小型电动无人机航程航时估算模型

小型电动无人机通常采用锂电池、无刷电机和螺旋桨组成能源动力系统,飞行过程中锂电池的实际工作电压发生变化,但飞机的总重量不变,其航程航时的估算方法与传统的燃油飞机有所不同。为了准确评估动力系统对飞机设计的影响,建立了以锂电池为动力的电动飞机推进系统模型,通过与实验数据比较,验证了各部分模型的准确性。利用该动力系统模型,对某款小型电动无人机进行了航程和航时估算,结果表明本文的建模方法准确有效,航程航时估算接近实验数据,可作为小型电动无人机设计的重要参考。     

协作优化在无人机概念设计中的应用

多学科设计优化（MDO）是当前飞行器设计研究中一个最新、最活跃的领域,而协作优化是解决多学科设计优化问题的一种二级MDO算法。将协作优化应用到无人机的概念设计中,建立了包含气动、重量、性能和稳定性四个学科的无人机系统优化模型。与传统的设计方法相比,该方法为无人机在概念设计阶段提供了更加合理的飞行器外形,降低了初步设计和详细设计阶段对飞行器外形修改的可能性,从而缩短研制周期和降低成本。     

A study of morphing aircraft on morphing rules along trajectory

Morphing aircraft can meet requirements of multi-mission during the whole flight due to changing the aerodynamic shape, so it is necessary to study its morphing rules along the trajectory. However, trajectory planning considering morphing variables requires a huge number of expensive CFD computations due to the morphing in view of aerodynamic performance. Under the given missions and trajectory, to alleviate computational cost and improve trajectory-planning efficiency for morphing aircraft, an offline optimization method is proposed based on Multi-Fidelity Kriging (MFK) modeling. The angle of attack, Mach number, sweep angle and axial position of the morphing wing are defined as variables for generating training data for building the MFK models, in which many inviscid aerodynamic solutions are used as low-fidelity data, while the less high-fidelity data are obtained by solving viscous flow. Then the built MFK models of the lift, drag and pressure centre at the different angles of attack and Mach numbers are used to predict the aerodynamic performance of the morphing aircraft, which keeps the optimal sweep angle and axial position of the wing during trajectory planning. Hence, the morphing rules can be correspondingly acquired along the trajectory, as well as keep the aircraft with the best aerodynamic performance during the whole task. The trajectory planning of a morphing aircraft was performed with the optimal aerodynamic performance based on the MFK models, built by only using 240 low-fidelity data and 110 high-fidelity data. The results indicate that a complex trajectory can take advantage of morphing rules in keeping good aerodynamic performance, and the proposed method is more efficient than trajectory optimization by reducing 86% of the computing time.     

考虑重心位置不确定性的无尾无人机优化设计

飞机的飞行性能与重心(CG)位置密切相关,尤其是后掠式无尾飞机的重心位置对其飞行性能影响更甚,如果重心位置发生变化,升力分布随之改变,进而影响飞机航时。针对这个问题,从气动布局和设计方法两方面,设计了一种航时对重心位置不敏感的无尾无人机(UAV)。气动布局上,提出了利用螺旋桨动力配平纵向力矩的鸥翼(GW)布局,以减小重心位置变化对升阻特性的影响;设计方法上,采用稳健性优化设计(RDO)理论,分析重心位置不确定时的航时低敏感度问题。以一架小型电动无人机为研究对象,建立了无尾无人机稳健性优化设计环境,包括总体设计、代理模型构造以及稳健性优化。分析结果表明:利用螺旋桨动力配平的鸥翼布局使重心可用范围增加了5%;静安定裕度在5%~15%变化时,该布局可以有效提高航时稳健性。采用稳健性优化得到的无人机几何参数,大幅度降低了重心位置对航时的影响,显著提升了满足约束的概率。     

新能源电动飞机发展与挑战

发展绿色航空是人类社会形成的基本共识,新能源电动飞机为实现彻底的绿色航空提供了一条光明的技术途径。简述了航空对环境的影响、电在飞机上的应用及电动飞机的发展历程,对新能源电动飞机的能源分类、电推进系统及其总体效率进行了研究,重点针对载人轻型运动飞机,分析了电动飞机的发展现状、特征以及能源需求,通过对电池作为能源的载人电动飞机的航程和极限航程研究,提出了电池能量密度提升和性能改进、高升阻比空气动力设计、低成本轻质高效复合材料结构设计与制造、高效率电推进系统设计与集成等电动飞机发展面临的挑战,给出了应大力发展电动飞机的建议和本领域未来的研究方向。     

基于高斯伪谱法的吸气式高超声速飞行器爬升弹道优化研究

吸气式高超声速飞行器爬升弹道设计是其总体设计的一个重要问题。这里提出一种基于高斯伪谱法的弹道优化方法,用于解决该问题。以末端弹道倾角为性能指标,飞行攻角为设计变量,建立了飞行器纵平面弹道优化模型。通过高斯伪谱法对状态变量和控制变量进行离散,将最优控制问题转化为非线性规划问题,再利用序列二次规划算法对其进一步求解。仿真结果表明,该方法收敛域大,对初值不敏感,设计精度高,是吸气式高超声速飞行器方案弹道优化的重要方法。     

