Aerospace and military battery applications

This paper gives a review of the papers presented at the IEEE 17th Annual Battery Conference on Applications and Advances, Long Beach, CA, USA, 2002. The topics covered are: Li batteries for satellites, capacity fade of Li-ion cells cycled at different temperatures, Ni-H/sub 2/ battery lifetime, batteries for Mars-exploring vehicles, Li-ion cell performance enhancement at low temperatures, navy service batteries, and US Army man portable applications and mobile power challenges.     

Demonstration of a zinc bromine battery in an electric vehicle

The zinc bromine battery is a high energy density battery that utilizes low cost materials. The battery is of unique construction utilizing plastic storage tanks for the zinc bromide electrolyte and plastic bipolar electrode stacks. This paper briefly describes the zinc bromine battery technology and the experience gained in installing and operating an electric vehicle with this advanced system. The described electric vehicle (The “T-Star”) was tested in March 1993 on the Chrysler Proving Grounds in Phoenix, Arizona and it participated in the May 1993 American Tour de Sol capturing second place over all and first place in the student division     

U.S. Army battery needs-present and future

The purpose of this paper is to describe the needs of the U.S. Army for silent portable power sources, both in the near and longer term future. As a means of doing this, the programs of the Power Sources Division of the Army Research Laboratory are discussed. In carrying out these programs, the personnel of the Power Sources Division work closely with the Battery Management Office of the Army Materiel Command, which is located in the Logistics and Readiness Directorate of the Communication-Electronics Command (CECOM). We are also closely integrated with the Army Research Office, and the fuel cell personnel of the CECOM Research Development and Engineering Center (RDEC), and the battery personnel of the RDECs for the Tank and Automotive Command and the Missile Command. The six program areas discussed in which the Power Sources Division is engaged are: primary batteries, rechargeable batteries, reserve/fuze batteries, pulse batteries and capacitors, fuel cells, and thermophotovoltaic power generation     

嵌银丝低易损推进剂增速比和综合燃速试验研究

针对嵌银丝端羟基聚醚（HTPE）低易损推进剂的复杂燃烧过程，采用水下声发射法对增速比和综合燃速随基础燃速、压强、银丝直径及温度的变化规律开展试验研究。结果显示，低压下推进剂的综合燃速随基础燃速的增大整体呈上升趋势，而增速比呈下降趋势；综合燃速随压强的增大呈上升趋势，增速比高压段低于低压段，平均值相差24%；推进剂增速比随银丝直径增大先增大后减小，存在一个最佳银丝直径为0.25mm，使得增速比最大；综合燃速和增速比随推进剂的温度增加呈上升趋势。     

Development of a long cycle life sealed nickel-zinc battery forhigh energy-density applications

Nickel-zinc battery technology is being developed for commercial applications requiring high energy density and high power capability. Development cells have demonstrated the ability to deliver over 60 Watt-hours per kilogram at the one hour rate. Cycle life has been improved to more than 600 cycles at 80% depth of discharge by using a patented, reduced solubility zinc electrode and an improved sealed cell design. More than 8000 charge/discharge cycles at 10% depth-of-discharge have been completed. Large quantities of sealed prismatic cells have been manufactured, including a 140 cell, 220 V battery for a hybrid electric vehicle (HEV)     

Portable power source needs of the future Army-batteries and fuelcells

This paper describes the US Army's future needs for silent portable power in the area of batteries and fuel cells. These needs will continue to increase as a result of the introduction of newer types of equipment, the increasing digitization of the battlefield, and future integrated Soldier Systems. Current battery programs are aimed at improved, low-cost primary batteries, and rechargeable batteries with increased energy densities. The Army fuel cell program aimed at portable systems capable of the order of 150 W is also described     

Performance characteristics of lithium-ion cells for NASA's Mars2001 Lander application

NASA requires lightweight rechargeable batteries for future missions to Mars and the outer planets that are capable of operating over a wide range of temperatures, with high specific energy and energy densities. Due to the attractive performance characteristics, lithium-ion batteries have been identified as the battery chemistry of choice for a number of future applications, including Mars rovers and landers. The Mars 2001 Lander (Mars Surveyor Program MSP 01) will be one of the first missions which will utilize lithium-ion technology. This application will require two lithium-ion batteries, each being 28 V (eight cells), 25 Ah and 8 kg. In addition to the requirement of being able to supply at least 200 cycles and 90 days of operation on the surface of Mars, the battery must be capable of operation (both charge and discharge) at temperatures as low as -20°C. To assess the viability of lithium-ion cells for these applications, a number of performance characterization tests have been performed, including: assessing the room temperature cycle life, low temperature cycle life (-20°C), rate capability as a function of temperature, pulse capability, self-discharge and storage characteristics, as well as mission profile capability. This paper describes the Mars 2001 Lander mission battery requirements and contains results of the cell testing conducted to-date in support of the mission,     

