角非定常气动建模、宽量程气流系参数测量、大迎角非线性控制、推力矢量控制、大迎角非定常气动参数辨识方面的研究工作与解决这些关键问题的技术途径。通过此项研究,在国内首次实现了先进战斗机构型缩比模型典型过失速机动飞行,相关研究成果可为先进战斗机实现过失速机动飞行能力提供有力的技术支撑。     

Neighboring optimal guidance for aeroassisted orbital transfer

A neighboring optimal guidance scheme for a nonlinear dynamic system is devised with stochastic inputs and perfect measurements as applicable to fuel optimal control of an aeroassisted orbital transfer vehicle. For the deterministic nonlinear dynamic system describing the atmospheric maneuver, a nominal trajectory is determined. Then, taking modeling uncertainties into account, a linear, stochastic, neighboring optimal guidance scheme is devised. Assuming the additive character of the stochastic effects, the optimal trajectory is approximated as the sum of the deterministic nominal trajectory and the stochastic neighboring optimal solution. Numerical results are presented for a typical aeroassisted orbital transfer vehicle     

平衡气体对乘波体气动力特性影响

通过计算流体动力学(CFD)方法研究了乘波体在平衡气体条件下的气动力性能,并与完全气体条件下的计算结果进行了对比,分析结果表明:平衡气体对乘波体气动性能的影响是由边界层内的化学反应降低了边界层诱导压力而产生的.相对于攻角的影响,平衡气体效应对乘波体升阻比及俯仰力矩的影响并不大,但对压心位置有一定影响;并且平衡气体效应对乘波体气动特性的影响规律有别于其对再入轨道器气动特性的影响规律.研究结果对高空滑翔乘波体飞行器的设计有一定的参考价值.      

可变弯尾飞行器布局气动特性分析

本文研究了可变弯尾飞行器的气动布局设计问题，并计算分析了此类飞行器的气动特性，提出了气动设计的关键问题。可变弯尾飞行器具有结构简单、气动热环境良好、气动控制独特、机动范围可调等特点，是高超声速飞行器实现机动飞行的有效途径。弯尾部分产生的铰链力矩是此类飞行器的设计关键。通过研究分析器的质心位置、弯尾部分的尾长和弯尾角的相互关系，获得了使铰链力矩在飞行器较大配平范围内保持可接受程度的可变弯尾飞行器气动布局。     

An Adaptive Weighted Differential Game Guidance Law

For intercepting modern high maneuverable targets, a novel adaptive weighted differential game guidance law based on the game theory of mixed strategy is proposed, combining two guidance laws which are derived from the perfect and imperfect information pattern, respectively. The weights vary according to the estimated error of the target’s acceleration, the guidance law is generated by directly using the estimation of target’s acceleration when the estimated error is small, and a differential game guidance law with adaptive penalty coefficient is implemented when the estimated error is large. The adaptive penalty coefficients are not constants and they can be adjusted with current target maneuverability. The superior homing performance of the new guidance law is verified by computer simulations.     

气体燃料气动火焰稳定器混合特性的初步研究

为了克服航空发动机加力燃烧室传统钝体火焰稳定器存在的流阻较大、燃烧效率较低和红外辐射偏大的缺点，设计了一种气体燃料气动火焰稳定器，通过喷射气体燃料射流形成气动屏障来产生回流区从而稳定火焰，并采用数值模拟计算和实验测试的方法研究了气体燃料火焰稳定器的混合特性。数值模拟计算表明气动火焰稳定器掺混速度快，可在回流区内形成余气系数比较均匀的混合物,且回流区内余气系数分布随来流和射流的参数变化基本保持恒定不变，实验结果证实了数值模拟的结果，并表明采用气动火焰稳定器的燃烧效率较高，部分工况可达98%以上，可为加力燃烧室火焰稳定器的研究和设计提供参考和依据。     

带控制舵飞行器机动特性研究

研究带控制舵双锥外形再入飞行器的机动特性。文章首先利用“部件叠加法”,通过对干扰因子和等效攻角等概念的引入,发展了一套可以计算该类飞行器纵横向气动力的工程计算方法。其次,文章通过大量计算,分析研究了该类飞行器的配平特性。最后,利用气动力与六自由度弹道耦合方法,研究分析了此类飞行器实现射面拉起/下压机动飞行及空间锥形机动的舵面控制规律。     

