航天光学遥感在自然灾害管理中应用能力评述

以建（构）筑物、生命线、农作物、基础设施等受损情况为切入点,介绍了航天光学遥感在灾害特征参数反演、灾害风险评估、灾害监测、灾害损失评估、恢复重建等领域的应用现状和应用能力,指出航天光学遥感与灾害管理之间存在灾区遥感数据实时获取能力不足和相应遥感灾害信息智能提取算法体系不完善等问题,并从航天器设计角度提出了解决对策,如平衡发展多种空间分辨率和多种光谱分辨率光学遥感器,协同发展机动和常规两种成像模式,积极发展星上智能信息提取技术。     

国外空间反射镜材料及应用分析

空间反射镜材料的选取与反射镜镜坯加工工艺直接影响光学遥感卫星的戍像能力。提高空间相机分辨率的直接途径是增大光学系统的口径,因此大口径空间反射镜的材料技术和镜坯加工技术受到了高度关注。在未来相当长的时间内,相关技术都是研究热点。文章重点研究了常用空间反射镜材料的特性,这些材料包括美国康宁公司的超低膨胀玻璃、德国肖特集团的微晶玻璃、碳化硅和碳化硅复合材料,并对熔接法、浇铸法、烧结法等常用的大口径反射镜镜坯加工方法进行了研究,调研了各类材料的实际在轨应用情况。最后根据上述材料的热膨胀系数和反射镜结构强度等特征,分析总结了这些材料的适用范围。     

一种光学遥感成像系统优化设计新方法研究

针对空间光学高分辨率遥感器,既要实现轻小型化,又要获得高品质遥感图像的要求,文章提出一种空间光学遥感成像系统优化设计新方法;综合考虑成像链路各环节因素,采用全面的指标设计和合理的优化设计流程来改进空间光学遥感成像系统的总体指标和成像品质,并显著降低遥感器的研制难度.通过比较全链路优化设计方法和传统设计方法的仿真结果及其...     

基于加速度测量的柔性智能桁架结构振动主动控制实验研究

本文在只能获得加速度时，通过改变Leunberger观测器的结构形式，基于模态滤波器技术、最优控制理论和计算机控制系统理论，采用独立模态空间控制策略进行了具有密集模态的空间柔性智能桁架的实时计算机振动主动控制实验研究。实验结果表明这种控制策略是行之有效的。     

基于IP组网的低轨航天器大容量文件传输方法

空间科学的发展使航天测控中遥感和图像等数据量日益增大,如何实现天地间大容量文件的传输已成为一个重要问题。鉴于测控网正在向全IP化的方向发展,提出一种在IP组网基础上的低轨航天器大容量文件的传输方案,并就方案中文件的分块传输及卫星在测控站间切换时文件的续传等关键问题进行探讨。在此基础上,对提出的方案进行实验分析,验证了其可行性。     

中国空间碎片防护研究工作进展

回顾了2006年中国空间碎片防护研究工作的情况,简要介绍了MODAOST软件研究的相关活动,以及风险评估及防护结构优化技术、超高速撞击横向校验、部件/分系统和空间碎片撞击感知技术。     

Feasibility assessment of optical technologies for reliable high capacity feeder links

Space telecom scenarios like data relay satellite and broadband/broadcast service providers require reliable feeder links with high bandwidth/data rate for the communication between ground station and satellite. Free space optical communication (FSOC) is an attractive alternative to microwave links, improving performance by offering abundant bandwidth at small apertures of the optical terminals. At the same time Near-Earth communication by FSOC avoids interference with other services and is free of regulatory issues. The drawback however is the impairment by the laser propagation through the atmosphere at optical wavelengths. Also to be considered are questions of eye safety for ground personnel and aviation. In this paper we assess the user requirements for typical space telecom scenarios and compare these requirements with solutions using optical data links through the atmosphere. We suggest a site diversity scheme with a number of ground stations and a switching scheme using two optical terminals on-board the satellite. Considering the technology trade-offs between four different optical wavelengths we recommend the future use of 1.5 µm laser technology and calculate a link budget for an atmospheric condition of light haze on the optical path. By comparing link budgets we show an outlook to the future potential use of 10 µm laser technology.     