US Army Research Laboratory power sources R&D programs

The current status and thrust of the US Army Research Laboratory's battery and fuel cell R&D programs that support emerging electronic battlefield equipment applications are reviewed. Major technical barriers are identified along with the approaches proposed to solve these anticipated problems     

喷雾共沉积石墨增强锌基复合材料的低频内耗

 在ZA27合金中添加50mg.g-1Si并采用喷雾共沉积技术制备了石墨颗粒体积分数分别为5%,10%,15%的锌基复合材料。采用多功能内耗仪对材料的低频内耗（1Hz,4Hz）行为进行了测量。结果发现,复合材料的内耗值大小与温度显着相关,较低温度时复合材料的内耗值低于喷雾沉积材料;随着温度的上升,40℃以后高于喷雾沉积材料;同时随石墨颗粒体积分数的增加,复合材料的内耗值逐步提高且不同频率条件下内耗相等时所对应的温度值线性上升。分析了石墨复合前后材料的主要内耗机制。     

基于机器人视觉的银网焊点定位技术研究

铅锌电池制作工艺过程中的银网焊接工序不仅存在肉眼识别不准确、出错率高的问题,而且劳动强度大、效率低。针对此工艺,提出一种基于机器人视觉的自动化焊点定位方法。系统以机器人搭载自动化焊接设备对焊点精确定位并焊接,采用畸变校正和机器人手眼标定完成了图像坐标系到机器人坐标系之间位置的精确变换,并运用Blob分析粗定位和基于形状的模板匹配精定位相结合的算法,有效地解决了噪声干扰、非线性光照干扰及银网变形引起的识别定位障碍,达到焊点识别定位精度高、生产效率高的目标。     

航空电瓶温度传感器校验仪的研制

提出了将半导体制冷制热技术用于航空电瓶温度传感器校验的新设想。采用单片机技术并通过运用模糊-PID控制方法实现校验过程中的恒温控制。实验结果表明,该校验仪能够全自动地检测出电瓶温度传感器在各恒温点的动作情况,并且具有较高的温度检测精度和稳定性。     

水泥填料对沥青混合料低温抗裂性能影响研究

在MTS810上采用-10℃低温劈裂试验来比较在水泥替代矿粉的比例（质量比）分别为0％、20％、40％、60％、80％、100％的情况下，SAC25沥青混合料低温抗裂性的变化情况。对试验结果采用不等重复试验的单因子方差分析检验不同水泥掺量对低温破坏劲度的影响。得出水泥掺量变化对沥青混合料SAC25低温性能无显著影响的结论。     

环境温度和供电方式对直流无刷风机的影响

通过理论分析和实验验证的方法,研究并阐述了了环境温度和供电方式对直流无刷风机性能的影响,结果表明风机在低温下容易出现反相冲击电流,电源并联蓄电池的供电方式能够减少风机启动的冲击和对风机安全性能的影响。     

单一压力容器镍氢电池组几何参数对其温度场的影响

 针对实际空间用单一压力容器(IPV)镍氢电池组的传热特点,建立其瞬态热分析的数学物理仿真模型。通过设计改变电池组几何参数,包括电池组底板厚度、套筒高度和厚度,采用有限差分法,对比模拟研究电池组在飞船实际运行条件下几何参数对其温度场的影响。结果表明：套筒厚度对电池组温度场的影响最为敏感,增大套筒厚度可明显缩短电池组热系统达到平衡态的响应时间;其次是套筒高度;改变底板厚度对电池组温度场变化影响不明显。该研究为镍氢电池组的结构优化和热控制研究提供理论基础。     

