用于导弹发射装置的平衡机

简述了导弹发射装置中弹簧式和扭杆式两种平衡机的特点及制造工艺。介绍了单发、多联装、箱式和舰用型等不同导弹发射装置中平衡机的结构布局,以及各自的特点,给出了平衡机设计的一般原则。     

潜射导弹离筒后海水倒灌效应数值分析

针对潜射导弹水下垂直发射离筒后海水倒灌涌入引起的冲击问题,利用数值计算方法对其进行研究。基于水气两相流动的基本控制方程、VOF模型和动网格技术,实现了考虑弹体运动的水下发射多相流动问题求解。以此为基础,对潜射导弹垂直发射的水下运动和海水涌入过程进行了数值模拟,进而对影响涌入海水冲击压强的因素进行分析,以寻求降低海水涌入冲击压强的有效措施。模拟和分析结果表明,海水倒灌涌入会对发射筒结构产生显著的压强冲击;在发射筒底部附近增加局部挡流板,可有效降低涌入海水的冲击效应。     

复合材料环形高压容器缠绕参数设计与分析

针对诸如环形气瓶等圆环状压力容器的缠绕，提出同时满足结构特性和缠绕工艺性的参数设计方法以符合实际工程需要。推导了圆环面纤维不架空和不滑移判据；根据内压作用下纤维螺旋加环向缠绕环壳的平衡方程，考虑截面厚度变化和缠绕初始条件，给出了均衡缠绕参数及线型的确定方法，讨论了在不同管径比和厚度比下该线型路径的稳定性；以螺旋向铺层的初始缠绕角和厚度为变量，对结构进行重量最小化设计。作为算例，对纤隹缠绕环形高压气瓶在爆破压强为40—80MPa的范围内进行优化设计。结果表明，优化设计的均衡缠绕线型模式睛确可靠，满足纤维缠绕的基本要求，能充分发挥缠绕结构的力学性能。本文的设计计算方法可直接用于复合材辞环形气瓶的初步设计。     

同心筒发射的集中参数模型及应用

导弹在同心筒结构中的发射涉及复杂的燃气流动和多种载荷共同作用。为了从理论上分析发射筒结构、发动机参数等设计变量与发射弹道特性之间的关联关系,对同心筒结构中的燃气流动特征进行了深入分析。在此基础上,结合燃气流动各区域的典型特征、气体流动基本方程、弹体动力学方程和水下气泡运动方程,建立可用于大气和水下环境的同心筒发射数值分析集中参数模型。利用该模型进行的示例分析表明,集中参数模型反映了同心筒发射过程中的燃气流动特性,能便捷方便地分析多种设计参数与发射弹道之间的相互关系,可为同心筒发射装置的方案设计和理论分析提供依据。     

Multi-cell satellite for the communications of year 2000

The multi-cell communication satellite concept allows an efficient use of the geostationary orbit and a large reduction of the bit transmission cost, as a Bell-type (phased array), multiple mobile narrow beams arrangement with SS-TDMA.It has a flat hexagonal flying-saucer shape, being erected in a low altitude orbit, through an automatic assembly process of a large number of quasi-identical hexagonal cells. Each cell has independent power supply, thrusters, RF modules etc….Total assembly requires 10 ARIANE V or 4 SHUTTLE launches. An automatic tooling assembly using simple iterative manoeuvers is used to obtain the final shape, from initial cylindrical packages.Transfer into geostationary orbit is provided by low-thrust bi-propellant units attached to the cells, and released after burn-out. Assembly and transfer duration is about 6 months.Total traffic to 1000–2000 towns being 100 Gbits/s, the expected reduction of bit-transmission cost relative to year 1981 is 75–100 fold.     

八角垫高压密封结构的设计

本文介绍了一种高压密封结构——八角垫卡环密封结构;通过对该密封结构实际受力情况的分析并结合GB150-89设计标准,阐述了该密封结构的设计方法,并经试验论证可行。     

In-orbit deployment characteristics of large deployable antenna reflector onboard Engineering Test Satellite VIII

This paper describes design, ground testing, an in-orbit experiment, and a novel in-orbit operation for large deployable antenna reflectors (LDRs). Two LDRs (TX-LDR for transmitting and RX-LDR for receiving) are installed on Engineering Test Satellite VIII (ETS-VIII). The reflector design features that the antenna reflector whose aperture is 13 m in diameter (the mechanical dimension is ) consists of 14 basic modules, and each basic module consists of a gold-plated molybdenum mesh, a system of cables, and a deployable frame structures. Several ground tests had been performed using a modular nature to advantage. Prior to the launch of ETS-VIII, we performed an in-orbit deployment experiment using LDREX-2 which consists of seven half-scale modules of LDR, to confirm evaluation accuracy. The LDREX-2 was launched by ARIANE 5 launch vehicle as a piggy-back payload. Deployment characteristics were measured to evaluate the accuracy of analytical prediction obtained by ground deployment testing. ETS-VIII was launched by H-IIA launch vehicle on 18 December 2006. After the successful injection into Geo Synchronous Orbit, the RX-LDR and the TX-LDR were successfully deployed on December 25th and 26th, respectively. We confirmed adequacy of the proposed design and ground verification methodology.     

