调制电子束弛豫长度对哨声波辐射的影响

在发射调制电子束的主动空间试验中,电子束与背景等离子体的线性和非线性相互作用将产生哨声波辐射.影响辐射特性的因素很多,调制电子束的弛豫长度是其中一个重要因素.本文研究了呈指数衰减的调制电子束弛豫长度对电子束产生的哨声波辐射特性的影响.结果表明,当电子束弛豫长度与背景等离子体非均匀特征尺度相当时,有利于提高调制电子束产生的波辐射强度.      

VLF波从大气层到低电离层的传输特性分析

基于传播矩阵法计算了均匀半空间电离层的反透射系数, 同时解Booker复系数四次方程得到电离层的复折射指数, 分别研究了电离层反射透射系数及折射指数随VLF频段入射电波频率、入射角和地磁倾角、电离层电子浓度及碰撞频率的变化规律. 计算结果表明, 在VLF频段, 垂直电偶极子辐射的横磁(Traverse Magnetic)波更易透射进入电离层, 而水平电偶极子辐射的横电(Traverse Electric) 波易被限制在地-电离层波导内来回反射. 电离层电子密度较低时 (如夜间), 在高纬度地区, 观测到地震电离层VLF异常的概率更大. 当考虑地磁场 的影响时, 电离层将允许地震辐射的超低频(Ultra Low Frequency ,ULF)/甚低频 (Very Low Frequency, VLF)部分的电磁波透射进入电离层, 这一点已有很多卫星观测事实为证, 但其进一步的物理机制尚需深入研究.      

VLF波渗透电离层传播计算研究进展

3~30kHz的甚低频（Very-Low-Frequency,VLF）电磁波对近地空间的高能粒子分布具有非常重要的作用.闪电和地面VLF通信台等VLF波主要辐射源产生的VLF波能够渗透进入电离层,并以哨声波模式继续传播至磁层与高能粒子发生相互作用.本文从VLF电磁波渗透电离层传播计算方法的发展、计算模型验证以及模型在电离层现象研究中的应用等方面对VLF波渗透进电离层之后的传播计算的研究进展进行综述,并对未来研究进行初步展望.      

预加热时间对低电离层预加热幅度调制的影响

基于电离层连续方程和能量方程，建立预加热模式下低电离层幅度调制加热理论模型，模拟大功率电波幅度调制电离层电导率和电流随时间的变化，分析预加热时间对幅度调制产生的极低频/甚低频（ELF/VLF）强度的影响.结果表明，低电离层中的电流能够被大功率电波有效调制，可以作为ELF/VLF电波的辐射源.预加热幅度调制模式在预加热时间较长时效果更明显.在考虑能耗的情况下，当有效辐射功率为200MW及高频波的调制频率f_ELF/VLF为1kHz时，预加热幅度调制模式辐射ELF/VLF加热0.1s时效果最好，强度可提高约7.95dB.      

大功率无线电波加热低电离层

等离子体对大功率电波的欧姆耗散会使电子温度升高,进而导致电子密度和其他等离子体参数改变,实现电离层的地面人工变态.本文基于大功率无线电波与低电离层相互作用的自洽模型,分析了不同入射条件下电离层参数的变化,主要结论如下:电离层D区是电波的主要吸收区,并且其吸收强度随入射频率的升高而降低,当入射频率为6 MHz（有效入射功率为200 MW）时电子温度的最大增幅约为520 K,电子密度最大增幅为7300 cm^-3左右;电子温度达到饱和所需时间小于电子密度的饱和时间,前者具有μs量级,后者具有ms量级;停止加热后,电子温度和密度迅速恢复到初始状态,恢复时间均小于各自的饱和时间,但量级相当;入射功率越高,电子温度和密度的增幅越大,并且饱和时间也越长,在相同入射条件下,夜晚的饱和时间要大于白天.     

背景条件对低电离层预加热幅度调制的影响

基于电离层连续性方程和能量方程,建立了预加热模式下低电离层幅度调制加热理论模型,研究预加热阶段电离层电子密度和调制阶段电流随预加热时间的变化,探讨不同背景条件对幅度调制产生的极低频/甚低频（ELF/VLF）电磁波强度的影响.结果表明,预加热调制在90~100km高度效果较好,在夜间进行预加热调制激发的ELF/VLF强度增幅不明显,各季节中在春季调制强度增幅最大,太阳高年预加热调制比太阳低年的效果好,低纬地区强度增幅远大于中纬地区强度增幅.在一定加热条件下（有效辐射功率200MW,频率1kHz）,不同背景条件（除夜间外）下的预加热幅度调制模式在考虑能耗情况下,均在预加热10s时效果最好.      