飞机翼面结构布局综合设计方法研究

为了探讨飞机翼面结构主要纵横骨架的最佳布局问题,并提供符合工程实际的、用于概念设计阶段的飞机结构设计方法,本文采用分级优化与集成的策略,该策略分为3个层次。第一个层次为拓扑优化,并由此确定纵向骨架的个数与位置的最优布局;第二个层次为尺寸优化,它用来确定翼面的中间参数;第三个层次为稳定性准则优化,它确定横向骨架的个数与位置的最优布局。在分级优化的3个层次中,拓扑优化是独立的,尺寸优化与稳定性准则优化是相互耦合的。以国外某飞机机翼为例,结果表明本文提出分级优化的思路与所采用的集成方法是可行的,并且具有很好的数值效果。作者认为：它对从事飞机结构设计的人员有一定的指导性和参考价值,值得在飞机设计部门推广应用。最后,总结给出5点结论供参考。     

Robust optimization of control command for aerospace vehicles with aerodynamic uncertainty

To reduce the design burden of Aerospace Vehicles(ASVs) control systems, this paper proposes a multi-constrained robust trajectory optimization method, which provides a good front-end input for the control system. Differ from the conventional aircraft, some control performance of ASVs is not only related to the model parameters, but also affected by the flight status.Therefore, the robust optimization method combines this characteristic of ASVs, sets the control performance as one of the optimiz...     

通信和测量受限条件下异构多UAV分布式协同目标跟踪方法

研究了通信和测量受限的异构多无人机(UAV)网络化分布式协同目标观测与跟踪问题.该分布式UAV系统采用长机一僚机异构型网络结构,以实现在电子静默和战术隐身条件下扩大探测和打击纵深.提出改进的一致性信息滤波(ICF)算法,实现通信和测量范围内各UAV节点的分布式信息融合.由于一致性算法的收敛性与网络拓扑结构的连通性密切相...     

基于神经网络的飞行器总体优化设计

针对经验公式存在的精度低、适用范围受限的缺点,采用广义回归网络代替经验公式计算气动特性,并将其嵌入到优化设计流程之中,提出了一种基于神经网络的飞行器总体优化设计方法。神经网络的训练样本输入、输出数据通过试验设计和涡格法计算得到。以高空长航时无人机为例,选取航时与机翼结构重量系数作为目标函数,应用所提出的方法进行总体优化设计。计算结果表明,提出的方法是可行的,能够满足设计要求,同时降低优化过程的复杂程度,减少迭代次数。     

气动与隐身性能计算精度对飞行器设计的影响

将计算精度高的流场和电磁场求解算法引入到飞行器外形多目标优化设计中,研究了气动特性和雷达散射截面算法计算精度对外形设计结果的影响.以无人机外形气动与隐身一体化设计为例的研究结果表明,低精度优化设计的外形在实际应用中难以获得预期的性能,采用高精度计算模型的优化设计可以获得性能更优的外形.     

Layout design of thin-walled structures with lattices and stiffeners using multi-material topology optimization

In this paper, the thin-walled structures with lattices and stiffeners manufactured by additive manufacturing are investigated. A design method based on the multi-material topology optimization is proposed for the simultaneous layout optimization of the lattices and stiffeners in thin-walled structures. First, the representative lattice units of the selected lattices are equivalent to the virtual homogeneous materials whose effective elastic matrixes are achieved by the energy-based homogenization method. Meanwhile, the stiffeners are modelled using the solid material. Subsequently, the multi-material topology optimization formulation is established for both the virtual homogeneous materials and solid material to minimize the structural compliance under mass constraint. Thus, the optimal layout of both the lattices and stiffeners could be simultaneously attained by the optimization procedure. Two applications, the aircraft panel structure and the equipment mounting plate, are dealt with to demonstrate the detailed design procedure and reveal the effect of the proposed method. According to numerical comparisons and experimental results, the thin-walled structures with lattices and stiffeners have significant advantages over the traditional stiffened thin-walled structures and lattice sandwich structures in terms of static, dynamic and anti-instability performance.     

优化设计技术在民机结构设计中的应用

基于HyperWorks结构优化设计软件,对某型民用飞机平尾后缘舱铰链支架进行优化设计,在给定的边界条件下通过拓扑优化技术寻找出在优化空间内的最体材料布局,介绍了优化设计技术在飞机结构设计技术中的应用,探讨拓扑优化、尺寸优化、形状优化在飞机结构件设计技术中的应用。     

基于ANSYS参数化语言的升力风扇无人机结构优化设计

现代无人机的使用特点对结构重量提出了更高的要求。为了降低无人机的结构重量,针对升力风扇无人机特殊的结构特点及飞行工况,主要考虑无人机各元件的几何尺寸优化,利用ANSYS参数化编程语言APDL,建立升力风扇无人机优化设计的参数化分析程序,实现某升力风扇无人机的参数化建模、载荷加载、求解等分析过程,并对优化结果进行详细分析。结果表明:基于ANSYS参数化编程语言的升力风扇无人机结构优化设计方法是合理的、有效的。     