面向复杂构型飞机的非定常气动力建模与辨识

不论是现代高机动隐身战斗机的设计需求还是常规布局飞机的飞行动力学分析,深入研究大迎角飞行时的非线性非定常气动力模型都极其重要。基于纵向运动小振幅及大振幅强迫振荡试验数据,分析了常规稳定导数模型的准确性,并从导数模型出发发展了简化涡流和分离流时间迟滞效应的非定常气动力线性模型和非线性模型,最后应用风洞典型机动历程模拟试验验证了模型的有效性。结果表明：对于复杂构型高机动飞机模型,发展并改进的非线性微分方程模型可以准确预测飞机不同机动下的非定常气动力特性,具有较强的工程可行性。     

Experimental investigations of a full model with adaptive elasto-flexible membrane wings

The morphing wing concept aims to constantly adapt the aerodynamics to different flight stages. The wing is able to adapt to different flight conditions by an adjustable Aspect Ratio (AR) and sweep. A high AR configuration provides high aerodynamic efficiency, while a low AR configuration, with highly swept wings offers a good maneuverability. Additionally, the flexible membrane allows the wing surface to stretch and contract in-plane as well as the airfoil to adapt to different aerodynamic loads. In the context of this work, the aerodynamic characteristics of a full model with form-adaptive elasto-flexible membrane wings are investigated experimentally. The focus is on the high-lift regime and on the analysis of the aerodynamic coefficients as well as their sensitivities. Especially, the lateral aerodynamic derivatives at asymmetric wing positions are of interest.     

带有横喷控制的导弹流场数值模拟

从包含多种组分的N-S方程出发，考虑两方程湍流模型，采用NND2M差分格式，对带有横向喷流的双锥旋称体高超声速绕流场进行数值模拟，计算结果与已有的试验数据进行对比，符合较好。在此基础上对带有横向喷流控制系统、型尾翼布局、高超声速飞行的导弹外流场进行数值模拟，研究了迎角、多个喷口、热喷流效应和湍流模型对气动力特性的影响；计算表明在无尾翼情况下有／喷流的气动力差别较小，喷流影响随迎角变化不敏感；对带有尾翼的气动布局，喷口位于背风区时喷流影响较小，喷口位于迎风面时气动力变化较大，压心明显前移；多喷口产生的附加推力和力矩不等于每个单喷口线性相加；湍流模型和热喷流效应引起流场结构改变，但是对总的气动力影响不大。     

Numerical analysis of hypersonic thermochemical non-equilibrium environment for an entry configuration in ionized flow

A theoretical methodology for thermochemical non-equilibrium flow combing with the HLLC (Harten-Lax-van Leer Contact) scheme was applied to study the hypersonic thermochemical non-equilibrium environment of an entry configuration in ionized flow. A two-temperature controlling model was utilized and the Gupta’s 11 species (N₂, O₂, NO, O, N, NO⁺, N₂⁺, O₂⁺, N⁺, O⁺, e^?) thermochemical non-equilibrium model was taken. Firstly, numerical calculations of hypersonic thermochemical non-equilibrium environments for different aerodynamic shapes were carried out to verify the reliability of the method above. Then, the method was used to research the effects of ionization and wall catalysis on the hypersonic thermochemical non-equilibrium environment of the entry configuration in ionized flow. The shock stand-off distance can be reduced by thermochemical reactions but doesn’t continue to decrease significantly when ionization occurs. The shock stand-off distance calculated by the 11 species model is 4.2% smaller than that calculated by the 5 species (N₂, O₂, NO, O, N) thermochemical non-equilibrium model without considering ionization. Ionization reduces wall heat flux but increases wall pressure a little. The effect of ionization on aerothermal loads is greater than that of aerodynamic loads. The thermochemical reactions of electrons and ions catalyzed at the wall increase wall heat flux significantly but make a small change in wall pressure. The maximum wall heat flux obtained by only considering the electrons and ions catalyzed at the partially catalytic wall condition is 11.8% less than that calculated at the super-catalytic wall condition.     

