模型降阶在折叠机翼主动控制中的应用研究

针对以主动控制为目的的模型降阶中的降阶精度以及控制系统的降阶设计问题,以变体飞机折叠机翼为对象,建立以模态综合法为基础的动力学模型,对该模型分别采用模态价值分析方法和平衡截断降阶方法建立结构的降阶模型;利用可控度、可观度对两种降阶模型的精度进行对比分析,对降阶模型进行设计并施加主动控制律,抑制翼尖的位移响应。结果表明:平衡截断降阶模型具有较高的可控度,模态价值分析降阶模型具有较高的可观度;两种降阶模型均可以快速精确地得到高阶动力学的降阶模型,并且该模型可以有效地应用于主动控制系统的设计。     

Application of neural networks for synthesizing flight control algorithms. I neural network inverse dynamics method for aircraft flight control

The application of artificial neural networks for aircraft motion control, in particular, for creation of nonlinear algorithms of the aircraft remote control system (RCS) is considered. Aircraft as a control object is represented as a multidimensional nonlinear dynamic system and nonlinear control methods are used to operate this system. The control loop is constructed using the method of inverse dynamics based on the feedback linearization principle. The nonlinear control law is represented as a neural network being learned (adjusted) by recorded or incoming measurements of motion parameters. Synthesis and testing of neural network control algorithms is performed with the fully nonlinear mathematical model of a maneuverable aircraft for three control channels. Simulation results of the closed system are presented.     

Nonlinear Aeroelastic Response of High-aspect-ratio Flexible Wings

The aeroelastic analysis of high-altitude, long-endurance (HALE) aircraft that features high-aspect-ratio flexible wings needs take into account structural geometrical nonlinearities and dynamic stall. For a generic nonlinear aeroelastic system, besides the stability boundary, the characteristics of the limit-cycle oscillation (LCO) should also be accurately predicted. In order to conduct nonlinear aeroelastic analysis of high-aspect-ratio flexible wings, a first-order, state-space model is developed by combining a geometrically exact, nonlinear anisotropic beam model with nonlinear ONERA (Edlin) dynamic stall model. The present investigations focus on the initiation and sustaining mechanism of the LCO and the effects of flight speed and drag on aeroelastic behaviors. Numerical results indicate that structural geometrical nonlinearities could lead to the LCO without stall occurring. As flight speed increases, dynamic stall becomes dominant and the LCO increasingly complicated. Drag could be negligible for LCO type, but should be considered to exactly predict the onset speed of flutter or LCO of high-aspect-ratio flexible wings.     

Transonic aeroelastic simulation for instability searches and uncertainty analysis

In this paper the use of eigenvalue stability analysis of very large dimension aeroelastic numerical models arising from the exploitation of computational fluid dynamics is reviewed. A formulation based on a block reduction of the system Jacobian proves powerful to allow various numerical algorithms to be exploited, including frequency domain solvers, reconstruction of a term describing the fluid-structure interaction from the sparse data which incurs the main computational cost, and sampling to place the expensive samples where they are most needed. The stability formulation also allows non-deterministic analysis to be carried out very efficiently through the use of an approximate Newton solver. Finally, the system eigenvectors are exploited to produce nonlinear and parameterised reduced order models for computing limit cycle responses. The performance of the methods is illustrated with results from a number of academic and large dimension aircraft test cases.     

Aeroservoelastic stability analysis for flexible aircraft based on a nonlinear coupled dynamic model

A unified theoretical aeroservoelastic stability analysis framework for flexible aircraft is established in this paper. This linearized state space model for stability analysis is based on nonlinear coupled dynamic equations, in which rigid and elastic motions of aircraft are both considered. The common body coordinate system is utilized as the reference frame in the deduction of dynamic equations, and significant deformations of flexible aircraft are also fully concerned without any excessive assumptions. Therefore, the obtained nonlinear coupled dynamic models can well reflect the special dynamic coupling mechanics of flexible aircraft. For aeroservoelastic stability analysis, the coupled dynamic equations are linearized around the nonlinear equilibrium state and together with a control system model to establish a state space model in the time domain. The methodology in this paper can be easily integrated into the industrial design process and complex structures. Numerical results for a complex flexible aircraft indicate the necessity to consider the nonlinear coupled dynamics and large deformation when dealing with aeroservoelastic stability for flexible aircraft.     