一种面向飞机族的结构优化方法

 飞机族是一组共享通用部件或子系统的、但性能或使用要求不同的相关飞机产品的集合。针对通用模块化飞机族结构优化问题,提出一种基于代理模型的二级优化方法。该方法将结构优化分为两个层次：通用模块结构优化层次和专用模块结构优化层次。这种方法不但流程简单,且各层次的设计变量和约束较少,并且专用模块优化层次之间具有独立性,易于实现并行设计。以某支线客机族的机翼结构优化问题为例,首先阐述飞机族结构优化模型,然后应用本文提出的二级优化方法求解支线客机族的机翼结构优化问题。优化结果表明该方法能成功解决飞机族的结构优化设计问题,能同时优化飞机族中各型号的结构参数。     

Simultaneous optimization of structure together with attached tuned mass dampers considering dynamic performance

Tuned Mass Dampers(TMDs) are often attached to a main structure to reduce vibration, and the TMDs’ positions are important to affect the structural dynamic performance. However, the TMDs’ positions and the material layout of the structure act on each other. This paper suggests a design optimization method by combining the topology optimization of the main structure and the layout of the attached TMDs under harmonic excitations. The main structure with the attached TMDs are modeled by the continu...     

Transition characteristics for a small tail-sitter unmanned aerial vehicle

Research on the transition phase of tail-sitter Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) is crucial for trajectory planning and performance analysis. This study focuses on the analysis of the transition characteristics and path of a small dual-rotor tail-sitter UAV, including static and dynamic computations. The system input time delay and actuator dynamics are specifically considered during the dynamic analysis, and these actual physical properties ensure that the computation results are reliable and reasonable. The UAV steady-state limit is obtained through static analysis, which is also adopted to verify the correctness of the dynamic results. In regard to the dynamic analysis, several typical transition approaches are computed based on different initial states and optimization objective functions, and the different computations are applicable under specific task conditions. The off-line dynamic results of the transition path and actuator output sequence could also be adopted as reference values for the transition process during real flight. A comparison of the static and dynamic results illustrates the necessity of combining these two methods for UAV transition characteristic analysis. Furthermore, the UAV conceptual parameters related to the transition path are also studied, and the obtained quantitative characteristics provide feedback for the UAV conceptual design.     

飞机刹车系统方案设计及仿真分析

构建飞机刹车系统方案设计环境,以提高飞机刹车系统方案设计阶段的设计效率和质量。研究刹车装置参数和防滑控制系统参数的快速确定方法,通过迭代的设计思想使结果符合设计要求;估算刹车装置性能和刹车系统的动态特性。在MATLAB／Simulink中建立刹车系统模型,通过MATLAB引擎调用的方式进行刹车系统的动力学分析;以某无人机刹车系统为设计实例进行其刹车系统的方案设计,动力学仿真中刹车系统工作良好,与实际工作状况基本吻合。结果表明：本文提供的飞机刹车方案设计方法快速有效。     

飞行器栖落机动轨迹可达域分析

飞行器的栖落机动被认为是解决舰载固定翼飞机超短距精确着舰的一种可行方式,已有研究主要集中于栖落过程大迎角气动力建模、标称栖落轨迹优化与轨迹跟踪控制,而鲜有对栖落着舰任务的总体分析。基于飞行器纵向栖落机动动力学模型,引入栖落轨迹可达域的概念,并给出可达域的数学描述;在此基础上,对可达域求解采用计算速度和精度兼具的高斯伪谱法,将可达域问题拆分为三个轨迹优化问题依次求解,首先求解栖落轨迹终端高度上边界,然后求解终端高度一定时的最近轨迹,最后求解终端高度一定时的最远轨迹,并给出相应的轨迹优化数学模型。结果表明：运用该模型及求解方法能快速得到计算结果,无动力飞行器的纵向栖落轨迹可达域为上窄下宽的不对称区域,且左右边界曲线线性度较好。     

吸气式空空导弹外形多学科一体化优化设计

针对采用整体式固冲发动机的吸气式空空导弹外形气动与推进耦合的推阻匹配设计难题,引入多学科优化设计方法提出了一种综合考虑气动/推进/质量/弹道的导弹外形多学科一体化优化设计技术。其中,气动性能预测采用代理模型技术,主要基于外形参数化建模、非结构网格技术和流场精细数值计算来自动构建气动数据库,据此建立了包含外形几何信息的气动预测代理模型,并对其预测精度进行了验证;推进性能预测采用推进求解模型,该模型根据固冲发动机理论建立,精度满足工程要求。对所建立的学科预测模型完成一体化集成后,以质点弹道仿真评估的战技指标为优化目标,对一款吸气式空空导弹进气道和翼面外形进行了优化设计,取得了推阻匹配的优化外形,优化后导弹动力射程提高10%。所提出的一体化优化设计技术,有助于吸气式空空导弹外形气动与推进耦合推阻匹配设计和提高导弹动力射程。