共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 187 毫秒
1.
M.L. McConnell P.P. Dunphy D.J. Forrest E.L. Chupp 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》1983,3(4):105-108
A directional detector for γ-ray astronomy has been developed to image sources in the energy range 0.1 to 5 MeV. An array of 35 gain stabilized bismuth germanate detectors, together with a coded aperture mask based on a Uniformly Redundant Array (URA), allows imaging in 4° square sky bins over a 16° X 24° field-of-view. The position of a strong point source, such as the Crab Nebula, can be determined to within ?1°. A complementary “anti-mask” greatly reduces systematic effects arising from non-uniform background rates amongst the detectors. The telescope has an effective area of 190 cm2 and an energy resolution of 19.5% FWHM at 662 keV. Results of laboratory tests of the imaging system, including the ability to image multiple sources, uniformity of response over the field-of-view, and the effect of the “anti-mask”, are in good agreement with computer simulations. Features of the flight detector system are described and results of laboratory tests and computer simulations are reviewed. A balloon flight of the telescope is planned for the fall of 1982. 相似文献
2.
T. Kohno K. Munakata T. Imai M. Matsuoka 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》1989,9(12):75-78
A computer simulation was carried out to evaluate the basic characteristics of a Δ E×E cosmic ray telescope consisting of 23 solid state detectors including 3 position sensitive detectors with large effective area. Based on the simulation, the geometric factor of the telescope is deduced to be as large as 22.5 cm2sr, almost independent of charge and energy concerned. The energy ranges to be covered by the telescope are, for example, 18–98 MeV/n for Li and 56–339 MeV/n for Fe. By analyzing simulated data, the mass resolution for iron in the overall energy range covered by the telescope is estimated as about 0.22 amu in standard deviation. The expected counting rates and mass-histograms are simulated for Galactic cosmic rays and solar energetic particles. 相似文献
3.
J. Trümper 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》1982,2(4):241-249
A primary scientific objective of the ROSAT mission is to perform the first all-sky survey with an imaging X-ray telescope leading to an improvement in sensitivity by several orders of magnitude compared with previous surveys. A large number of new sources (? 105) will be discovered and located with an accuracy of 1 arcmin or better. These will comprise almost all astronomical objects from nearby normal stars to distant quasistellar objects. After completion of the survey which will take half a year the instrument will be used for detailed observations of selected sources with respect to spatial structure, spectra and time variability. In this mode which will be open for guest observers ROSAT will provide substantial improvement over the imaging instruments of the Einstein observatory.The main ROSAT telescope consists of a fourfold nested mirror system with 83 cm aperture having three focal plane instruments. Two of them will be imaging proportional counters (0.1 – 2 keV) providing a field of view of 2°, an angular resolution of ≈ 30″ in the pointing mode and a spectral resolution ΔE/E ≈ 45% FWHM at 1 keV. The third focal instrument will be a high resolution imager (≈ 3″). The main ROSAT telescope will be complemented by a parallel looking Wide Field camera which extend the spectral coverage into the XUV band. 相似文献
4.
E. Kendziorra R. Staubert 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》1983,3(6):135-137
The balloon payload HEXE A) is designed to observe cosmic X-ray sources in the energy range 20–250 keV. Its detectors are ‘Phoswich’ scintillators with a total sensitive area of 2300 cm2 and a cooled Ge solid state detector with an area of 100 cm2 [1]. The instrument was flown successfully in 1980 and 1981 from Palestine, Texas.Here we describe the control of the instrument and guidance of the telescope as well as the method of data retrieval and real time analysis. These tasks are performed by a ground based minicomputer (HP 1000) and onboard microprocessors (M 6800) which are linked together by data and command telemetry. 相似文献
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M. Gai A. Vecchiato M.G. LattanziS. Ligori D. Loreggia 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2009
The GAME mission concept is aimed at testing the General Relativity, through precise measurement of the gravitational deflection of light by the Sun, by means of an optimised telescope operating in the visible and launched in orbit on a small class satellite. We describe the proposed mission profile, the preliminary payload design and the expected performance. The targeted precision on the γ parameter of the PPN formulation of General Relativity is in the range 10−6 to 10−7. The measurement principle relies on the differential astrometric signature on the stellar positions. The instrument concept is based on a dual field, multiple aperture Fizeau interferometer, observing simultaneously two sky regions close to the solar limb. A beam combiner folds the telescope line of sight on two different directions on the sky, separated by a base angle of 4°. The diluted optics approach achieves an efficient rejection of the scattered solar radiation, while retaining an acceptable angular resolution on the science targets. 相似文献
7.