Results of impact simulation for the GIOTTO mission

The European Space Agency (ESA) has decided to carry out a fly-by mission to the comet Halley. The spacecraft will be launched by an ARIANE II and intercept the retrograde Halley orbit on 13 March, 1986. One group of experiments is designed to obtain data on size, mass and composition of the dust in the cometary tail. Because of the very high relative velocity during fly-by (69 km/s) laboratory experiments are necessary to develop and calibrate the experiments. These experiments are presently under way in the laboratory of the Lehrstuhl für Raumfahrttechnik of the Technische Universität München. First results have been obtained for both the Dust Impact Detection System (DIDSY) and the P?articulate Impact Analyzer (PIA). These results are compared with the theoretical models for hypervelocity impact craters. The agreement is good at impact velocities around 15 km/s.     

The new approach for damping modelling in the coupled dynamic load analysis for the Ariane 5 acoustic booster mode load cases

Solid propellant booster can have pressure oscillations with frequencies which correspond to the acoustic modes inside the motor case. These quasi-harmonic excitations can lead to severe dynamic responses if their frequencies are coincident with the resonance frequencies of the launcher. A correct modeling of the damping is essential for a realistic dynamic response prediction. The different components of the launcher have different damping characteristics which are known from substructure testing (e.g. modal testing, sine vibration testing). The modal damping in these substructure tests is achieved under certain boundary conditions, which are different compared to the situation in the coupled system. The paper describes the new applied approach which considers the different component mode damping of the substructures and allows a synthesized damping model of the coupled system. The new approach, called ‘Equivalent Structural Damping’ (ESD), is based on structural damping and makes use of the equivalence of modal viscous damping and modal structural damping in case of small damping. Particular emphasis is put on the damping coupling, which turned out to be significant for the 2nd acoustic booster mode load case and overcomes the inconsistencies of the past approach based on diagonal system damping.     

A preliminary study of pulse-laser powered orbital launcher

An air-breathing pulse-laser powered orbital launcher has been proposed as an alternative to conventional chemical launch systems. The aim of the present study is to assess its feasibility through the estimation of its achievable payload mass per unit beam power and launch cost. A transfer trajectory from the ground to a geosynchronous Earth orbit (GEO) is proposed, and the launch trajectory to its geosynchronous transfer orbit (GTO) is computed using the realistic performance modeled in the pulsejet, ramjet, and rocket flight modes of the launcher. Results show that the launcher can transfer 0.084 kg of payload per 1 MW beam power to a geosynchronous earth orbit. The cost becomes a quarter of existing systems if one can divide a single launch into 24,000 multiple launches.     

液体火箭发动机氧腔流动分析及均流板设计研究

采用Navier-Stokes方程数值模拟了某型火箭发动机推力室氧腔流动，计算分析了节流板表面的总、静压分布及其畸变指数。依据压力畸变提出了氧腔均流孔板改进方法，并通过多次分析-设计循环得到了新的均流板。最后对所设计的均流板进行了详细地计算分析和实验验证。分析和验证表明新设计的均流板使氧腔出口节流板表面压力畸变降低了30．4％，显著提高了氧腔压力均匀性，进而可以大大提高燃烧效率。     

弹-架间隙的非线性模拟与特性分析

以大长径比低速旋转火箭为例,探讨弹-架间隙非线性特性对不同发射装置系统的动力响应的影响,当飞行器以S个定心部沿发射装置滑移时,根据弹、架横向相对位移确定其定心部处接触刚度和支承特性,模拟弹-架间隙效应。分别就刚性和柔性两种发射装置,分析了间隙量、支承刚度和转速等因素对飞行器发射中的姿态和系统动力特性的影响,算例与实际情况的相吻合证明了该方法的有效性。     

基于增强协同优化的助推-滑翔导弹概念研究

针对一种两级运载器、滑翔级翼身组合体外形的导弹方案,采用多学科设 计优化方法研究了包括两级发动机装药量、工作时间、滑翔级翼面形状和助推-滑翔弹道在 内的优化设计问题。将系统分为总体、气动、发动机、弹道四个学科。采用增强协同优化方 法进行分解协调优化。目标函数为最大射程和最小总加热量的加权和,约束条件为驻点热流 、导弹质量、滑翔段终点速度、高度等。采用试验设计方法进行不同外形的气动力计算,并 构造响应曲面。结果表明该MDO方法可适用于助推-滑翔导弹的概念研究。
     

Ariane 5 flight environments

This paper presents a status of the ARIANE 5 launch vehicle dynamic environments after the 5 first flights. It concerns mainly the low frequency vibrations, the acoustic and the shocks that the payloads experience and the related external excitations. The flight measurement plan is described. The results show that the frequencies are well characterized and the levels are low pointing out margins with regard to the specifications Furthermore, one describe the efficiency of attenuation solutions implemented to reduce the payload environments.     