燃气轮机双燃料燃烧室流场对比数值研究

针对燃气轮机环管型双燃料燃烧室分别燃用庚烷和裂解气燃料的情况,采用CFD(computa-tional fluid dynamics)技术对其燃烧流场进行对比研究.数值模拟采用了RNGk-ε湍流模型、化学平衡条件下的快速化学反应系统和简单概率密度函数(PDF)燃烧模型、液体燃料的喷雾模型以及SIMPLE算法.模拟对比分析了两种燃料燃烧下的温度分布、燃烧效率、流量分配、壁面冷却效果、空气过量系数等参数,以及它们随工况变化的趋势.所得结论如下:①不同燃料燃烧时,流场内的流量分配基本保持一致;②裂解气燃料燃烧时,其燃烧效率高出燃油状态约1%,但出口温度均匀性较差;③在加入相同化学焓值的燃料进入燃烧室时,裂解气燃料的头部空气过量系数α较大,所得到的出口平均温度低于燃油状态约20～40 K.      

TiC/Al复合材料在锌液中均匀化机理分析

采用自蔓延高温合成（SHS）法制备高TiC颗粒含量的TiC／Al复合材料。利用自制的实验装置研究复合材料中TiC颗粒在静止锌液中的均匀化过程。结果表明：当锌液温度低于铝的熔点时，TiC／Al复合材料置于锌液后，锌向其内部扩散，引起复合材料表层内液相线温度降低，当表层内Al-Zn合金的液相线温度等于或低于锌液温度时，Al-Zn合金便处于熔融状态，TiC颗粒随其一起从TiC／Al复合材料块上脱落，并不断地向锌液内部传输，最终均匀分布在锌液中；而当锌液温度高于铝熔点时，TiC／Al复合材料置入后，锌和铝同时进行扩散，但是当复合材料表面温度达到铝熔点时，铝开始熔化，铝的熔化导致TiC颗粒的脱落，脱落下来的TiC颗粒不断向锌液内部传输，最终均匀分布在锌液中。     

Performance characteristics of lithium ion cells at low temperatures

The low temperature charge and discharge characteristics of experimental MCMB-Li/sub x/Ni/sub y/Co/sub 1-y/O/sub 2/ cells containing different electrolytes were investigated. The use of low ethylene carbonate (EC)-content electrolyte formulations has resulted in good discharge performance to temperatures as low as -40/spl deg/C. The effect of charge voltage and charge current upon the individual electrode potentials at low temperature was investigated using the three electrode cells (containing lithium reference electrodes). In some cases, lithium plating was observed to occur upon low temperature charge, and found to be facilitated by high charge voltages, high charge currents, and poor anode kinetics. Electrochemical characterization of the cells has helped to establish the conditions under which lithium plating can occur by providing information regarding the polarization effects present at each electrode.     

锌银电池组延寿试验

为了延长一次性使用的锌银电池组寿命，经多年研究，找出了影响电池组性能的原因并采取了改善措施。本文重点论述了电池组延寿的几种方法。     

某型涡轴发动机高低温起动性能试验与分析

开展了采用RP-3燃油和RP-5燃油的涡轴发动机高低温起动性能对比试验。分析了不同环境温度下转子的阻力矩和电动机扭矩的变化规律,指出了当前计算方法的局限性;对比了环境温度、燃油种类、燃油流量对发动机起动性能的影响,摸索出了该型发动机低温起动极限温度。试验结果表明:随着温度降低,滑油黏度增大,转子阻力矩增大,发动机带转转速和转子自转时间显著降低;在极限低温条件下,两种燃油对涡轴发动机起动性能影响非常大,而在高温条件下,采用上述两种燃油,发动机起动性能基本一致;该型发动机采用RP-3燃油能在-40 ℃环境下成功起动,而采用RP-5燃油,经过调油等措施最终只能在-20 ℃环境下成功起动;在一定范围内,增加燃油流量,能改善发动机采用RP-5燃油的起动能力。研究结论为同类发动机高低温试验提供了参考。      

TC-11钛合金高低周复合疲劳及损伤累积研究

本文系统地研究了TC-11钛合金在室温和高温下高、低周复合疲劳行为,其中包括高低周循环应力比m、试验温度、缺口试样的预应力超载对复合疲劳寿命N_fL的影响。结果表明:复合疲劳寿命随m值的增加而明显降低,尤其是m=35时,其N_fL降低十多倍,并在m-lgN_fL曲线上,当m=10时出现一个拐点。在相同的m值和低周应力为900MPa时,当温度从室温升高到150℃时,其N_fL下降约1/3,当温度继续升高到300℃时,其N_fL接近零。此外,还提出了复合疲劳的损伤累积模型,1/N_fL=1/NL+n/N_h。