人─机系统动态特性的实时仿真与品质评价

飞机的飞行品质不仅取决于飞机本体动力学特性和驾驶员操纵动力学特性，更重要的是取决于驾驶员─飞机系统闭环特性。通过一名驾驶员在模拟工作台上，完成对某机在不同飞行状态下的俯仰跟踪仿真任务，辨识得出驾驶员操纵动力学模型；对驾驶员─飞机闭环系统数学模型进行数字仿真得出系统动态响应；再按Ｎｅａｌ—Ｓｍｉｔｈ准则评价了该机的飞行品质，并且与按ＭＩＬ—Ｆ—８７８５Ｃ规范要求的飞行品质进行了对比。     

对我国以往常用前起落架载荷谱存在问题的探索

 通过对轰六前起落架主、辅减摆器使用载荷谱的实测、疲劳试验实施方法和试验结果的介绍与分析,初步探索了我国以往常用前起落架载荷谱中存在的问题以及疲劳试验结果与前起落架外场实际破坏不符的原因。并对今后编制前起落架载荷谱和确定前起落架疲劳试验加载方法提出了改进意见。     

Recent advance in nonlinear aeroelastic analysis and control of the aircraft

A review on the recent advance in nonlinear aeroelasticity of the aircraft is presented in this paper. The nonlinear aeroelastic problems are divided into three types based on different research objects, namely the two dimensional airfoil, the wing, and the full aircraft. Different non- linearities encountered in aeroelastic systems are discussed firstly, where the emphases is placed on new nonlinear model to describe tested nonlinear relationship. Research techniques, especially new theoretical methods and aeroelastic flutter control methods are investigated in detail. The route to chaos and the cause of chaotic motion of two-dimensional aeroelastic system are summarized. Var- ious structural modeling methods for the high-aspect-ratio wing with geometric nonlinearity are dis- cussed. Accordingly, aerodynamic modeling approaches have been developed for the aeroelastic modeling of nonlinear high-aspect-ratio wings. Nonlinear aeroelasticity about high-altitude long- endurance （HALE） and fight aircrafts are studied separately. Finally, conclusions and the chal- lenges of the development in nonlinear aeroelasticity are concluded. Nonlinear aeroelastic problems of morphing wing, energy harvesting, and flapping aircrafts are proposed as new directions in the future.     

一种针对结构损伤的非线性容错飞行控制方法

飞机结构损伤会引起气动参数变化,进而影响系统的静稳定性和控制精度。针对具有多输入的非线性飞机模型,利用带有二阶命令滤波器的自适应反步控制方法在线估计飞机气动参数,补偿结构损伤导致的气动参数变化对控制系统的影响,以实现容错飞行控制功能;引入的命令滤波器可以避免反步控制中复杂的求导运算。从理论上分析证明了带有二阶命令滤波器的自适应反步控制的闭环系统稳定性,并给出了控制跟踪误差的理论上界和二阶命令滤波器频率参数选取的下界。通过一个大型客机垂直尾翼脱落场景的仿真实验,验证了所提容错控制方法的有效性。     

闭环气动参数辨识的两步方法

对于闭环控制飞行器动力学系统,如果输入输出数据中含有误差和噪声,将其直接用于辨识气动参数是有偏差的。针对这个问题,利用闭环控制飞行仿真数据,采用两步方法辨识飞行器的气动参数,并与直接开环辨识的结果及参数真值进行对比,表明两步方法辨识结果较直接开环辨识方法具有更高的精度,是一种有效的闭环气动参数辨识方法。     

尾旋自动防止系统非线性解耦控制律综合方法

将非线性解耦控制理论应用于飞机尾旋自动防止系统中,给出一种考虑尾旋动态特性的解耦控制律综合方法。根据某架现代战斗机的数学模型,用这种方法设计了用升降舵、副翼、方向舵对迎角、侧滑角和滚转角速度解耦的尾旋自动防止控制律。相应的闭环系统数字仿真取得了满意的效果     

结构驾驶员模型与McRuer模型的仿真研究

根据驾驶员完成俯仰跟踪的人－机半物理实时仿真实验，分别对结构驾驶员模型和ＭｃＲｕｅｒ模型者了参数辨识，用两种模型和某电传操纵飞机纵向短周期等效系统模型构成人－机数值仿真系统，将模型仿真结果和实时仿真结果进行比较和分析，以便了解两种模型的特性，为深入研究闭环飞行品质提供参考依据。     

分布式非线性气动力模型弹性飞机动力学研究

建立了线性与非线性两种分布式气动力模型,在弹性飞机模型上添加所建立的气动力模型,验证了整个系统的有效性。对所建立的模型进行着陆及突风扰动动力学仿真,对比线性及非线性气动力模型的飞机动力学响应的差异,结果表明非线性气动力模型能够更合理地计算飞机大迎角状态下的气动载荷及动力学响应。     

IDENTIFICATION OF NONLINEAR PROPERTIES OF AN AIRCRAFT LANDING GEAR SHOCK STRUT

ＩＤＥＮＴＩＦＩＣＡＴＩＯＮＯＦＮＯＮＬＩＮＥＡＲＰＲＯＰＥＲＴＩＥＳＯＦＡＮＡＩＲＣＲＡＦＴＬＡＮＤＩＮＧＧＥＡＲＳＨＯＣＫＳＴＲＵＴＺｈａｎｇＺｅｎｇｃｈａｎｇ；ＺｈａｎｇＪｉａｎｇｊａｎ（ＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＶｉｂｒａｔｉｏｎｎＥｎｇｉｎｅｅ...     