Smallsats for METOP: Design definition, heritage and performance

The results of a study by MMS for BNSC and the UK Meteorological Office into the potential use of Smallsats to support METOP are reported. A risk of degradation or failure of a mission critical instrument during the METOP lifetime has been identified. The scenario proposed uses a Smallsat flying in formation with METOP to replace a failed instrument with data being returned to METOP via an inter-satellite link. An assessment of small launcher and small platform availability and instrument interface requirements indicates that such a scenario is feasible. Minor modifications to METOP and a relative pointing correction during ground processing would be required. It is concluded that a Smallsat could provide a significant improvement to METOP programme reliability with low design and cost risk. Scenario attractiveness depends upon whether a critical instrument failure would justify replacement.     

Intelligent and Autonomous Flight Technology for Launch Vehicles

This paper proposes the architecture of an intelligent flight launcher system as well as fundamental solutions to capability prediction and dynamic planning. This effort reflects the latest progress in the applications of intelligent and autonomous technology for launcher flights. The paper first describes the characteristics and capabilities of intelligent and autonomous systems and classifies various related technologies. In the context of intelligent and autonomous technology in aerospace engineering, it then focuses on technical difficulties involved with intelligent flight and reviews developments in the field. An E~3 classification model of an intelligent flight launcher is then proposed and its application scenarios are discussed. Based on an intelligent flight system configuration of the launcher, the online trajectory planning and initial value guess are examined, and vertical landing is provided as an example to explain the effects of the implementation of computational intelligence to flight systems.     

A methodology for system-of-systems design in support of the engineering team

Space missions have experienced a trend of increasing complexity in the last decades, resulting in the design of very complex systems formed by many elements and sub-elements working together to meet the requirements. In a classical approach, especially in a company environment, the two steps of design-space exploration and optimization are usually performed by experts inferring on major phenomena, making assumptions and doing some trial-and-error runs on the available mathematical models. This is done especially in the very early design phases where most of the costs are locked-in.With the objective of supporting the engineering team and the decision-makers during the design of complex systems, the authors developed a modelling framework for a particular category of complex, coupled space systems called System-of-Systems. Once modelled, the System-of-Systems is solved using a computationally cheap parametric methodology, named the mixed-hypercube approach, based on the utilization of a particular type of fractional factorial design-of-experiments, and analysis of the results via global sensitivity analysis and response surfaces.As an applicative example, a system-of-systems of a hypothetical human space exploration scenario for the support of a manned lunar base is presented. The results demonstrate that using the mixed-hypercube to sample the design space, an optimal solution is reached with a limited computational effort, providing support to the engineering team and decision makers thanks to sensitivity and robustness information. The analysis of the system-of-systems model that was implemented shows that the logistic support of a human outpost on the Moon for 15 years is still feasible with currently available launcher classes. The results presented in this paper have been obtained in cooperation with Thales Alenia Space—Italy, in the framework of a regional programme called STEPS.¹     

运载器末助推段非线性姿态控制器设计

根据单摆模型近似晃动质量推导晃动运动与姿态运动的动力学方程,基于状态相关黎卡提方程方法,综合动态逆控制方法设计了运载器末助推段非线性姿态控制器,由状态反馈实现姿态跟踪和晃动抑制。因实际中模拟晃动运动的单摆状态无法测量,引入输出多采样率技术,通过在一个采样周期内多次检测被控对象的输出估计状态,实现设计的状态反馈控制律。数...     

钛合金TA10焊接技术在燃料储罐上的应用

为了摸索TA10钛合金的焊接工艺技术,通过大量的焊接工艺试验及分析,拟定合理的焊接工艺参数,同时根据TA10钛合金的焊接特点,设计了大量的气体保护装置,将焊缝与热影响区在焊接及焊后冷却过程中温度高于300℃的区域置于氩气的良好保护之下,经过焊接工艺评定试验验证,最终确定了钛合金TA10焊接最佳的焊接工艺规范参数,焊缝表面的保护效果、氧化程度、焊缝X射线检测结果、熔敷金属化学成分及焊缝力学性能等各项技术指标均达到了设计要求,保证了产品的焊接质量。     

基于遗传算法和空间推进方法的高超声速进气道优化设计研究

将遗传算法（单目标遗传算法GA和多目标遗传算法NSGA-Ⅱ、NCGA）与高效、高精度的卒间推进方法——SSPNS（Single-sweep Parabolized Navier-Stokes Algorithm）流场计算方法相结合，对二维高超声速进气道进行了气动优化设计研究。在单目标优化设计中以巡航点（Ma=7．0）的总压恢复最大为设计目标，多目标设计中则在巡航点分别考察了总压恢复最大-压升最大两目标模型、总压恢复最大-压升最大-阻力系数最小三目标模型。优化设计结果表明，单目标设计使得总压恢复有明显提高；多目标优化设计所得的Pareto最优前沿为设计者提供了可靠的设计依据。为了兼顾巡航点和加速爬升段的综合忭能，采用多目标优化方法对进气道进行了多点优化设计，并开展了基于等动压弹道的设计点选择问题初步研究。计算结果表明，若将设计点选在Ma=6．5左右，则进气道的综合性能较好。