《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2020,65(10):2315-2323
This paper presents the mechanical design of a new robotic telescope that was designed and built to acquire lunar spectral measurements from the science pod of NASA's ER-2 aircraft while flying at an altitude of 70,000 feet (21.34 km). The robotic telescope used a double gimbal design that allowed for target tracking in azimuth and elevation. In addition to the challenging and restrictive geometry of the science pod, each component needed to be carefully selected to ensure that they could withstand the operating conditions at high altitude such as harsh temperatures extending as low as −54 °C and atmospheric pressure less than 1.05 psi (7.23 kPa). Due to the cold temperatures, low atmospheric pressure and the likely exposure to moisture, high strength industrial linear actuators were used to create an adjustable linkage system that controlled the pointing and tracking of the telescope. Although unconventional, this allowed for a robust design that outperformed the team's expectations by tracking the Moon for 40 min with an average tracking error under 0.05°. The results presented within this paper were acquired during a first set of engineering test flights, with further scientific missions to follow. 相似文献
8.
Ji Wu Weiying Sun Jianhua Zheng Cheng Zhang Hao Liu Jingye Yan Chi Wang Chuanbing Wang Shui Wang 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2011
Coronal mass ejections (CMEs) represent a great concentration of mass and energy input into the lower corona. They have come to be recognized as the major driver of physical conditions change in the Sun–Earth system. Consequently, observations of CMEs are important for understanding and ultimately predicting space weather conditions. This paper discusses a proposed mission, the Solar Polar Orbit Radio Telescope (SPORT) mission, which will observe the propagation of interplanetary CMEs to distances of near 0.35 AU from the Sun. The orbit of SPORT is an elliptical solar polar orbit. The inclination angle between the orbit and ecliptic plane should be about 90°. The main payload on board SPORT will be an imaging radiometer working at the meter wavelength band (radio telescope), which can follow the propagation of interplanetary CMEs. The images that are obtained by the radio telescope embody the brightness temperature of the objectives. Due to the very large size required for the antenna aperture of the radio telescope, we adopt interferometric imaging technology to reduce it. Interferometric imaging technology is based on indirect spatial frequency domain measurements plus Fourier transformation. The SPORT spacecraft will also be equipped with a set of optical and in situ measurement instruments such as a EUV solar telescope, a solar wind ion instrument, an energetic particle detector, a magnetometer, a wave detector and a solar radio burst spectrometer. 相似文献
9.