国外深空探测光学遥感载荷发展现状与启示

文章对国外近十几年来的深空探测光学遥感载荷的发展情况进行了介绍,并按科学目标进行了分类。总结了深空探测光学遥感载荷的发展趋势与启示,为深空探测光学遥感载荷的发展提出了几点建议。     

空间红外天文望远镜低温制冷技术综述

空间红外天文观测对于研究行星、恒星、星系以及宇宙的起源具有重要意义,空间红外天文观测载荷代表了一个国家空间红外遥感载荷技术的最高水平。文章对现有的空间低温制冷方式进行了分析总结,介绍了各种低温制冷方式的特点、技术成熟度及适用温度范围。文章对典型空间红外天文望远镜（HST、IRTS、SIRTF、ASTRO-F、Herschel、WISE、JWST）的低温制冷技术进行了研究与总结,介绍了先进空间红外天文望远镜的制冷系统指标参数、制冷方案,总结了空间红外天文望远镜制冷系统发展规律与发展趋势,为中国空间红外低温制冷技术的发展提出了几点建议。     

Spaceports and new industrialized areas in the Pacific Basin

This article analyses the rapid economic advancement of the Pacific Basin area, and discusses its future potential. Common efforts in space utilization can integrate the area, and overcome the wide diversity of political, economic and social structures. Aspects of communications, space remote sensing and space-based materials processing are examined and forecasts are made for the future role of the Pacific Basin in these areas. A populated Orbital Space City will be necessary to further space utilization. To support future activities in space, a Pacific Spaceport and a Pacific Space Centre are proposed, which would lead to the development of several ‘New Industrialized Areas’ in the age of the Solar Power Satellite. Estimates are made of the amount of electricity which will be required.     

Earth observation from space – The issue of environmental sustainability

Remote sensing scientists work under assumptions that should not be taken for granted and should, therefore, be challenged. These assumptions include the following:1. Space, especially Low Earth Orbit (LEO), will always be available to governmental and commercial space entities that launch Earth remote sensing missions.2. Space launches are benign with respect to environmental impacts.3. Minimization of Type 1 error, which provides increased confidence in the experimental outcome, is the best way to assess the significance of environmental change.4. Large-area remote sensing investigations, i.e. national, continental, global studies, are best done from space.5. National space missions should trump international, cooperative space missions to ensure national control and distribution of the data products.At best, all of these points are arguable, and in some cases, they're wrong. Development of observational space systems that are compatible with sustainability principles should be a primary concern when Earth remote sensing space systems are envisioned, designed, and launched. The discussion is based on the hypothesis that reducing the environmental impacts of the data acquisition step, which is at the very beginning of the information stream leading to decision and action, will enhance coherence in the information stream and strengthen the capacity of measurement processes to meet their stated functional goal, i.e. sustainable management of Earth resources. We suggest that unconventional points of view should be adopted and when appropriate, remedial measures considered that could help to reduce the environmental footprint of space remote sensing and of Earth observation and monitoring systems in general. This article discusses these five assumptions in the context of sustainable management of Earth's resources. Taking each assumption in turn, we find the following:(1) Space debris may limit access to Low Earth Orbit over the next decades.(2) Relatively speaking, given that they're rare event, space launches may be benign, but study is merited on upper stratospheric and exospheric layers given the chemical activity associated with rocket combustion by-products.(3) Minimization of Type II error should be considered in situations where minimization of Type I error greatly hampers or precludes our ability to correct the environmental condition being studied.(4) In certain situations, airborne collects may be less expensive and more environmentally benign, and comparative studies should be done to determine which path is wisest.(5) International cooperation and data sharing will reduce instrument and launch costs and mission redundancy. Given fiscal concerns of most of the major space agencies – e.g. NASA, ESA, CNES – it seems prudent to combine resources.     