基于传输矩阵法的等离子体鞘套传输特性分析

引入分层模型传输矩阵法,分析高速临近空间飞行器等离子体鞘套传输特性.通过对典型飞行器模型进行纳维-斯托克斯方程组数值求解,仿真了等离子体鞘套的流场电子密度分布,分析了电磁波在等离子体鞘套内传输时的衰减常数,给出信号传输的反射系数和透射系数.基于传输矩阵法的仿真结果与理论分析结果和时域有限差分法仿真分析结果有良好的一致性,同时,该方法有效降低了计算复杂度,适用于任意电子密度分布和厚度的等离子体鞘套传输特性的数值求解.      

参量激励过程中三波耦合的一般色散关系(Ⅰ)最容易激励参量不稳定性的频率和波矢条件

讨论了在各向同性的均匀无耗电离层背景下激励参量不稳定性的三波耦合过程．首先从波的非线性耦合理论出发，分析入射电磁波和多个等离子体本征波模间的耦合情况；然后得到了无耗情况下参量激励过程满足的色散关系，在激励等离子体波的临界情况下表现为两种频率和波矢匹配条件，进而从理论上证明最容易激励参量不稳定性的条件是耦合生成电子Langmuir波和离子声波．     

等离子体鞘套对C波段通信信号传输影响的试验

飞行器在稠密大气层超音速飞行时,由于其周围形成等离子体鞘套对通信信号的屏蔽或能量大幅度衰减效应,可使飞行器与地面间通信产生中断.以等离子体鞘套对通信信号透射相位改变和能量吸收为基本出发点,以高温激波管试验装置产生的、生存时间为几百微秒量级的等离子体鞘套为研究对象,利用四进制相移键控（QPSK,Quaternary Phase Shift Keying）调制、载波频率为7.5GHz的信号生成与测量系统获取有无等离子体鞘套时信号相位特征、眼图特征、图像传输等的对比试验结果,利用矢量网络分析系统E8362B获取了有无等离子体鞘套时透射能量衰减对比试验结果.试验结果不仅进一步证明了等离子体鞘套对通信信号能量大幅度衰减将不同程度影响飞行器与地面的正常通信;同时表明等离子体鞘套能够使QPSK信号相位特征产生改变,从而在信号解调解码后眼图特征产生严重畸变,通信系统误码率P_e 大大提高,最终导致接收端无法复现发送端发送的原始信息.     

电离层效应的测时误差及其修正

电磁波经过电离层传播时会受到电离层折射的影响而产生延迟, 星载接收机探测到的时间是信号延迟之后的到达时间. 某次实验数据显示, 一些波段的瞬态电测辐射信号的群时延之差可达105ns数量级, 这在对信号源进行时差定位时是不能直接运用的. 为有效消除电离层延迟的影响, 将双频修正法应用于某项工程中, 利用接收到的实验数据求解出电离层的TEC(电离层总电子含量), 并在此基础上对信号到达星载接收机的时间进行修正. 最后,对修正结果进行了验证, 给出了误差来源.      

Probing the magnetosphere with artificial electron beams

Since 1970 the Minnesota group has completed five sounding rocket experiments in which electron beams were injected into the magnetosphere at ionospheric heights and the interaction of the beams with the nearby and distant magnetosphere studied. By the technique of precisely locating conjugate region beam echoes the distant electric and magnetic field structures were studied by mapping into the local ionosphere. Ionospheric fields were measured directly for comparison. Subjects studied included gradient and curvature drifts, electric field drifts, electron pitch angle diffusion and other types of interactions with the tail plasma sheet region and the nearby ionosphere and atmosphere. The beams were also studied by plasma wave and ground-based electromagnetic detectors, by ground-based low light level television techniques and by extensive on-board rocket x-ray, photometer and particle detectors. Vehicle potentials and neutralizing processes and beam-ionosphere interactions have also been studied but will not be discussed in this paper.     