CLOS+IRTH composite guidance

A composite guidance scheme based on the command to line-of-sight (CLOS)+infrared terminal homing (IRTH) for a short-range surface-to-air missile system is proposed in an attempt to complement drawbacks of a single guidance law. Launch boundaries for a successful guidance handover are analyzed according to missile maneuverability and seeker gimbal angle limits. This paper also concentrates on developing practical guidance laws for the IRTH phase in the presence of inherent missile heading errors at the time of guidance handover and missile deceleration due to aerodynamic drag.     

考虑禁飞圆的滑翔式机动弹道与气动特性参数耦合设计

 为获得滑翔式再入飞行器最佳气动与弹道机动性能,针对规避禁飞圆的远程滑翔式再入问题提出了一种机动弹道与气动特性参数耦合设计方法。耦合设计外环以气动特性参数为设计变量,基于抛物阻力极线模型提取最大升阻比和对应升力系数为气动特性参数;耦合设计内环以泛化升力系数和侧倾角为设计变量,获得给定升阻特性下能规避禁飞圆且满足再入走廊要求的滑翔式再入轨迹。耦合设计问题以再入驻点总热流最小为优化目标,以再入走廊、终端位置和速度为约束,求解满足弹道机动要求且目标函数最小的最佳气动特性参数。提出了一种规避禁飞圆的侧向几何制导逻辑用于内环轨迹设计。仿真算例得出禁飞圆半径越大,需要的滑翔式再入飞行器最大升阻比越大,且再入轨迹刚好能绕过禁飞圆。仿真结果验证了耦合设计方法和侧向制导逻辑的有效性,该方法可为飞行器方案设计时的气动布局选型等工作提供参考。     

一种典型过失速机动的仿真

从飞机的六自由度运动方程出发,结合推力矢量控制系统,进行三种典型过失速机动的数值仿真,主要研究了第一种机动的操纵规律;失速迎角后大迎角不对称气动力和力矩及气动迟 完成过失速机动的影响;推力矢量在实现过失速机动中所起到的作用。此外,对不同初始飞行状态也给予了讨论。仿真结果表明：推力矢量是过失速机动的有效手段;在设计操纵规律时,应予以充分考虑到不对称气动力矩的影响,气动迟滞、进入速度对过失速机动的影响     

Fuel-optimal trajectories of aeroassisted orbital transfer withplane change

The fuel-optimal control problem arising in noncoplanar orbital transfer employing aeroassist technology is addressed. The mission involves the transfer from high Earth orbit to low Earth orbit with plane change. The complete maneuver consists of a deorbit impulse to inject a vehicle from a circular orbit to an elliptic orbit for atmospheric entry, a boost impulse at the exit from the atmosphere for the vehicle to attain a desired orbital altitude, and a reorbit impulse to circularize the path of the vehicle. In order to minimize the total fuel consumption, a performance index is chosen as the sum of the deorbit, boost, and reorbit impulses. The application of optimization principles leads to a nonlinear, two-point, boundary value problem, which is solved by a multiple shooting method     

双轴燃气轮机仿真及试验验证

为解决燃气轮机仿真实时性差和仿真结果精度低等难点,采用模块化建模方法,对某型双轴燃气轮机进行建模仿真,并将仿真结果与试验结果对比后对模型进行修正:增加燃气轮机各部件特性修正系数,完善空气系统,考虑实际过程中转子的摩擦力和气动阻尼等因素的影响.在燃油调节系统中,增加了惯性环节,并对P1参数等进行了优化调整,对试验负载曲线进行优化,以减小各种干扰.结果表明,经修正后的仿真模型具有很高精度,可以对燃气轮机发电过程进行模拟,以及对燃气轮机的研制工作进行评估.     

可变弯尾飞行器空间螺旋机动的实现

可变弯尾飞行器具有气动控制独特、机动范围可调等特点,是高超声速飞行器实现机动飞行的有效途径。可变弯尾飞行器不仅可以实现射面内的拉起和下压机动,还可以利用入轨时起旋与尾部的上下摆动实现空间的螺旋机动,并且可以在不起旋时利用可变的弯尾部分进行绕球铰的空间转动使飞行器产生空间螺旋运动。通过气动力工程预测方法与飞行器六自由度弹道的耦合计算,研究了此类飞行器在再入过程中的螺旋运动、稳定性及飞行特性。