空间太阳望远镜的热设计和热光学分析

将卫星热控制技术与光学波像差理论相结合,以空间太阳望远镜（SST）为例,对空间光学系统的热设计和热光学分析进行了研究,以光学指标作为热设计的最终评价标准,为高分辨率空间光学系统的热设计找到了一套行之有效的方法。     

中国空间站光学遥感载荷的发展研究

光学遥感载荷的空间站平台相比卫星平台具有很大的优势,吸引了包括俄罗斯、美国和欧空局在内的国际空间站成员国争相进行空间站光学遥感载荷的新技术实验验证和对地观测研究。文章介绍了国际空间站光学遥感载荷的观测方式和特点,结合国际空间站光学遥感载荷的应用情况,从新技术实验验证和对地观测两个方面分析了中国空间站光学遥感载荷发展应该注意的问题,为中国空间站光学遥感载荷的发展提出了几点建议。     

基于条带的小波变换遥感图像压缩编码算法的改进

星载遥感图像压缩传输技术是星载系统的关键之一。文中介绍空间数据咨询委员会 CCSDS提出的基于条带的遥感压缩建议算法原理 (CNES) ,分析该算法的特点和压缩性能 ,对该算法中量化和熵编码部分的缺陷进行了简单的改进。实验表明 ,改进后的算法性能优于原有算法。     

空间光学遥感器天然辐射效应数据库研究

空间环境是诱发卫星异常和故障的主要原因之一。光学遥感器作为卫星最重要的有效载荷之一,在空间会受到空间辐射环境的影响。因此在研制光学遥感器的同时,需要同时考虑空间辐射环境因素,文章就空间光学遥感器天然辐射效应数据库的设计和应用进行了介绍。     

我国卫星光学遥感技术的成就与新世纪展望

介绍我国已发射的光学型对地观测卫星和研制成功的航天光学遥感器 ,展示中国在卫星遥感领域取得的成就 ,并展望新世纪卫星光学遥感技术的发展     

Robotic vision technology for space station and satellite applications

This paper presents the robotic vision technologies newly developed for satellites and space station robotic applications at the Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence (PAMI) Laboratory of the University of Waterloo and at the Vision, Intelligence and Robotics Technologies Corp. (VIRTEK). The first part of the paper presents how the PAMI-VIRTEK Vision technologies are engineered to support the STEAR (Space Station, Strategic Technologies in Automation and Robotics Program) sponsored by the Canadian Space Agency. The second describes the use of stereo CCD camera for sensing the deformed shape of a third generation satellite. It addresses the notion of shape interpolation and error reduction.     

基于条件生成对抗模型的遥感卫星影像重建技术研究

为了快速侦察未知区域的地貌信息，遥感卫星可对特定区域进行扫描以获取遥感卫星影像。当卫星经过国外未知区域时，部分卫星无法针对某特定区域进行长时间的驻留扫描，本文提出一种基于条件生成对抗网络模型（Conditional Generative Adversarial Network，CGAN）进行网络训练，前期将某方法获取的区域轮廓地形信息作为CGAN网络的生成网络和鉴别网络中的条件约束信息，通过网络生成器与判别器在训练过程中互相博弈产生特定的输出集，有效地实现由单张电子轮廓图像到对应卫星遥感图像的端到端的非线性映射。本文通过原真实卫星遥感图像与生成卫星遥感图像进行四种对比误差计算，平均误差、均方误差与结构相似度均高于99%，峰值信噪比高于30 dB，生成的图像与原图像之间具备高相似度，实现了在获取坐标定位轮廓信息的先验条件下，对特定区域进行遥感卫星影像内容重建技术。     

Design and development of correlation techniques to maintain a space surveillance system catalogue