L. Barbareschi C. La Padula M. Mastropietro F. Perotti G. Villa A. Bazzano L. Boccaccini R. Patriarca V.F. Polcaro P. Ubertini R.C. Butler G. Di Cocco G. Spada J.N. Carter P. Charalambous A.J. Dean J.B. Stephen 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》1983,3(4):91-93
In order to improve the low energy capability (15 ÷ 150 KeV) of the balloon borne “ZEBRA” low energy gamma imaging telescope (150 KeV-20 MeV), a large area, high spectral resolution (5% at 60 KeV), low background detector has been designed and is now under development.It consists of two MultiWire Spectroscopic Proportional Counter (SPC), escape gated, that have a sensitive area of 6000 cm2, and are placed above the large area array of sodiumiodide position sensitive elements. 相似文献
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A.A. Leonov A.M. Galper N.P. Topchiev A.V. Bakaldin O.D. Dalkarov E.A. Dzhivelikyan A.E. Egorov M.D. Kheymits V.V. Mikhailov P. Picozza R. Sparvoli S.I. Suchkov Yu.T. Yurkin V.G. Zverev 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2019,63(10):3420-3427
The GAMMA-400 currently developing space-based gamma-ray telescope is designed to measure the gamma-ray fluxes in the energy range from ~20?MeV to several TeV in the highly elliptic orbit (without shadowing the telescope by the Earth) continuously for a long time. The physical characteristics of the GAMMA-400 gamma-ray telescope, especially the angular and energy resolutions (at 100-GeV gamma rays they are ~0.01° and ~1%, respectively), allow us to consider this space-based experiment as the next step in the development of extraterrestrial high-energy gamma-ray astronomy. In this paper, a method to improve the reconstruction accuracy of incident angle for low-energy gamma rays in the GAMMA-400 space-based gamma-ray telescope is presented. The special analysis of topology of pair-conversion events in thin layers of converter was performed. Applying the energy dependence of multiple Coulomb scattering for pair components, it is possible to estimate the energies for each particle, and to use these energies as weight in the angle reconstruction procedure. To identify the unique track in each projection the imaginary curvature method is applied. It allows us to obtain significantly better angular resolution in comparison with other methods applied in current space-based experiments. When using this method for 50-MeV gamma rays the GAMMA-400 gamma-ray telescope angular resolution is about 4°. 相似文献
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J. Paul J. Ballet F. Lebrun J. P. Leray P. Mandrou J. P. Roques G. Vedrenne M. Niel R. Sunyaev E. Churazov M. Gilfanov N. Khavenson A. Dyachkov B. Novikov R. Kremnev V. Kovtunenko 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》1993,13(12):665-678
The launch in December 1989, of SIGMA, one of the main devices aboard the GRANAT spacecraft, has provided high-energy astronomers for the first time with a telescope whose imaging properties in the soft γ-ray regime match those of instruments operating in the hard X-ray band. Having examined 300 celestial fields during more than two years of successful in-orbit operations, this coded-aperture telescope, sensitive to radiation in the energy range 35 keV to 1.3 MeV, has succeeded both in disentangling severe source confusion problems and in providing firm identifications and reliable spectra of sources at soft γ-ray wavelengths. A selection of the salient scientific results obtained so far is presented, with intent to emphasize the unique contribution of a coded-mask telescope able to perform accurate images of the sky in the soft γ-ray domain. 相似文献
14.
Interplanetary spacecraft navigation using pulsars 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
X.P. Deng G. Hobbs X.P. You M.T. Li M.J. Keith R.M. Shannon W. Coles R.N. Manchester J.H. Zheng X.Z. Yu D. Gao X. Wu D. Chen 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2013
We demonstrate how observations of pulsars can be used to help navigate a spacecraft travelling in the solar system. We make use of archival observations of millisecond pulsars from the Parkes radio telescope in order to demonstrate the effectiveness of the method and highlight issues, such as pulsar spin irregularities, which need to be accounted for. We show that observations of four millisecond pulsars every seven days using a realistic X-ray telescope on the spacecraft throughout a journey from Earth to Mars can lead to position determinations better than ∼20 km and velocity measurements with a precision of ∼0.1 ms−1. 相似文献
15.
F. Frontera D. Dal Fiume W. Dusi E. Morelli G. Spada G. Ventura 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》1985,5(3):125-128
A large (1455 cm2) hard X-ray telescope was successfully launched aboard a stratospheric balloon on October 4, 1980. During this flight four galactic X-ray sources were observed, namely the transient recurrent X-ray pulsar A0535+26, the Crab Nebula, Cygnus X-1 and X Persei. Here we report the results on the latter two sources. From Cygnus X-1 we measured a photon flux in the band 30 to 200 keV, of 3.5 × 10?2 photons cm?2 which is 6.5 times lower than that recieved from the source in a “low” intensity state in the same energy band. In addition, the photon spectrum in the same energy band was very soft and consistent with a power law with photon index α = 2.71 ± 0.14. Even if a simultaneous observation of the source at lower energies was not available, our data strongly suggest that we observed the source during a “high” intensity state. We report also positive detection in the band 30 to 200 keV of the low luminosity X-ray pulsar X Persei. In its spectrum we confirm the presence of a hard X-ray tail consistent with a power law (photon index α = 2.17 ± 0.42). 相似文献
16.