过失速机动飞机的鲁棒非线性控制律设计

 采用非线性动态逆和结构奇异值综合方法设计了过失速飞行条件下飞控系统控制律,解决了飞控设计中面临的非线性和鲁棒性问题。应用非线性动态逆的目的就是对过失速机动飞行条件下高度非线性的飞机动力学进行线化;从而围绕线性的快逆回路应用结构奇异值综合方法设计相应的鲁棒控制器,以提供对驾驶员指令的鲁棒跟踪。所设计的飞控系统将达到期望的飞行品质,确保系统对过失速机动飞行过程中因非定常气动力效应引起的系统参数摄动鲁棒性良好。高逼真度、非线性的仿真验证了这一点。     

发动机喘振裕度自适应控制

本文研究飞行 /推进系统一体化控制中的发动机喘振裕度自适应控制。通过一定的控制作用 ,使发动机在所有飞行条件和工况下都保持一定的喘振裕度 ,从而充分发挥发动机的潜力。将发动机大偏差模型、进气道及飞机模型综合在一起 ,构成飞机 /推进系统一体化数学模型 ,以进行发动机自适应控制的仿真。计算机仿真表明 ,发动机自适应控制具有很好的性能效益 ,例如在飞行高度 H=10公里 ,飞机由 Ma=0 .65加速到 Ma=0 .90 ,在采用自适应喘振裕度控制后 ,双发动机推力提高 16 ,飞机加速时间缩短 2 3 ,大大提高了飞机性能。     

非对称结构损伤飞机鲁棒容损控制器设计

当飞机发生非对称结构损伤时,飞机的质量、重心位置和气动特性都会发生突变,飞机机体的对称性遭到破坏,致使飞机的横纵向间运动产生强烈的耦合。针对飞机发生非对称结构损伤时导致的飞行控制问题,建立了非对称结构损伤飞机的损伤模型,并基于一种新型鲁棒容损控制策略,采用非线性扩张状态观测器和非线性动态逆相结合的方法,对飞机的姿态控制器进行了设计,兼顾了飞机系统的性能和对损伤的鲁棒性。最后,基于NASA的通用运输机模型,对所设计控制器的控制效果进行了仿真验证。仿真结果表明,设计的姿态控制器有效地抑制了非对称结构损伤给飞机控制系统带来的不确定性和扰动,具有较好的控制性能。     

加速度反馈的隐式动态逆鲁棒非线性控制律设计

针对常规显式非线性动态逆(NDI)控制鲁棒性差的问题,综合隐式动态逆和奇异摄动分层设计,引入状态速率（导数）反馈和操纵面的当前位置信号反馈,设计了隐式增量形式的动态逆控制律。控制律中不显含基于标称模型的非线性直接状态反馈,不需要完整的飞机气动力模型,降低了控制律对于模型的敏感度。利用过载测量信号,采用几何的方法,构建了角加速度信号,对于其他状态速率信号,基于飞机动力学方程,以代数计算的方法求解得到。控制律结构简单,当飞机存在外形损伤、舵面失效或传感器失效时,能够迅速实现测量信号的隔离、反馈信号的重建和控制的重新分配和控制律重构。针对某飞机进行控制律设计和数值仿真,结果表明在存在气动力摄动的情况下,控制律具有良好的鲁棒性。     

三轴式无人旋翼飞行器及自适应飞行控制系统设计

设计了一种操控简便的三轴式无人旋翼飞行器,由三组共轴双旋翼组成,各旋翼由直流电机直接驱动,只需调节各电机转速就能控制旋翼飞行器运动姿态和轨迹。为使三轴式无人旋翼飞行器飞行控制系统设计得到有效验证,研究了旋翼飞行器的飞行动力学非线性建模,运用叶素动量理论建立了共轴双旋翼变转速旋翼载荷计算方法,分析了旋翼入流分布对共轴双旋翼气动载荷模型的影响,通过试验验证了共轴双旋翼气动载荷计算模型的正确性。由于旋翼飞行器飞行动力学模型的非线性及未建模动力学的影响,难于建立非常精确的数学模型,给飞行控制系统设计带来了挑战。本文根据旋翼飞行器飞行动力学非线性模型推导出了旋转动力学模型逆和平移动力学模型逆控制器,利用神经网络在线自适应修正模型逆误差,采用线性PD或PI控制器调节指令跟踪误差,应用由向心回转和垂直上升组合的机动科目进行了仿真验证,给出了具有外界阵风干扰模拟的仿真结果,表明所设计的飞行控制系统具有自适应性和鲁棒性,能实现精确的轨迹跟踪控制。     

基于ESN的航空发动机状态组合预测方法

基于回声状态网络(ESN)预测模型,结合小波分析和主元分析,提出一种组合预测方法.首先对含噪非线性时间序列进行小波降噪,并重构时间序列产生训练样本,再将训练样本通过主元分析进行降维处理,降维后的时间序列数据则输入ESN模型进行预测分析.对控制飞机动力输出的动压参数非线性时间序列数据进行了仿真对比实验,结果表明:组合预测方法的5步和单步预测速度累计提高了66.97%,预测的平均平方误差、标准均方根误差和归一化绝对误差也均有较大提高.该方法与传统基于ESN的预测模型相比,能有效地提高预测的效率和精度,是一种有效的非线性时间序列预测方法.