Observation of fundamental magnetoplasma emissions excited in magnetosphere by modulated electron beams

There were several cases when modulated electron beam had been injected from APEX satellite into an otherwise unmodified ionospheric plasma. The beams were formed from 2 μs pulses repeated at a rate of 40kHz. Injections took place in the altitude range 400–1100km over Europe. The onboard receiver connected to the dipole antenna swept the frequency interval 1–10 MHz in 1 sec. Due to a relatively narrow receiver bandwidth (15 kHz), moderate frequency step (50 kHz), slow changes of f_n and f_c (local electron plasma and gyro frequencies) fine structure of excited emissions was detected. In many cases, a very prominent doublet could be convincingly identified as a (f_n,f_u=sqrt(f_n^*f_n+f_c^*f_c)) band, with f_n practically equal to the local plasma frequency in the unperturbed ionosphere. Determination of plasma frequency is of prime importance in analysis of complex structures composed from various harmonics f_n,f_c,f_u. Complexity is manifested as coalescing of various harmonics with maxima shifted from nominal frequencies or splitting them into components due to mixing of local and propagation effects. Despite the existence of strong emissions on frequencies characteristic for the unperturbed ionosphere, very strong broadcasting transmissions are frequently cut off, even when the beam is directed upward. Most typical spectra are discussed.     

The study of a plasma jet injected by an on-board plasma thruster

The injected plasma jet-ionosphere interaction features were studied in experiments carried out on board two METEOR satellites. The injected plasma jet propagation depends considerably on jet injection pitch-angle. The impactless jet spreading took place without considerable interaction with the ionosphere plasma, when injected along the magnetic field. By injection across the magnetic field very effective plasma jet-ionosphere plasma and the Earth's magnetic field interaction was observed. Plasma jet injection provoked the generation of electromagnetic fields near the satellite.     

Dynamic trapping of electrons in the porcupine ionospheric ion beam experiment

Electrons are needed to maintain quasineutrality in a case where positive ions are injected across the magnetic field into a limited volume in a magnetized plasma. In the absence of collisions, a positive potential builds up and traps the electrons which enter the region along the magnetic field. If the added density of ions exceeds the ambient density, large potential differences along the magnetic field can be maintained this way. The process explains several features of the Porcupine xenon ion beam injection experiment, where strong magnetic-field-aligned electric fields were measured in the vicinity of a xenon ion beam which was injected into the ambient ionosphere from a spinning subpayload.     

化学物质释放人工改变电离层

考虑中性气体在电离层高度的扩散过程和相应的电离层离子化学过程，研究了利用主动化学物质释放来改变电离层的方法，理论计算了H2O和SF6两种气体释放后电离层随时间的响应过程，结果表明，在电离层高度上气体的扩散过程非常迅速，电离层F区的电子密度有很大程度的减少，而扩散慢且化学反应快的气体对电离层的影响更大，就更加有利于电离层洞的形成。     

DEMETER卫星记录到的电离层加热现象

在法国DEMETER卫星运行期间, 地基电离层加热装置SURA和HAARP开展了一系列加热试验, 记录到各类电离层异常信息, 发现电离层加热过程中卫星观测的电离层扰动信号包括HF发射泵波及边带泵波、VLF人工源增强及频谱拓展、ULF/ELF/VLF调制波、ELF电磁扰动、ULF谐振波、等离子体特征参量扰动及高能粒子沉降等. 由于传播及耦合机制的差异, 发射泵波可以穿透电离层直达卫星高度, 其观测概率最高达到68%以上, 其他扰动受发射调制模式及当地电磁环境等影响,观测概率相对较低, 均在40%左右, 有些甚至是某次试验中出现的个别事例. 结合中国地震电磁监测试验卫星飞行轨道设计及载荷配置等,对未来开展加热试验进行了分析论证, 并参考DEMETER卫星试验结果给出了一些建议.      

Plasma effects of active ion beam injections in the ionosphere at rocket altitudes

Data from ARCS rocket ion beam injection experiments will be primarily discussed in this paper. There are three results from this series of active experiments that are of particular interest in space plasma physics. These are the transverse acceleration of ambient ions in the large beam volume, the scattering of beam ions near the release payload, and the possible acceleration of electrons very close to the plasma generator which produce intense high frequency waves. The ability of 100 ma ion beam injections into the upper E and F regions of the ionosphere to produce these phenomena appear to be related solely to the process by which the plasma release payload and the ion beam are neutralized. Since the electrons in the plasma release do not convect with the plasma ions, the neutralization of both the payload and beam must be accomplished by large field-aligned currents (milliamperes/square meter) which are very unstable to wave growth of various modes. Future work will concentrate on the wave production and wave-particle interactions that produce the plasma/energetic particle effects discussed in this paper and which have direct application to natural phenomena in the upper ionosphere and magnetosphere.     

Appearance of VLF and ELF-noises in topside ionosphere under the action of high power radio wave from data of satellite intercosmos-24

Results of a satellite experiment are presented on detection of VLF and ELF-waves excited by irradiation of the night ionosphere F-region by the field of a nonmodulated high-power radio wave. The excited VLF and ELF-waves have been detected at the topside ionosphere heights h=500–1000 km in the frequency bands 8 kHz相似文献