A growing interest exists in a future, autonomous European Space Surveillance System (ESSS). Currently, most of the knowledge about Earth-orbiting space objects is based on information provided by the USASPACECOM. This paper presents the required initial orbit determination (IOD) and correlation techniques to process optical measurements. Former studies were focused on the handling of radar measurements, which are summarised with the aim of describing a global procedure for processing hybrid measurement types (combination of radar and optic data for catalogue maintenance). The introduction of manoeuvres are presented due to their importance in the space object catalogue maintenance.The detection of uncatalogued objects and the successful correlation of already catalogued objects involve two different tasks for telescopes: survey and tasking. Assumptions for both strategies are developed on the basis of the previous work developed at the University of Berne (see [T. Flohrer, T. Schildknecht, R. Musci, E. Stöveken, Performance estimation for GEO space surveillance, Advances in Space Research 35 (2005). [1]; T. Flohrer, T. Schildknecht, R. Musci, Proposed strategies for optical observations in a future European Space Surveillance Network, presented in the 36th COSPAR Scientific Assembly (2006). [2]; R. Musci, T. Schildknecht, M. Ploner, Orbit improvement for GEO objects using follow-up observations, Advances in Space Research 34 (2004). [3]; R. Musci, T. Schildknecht, M. Ploner, G. Beutler, Orbit improvement for GTO objects using follow-up observations, Advances in Space Research 35 (2005). [4]; R. Musci, T. Schildknecht, T. Flohrer, G. Beutler, Concept for a catalogue of space debris in GEO, Proceedings of the Fourth European Conference on Space Debris, (ESA SP-587, 2005). [5]]). When a new object appears in the field of view, initial orbit determination must be performed. When only one telescope per site is available, the initial measurements are separated by only a few seconds. Therefore, the initial orbit determination is quite inaccurate due to bad mathematical conditioning of the problem. In order to improve the accuracy of the initial orbit determination, several follow-up observations of the object are required. This implies that the telescope needs to track the detected objects over a long period, and therefore the time available for surveying is reduced. By processing the additional follow-up measurements, separated now by a few hours, the initial orbit determination gives more accurate results and the object can be recovered after an orbital revolution. When several telescopes per site are available, the optical strategies may be modified. The survey tasks can be distributed between the available telescopes. In this way the number of images corresponding to each object increases and to track the detected object over long periods is not always needed. Numerical results will be shown in order to evaluate the accuracy and features of the different telescope strategies. A key point for performing efficiently the cataloguing process is the calculation of the estimated state vector covariance matrix. The covariance matrix analysis allows an adaptive tasking-survey telescope scheduling. Moreover, the implementation of a proper batch orbit determination process by means of a square root information filter (SRIF) requires a realistic initial covariance matrix.Hybrid measurements are available from objects that can be observed through both radar and optical sensors (e.g. GTO objects). The batch orbit determination and correlation process of hybrid measurements is also based on SRIF using an extended measurement model. Both the initial orbit determination methods using radar and optical measurements have to be sufficiently accurate to initialise SRIF correctly. In order to avoid filter divergence, the estimated covariance must be correctly updated after processing both kinds of measurements. The implemented algorithms are explained and their performance is shown through realistic simulations.Techniques to detect and characterise object manoeuvres during the cataloguing process have been developed and implemented. Four main groups of manoeuvre objects have been established by means of their observed permitted orbital ranges (GEO, LEO, MEO–GPS, Molniya). The study is based on the historical TLEs files. When an object with an uncatalogued orbit appears, a comparison between the new orbit and the orbits contained in the permitted ranges of one of the manoeuvre groups is performed. If the required Δa and/or Δi to convert the lost orbit into the detected orbit seems to be feasible, a manoeuvre will be identified and the orbit will be updated in the catalogue. Otherwise, it will be decided that a new object was found. For this purpose, a procedure to estimate the manoeuvres and reset orbits have been developed.     

基于分层的SVDDBN的空间作战决策研究

为了实现空间作战平台在不确定知识基础上的快速自主智能攻击决策,以天基反卫星作战为背景,提出利用分层的变结构离散动态贝叶斯网络(SVDDBN)来建立攻击决策的图形模型,给出了该模型的推理算法公式和用于攻击决策的变结构网络参数的自适应生成算法。在此基础上设定初始条件进行模型算法的仿真验证,试验结果证明了本文提出的算法的可行性,它可以使空间作战平台利用打击链前端传来的经过模糊处理数据进行快速的推理决策,从而使空间作战平台具有有效的自主化决策能力。