T. Okajima Y. Tawara Y. Ogasaka K. Tamura A. Furuzawa K. Yamashita H. Kunieda 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2004,34(12):2682-2687
X-ray telescopes have been providing high sensitivity X-ray observations in numerous missions. For X-ray telescopes in the future, one of the key technologies is to expand the energy band beyond 10 keV. We designed depth-graded multilayer, so-called supermirrors, for a hard X-ray telescope in the energy band up to 40 keV using lightweight thin-foil optics. They were successfully flown in a balloon flight and obtained a hard X-ray image of Cyg X-1 in the 20–40 keV band. Now supermirrors are promising to realize a hard X-ray telescope. We have estimated the performance of a hard X-ray telescope using a platinum–carbon supermirror for future satellite missions, such as NeXT (Japan) and XEUS (Europe). According to calculations, they will have a significant effective area up to 80 keV, and their effective areas will be more than 280 cm2 even at 60 keV. Limiting sensitivity will be down to 1.7 × 10−13 erg cm−2 s−1 in the 10–80 keV band at a 100 ks observation. In this paper, we present the results of the balloon experiment with the first supermirror flown and projected effective areas of hard X-ray telescopes and action items for future missions. 相似文献
17.
Gautam D Badhwar Jagdish U Patel Anderi Konradi Francis A Cucinotta John W Kern 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》1996,18(12):149-157
We describe the differential energy spectrum of trapped particles measured by a solid-state charged particle telescope in the mid-deck of the Space Shuttle during the period of solar maximum. The telescope was flown in two high altitude flights at 28.5° and 57° inclination. Assuming, as is normally done, that the variations of Shuttle orientation during the missions lead to average isotropic incident spectra, the observed spectrum disagrees significantly from AP8 model calculations. This indicates the need to take into consideration the variations of solid-angle direction relative to the magnetic field. The measurements show that there is a very significant flux of secondary light ions. The energy spectra of these ions does not agree with the production spectrum from radiation transport calculations based on omni-directional AP8 Max model as an input energy spectrum.
We also describe measurements of linear energy transfer spectra using a tissue equivalent proportional counter (TEPC) flown both in the mid-deck and the payload bay of the Space Shuttle. Comparisons are made between linear energy transfer spectral measurements AP8 model-based radiation transport predictions, and thermoluminescent dosimeter (TLD) measurements. The absorbed dose-rate measurements using TLD's are roughly 25% lower than the TEPC-measured dose rate measurements. 相似文献
18.
J.N. Carter P. Charalambous A.J. Dean D. Ramsden M. Badiali P. Ubertini G. Boella F. Perotti G. Villa G. di Cocco G. Spada A. Spizzichino 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》1981,1(11):115-118
A telescope capable of producing images of the gamma ray sky in the energy range 0.2–20 MeV with an angular resolution of a few tenths of a degree is presented. This capability is achieved by means of a large array of Sodium Iodide position sensitive elements together with a coded imaging mask. The expected performance, derived from calculations and preliminary laboratory tests, is described. 相似文献
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《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》1999,23(11):1861-1863
The first lunar-based telescope for a test of NEO observations is discussed within a scenario of NASDA's sequence of lunar missions. There have been no real telescopes on the moon as yet, and therefore we have to step up from a primitive level of telescope to real NEO telescopes. The first telescope with an aperture of 30 cm is expected to be launched around 2005. 相似文献