数据链试飞电波传播衰减计算

数据链作用距离的试飞结果受试验区电波传播衰减影响很大,需要对其进行精确计算,为分析试飞结果提供支持.Fock级数法是计算电波衰减的一种精确方法,本文详细讨论了应用该方法求解试验区电波传播衰减的工程计算问题.     

Origin of planetary atmospheres

The near absence of noble gases on earth, other than those of radioactive origin, indicates that the earth was formed by the accumulation of planetesimals; this process systematically excluded all constituents that did not enter into the solid phase. The atmosphere and the ocean with many of its dissolved salts have arisen from gases emitted from the earth's interior, a process that continues today. The oxygen in the earth's atmosphere plus a greater quantity that has been removed from the atmosphere to oxidize geologic materials, has arisen mainly from a small excess of photosynthesis over decay of organic material. The atmospheres of Mars and Venus have probably arisen in a manner similar to the atmosphere on earth, by emission from the planetary interiors. However, they have not received any oxygen from photosynthesis and so are nearly oxygen free. Mars has very little water in its atmosphere, and this can be explained by its lower than freezing average surface temperature. Venus also has very little water, and this requires an ad hoc explanation; one possibility is that Venus was formed from much drier planetesimals than was the earth. Mercury and the moon are virtually without atmospheres. Although some gases may be emitted from their interiors, they are presumably rapidly lost by escape. Whatever atmosphere they possess is probably due to the neutralized solar wind that impinges upon them. The outer planets retained volatiles, including hydrogen and helium, to a much greater extent than did the terrestrial planets.     

Civilizations and Sea Level Change

Climate and sea level changes have been relatively stable for the last few centuries. The delicate balance between global and oceanic systems, however, may be altered due to the increased warming of the earth's average surface temperature. A few degrees increase could cause a 15-17 cm sea level rise by the year 2000, resulting in wide spread flooding of low lying areas. Recent studies indicate the global sea level is rising and extensive coastal flooding is anticipated. If these changes continue through the next century, we may be faced with a loss of our present culture. Oscillating sea levels since the late Pleistocene at times have left the floors of the continental margins and inland seas exposed, increasing the total earth's land surface by 8%. It was during these events that North America and island refugia including England, Indonesia, Japan and Australia were invaded and colonized by man. However, the swinging sea levels and shoreline displacements of as much as 120 m per year must have been very disruptive to the inhabitants of the coastal region and evidence of their cultures must have eroded away due to the relentless cycle of the coastal processes.     

Site Testing for EMP (Electromagnetic Pulse) Hardness

To answer questions about EMP hardness of shock-hardened sites, one might employ an electromagnetic diagnostic testing procedure. An idealized procedure is presented as a model for more realistic tests. The procedure is to determine the Green's or Transfer function of the site using infinitesimal electric and magnetic dipole oscillators. The Green's function is comprised of the set of measured electric and magnetic fields when the oscillators are operated at each point, with each orientation and frequency. It is shown how the fields within the site are predicted, given knowledge of the currents in air producing the EMP, or the tangential components of the fields on the earth's surface.     

承载传动误差最小的高重合度弧齿锥齿轮波动齿面设计

为改善航空弧齿锥齿轮的承载啮合性能,结合ease-off技术提出一种波动齿面设计方法以降低高重合度弧齿锥齿轮的承载传动误差。鉴于中凹型修形曲线（修形齿面的几何传动误差曲线）可极大地减小高重合度弧齿锥齿轮传动的承载传动误差波动幅值,创建一种与高重合度相适应的波动齿面修形模型;结合ease-off技术建立以降低承载传动误差波动幅值为目标的优化模型;通过优化得到具有良好啮合性能的高重合度弧齿锥齿轮。分析发现:优化后2阶传动误差设计弧齿锥齿轮传动的承载传动误差波动幅值降低了34.152%,而由波动齿面设计方法所得改进修形弧齿锥齿轮的承载传动误差进一步降低了61.492%,有效地改善了高重合度弧齿锥齿轮传动性能,为高性能弧齿锥齿轮齿面设计奠定理论基础。      

弧齿锥齿轮低敏感性修形

为了改善航空弧齿锥齿轮的啮合稳定性,提出了齿面低敏感性修形.基于齿面误差和误差敏感性矩阵,建立齿面误差修正模型,用广义逆矩阵的最小二乘法求解超越方程组,获得机床调整参数的修正量;对齿面进行3段抛物线修形,将修形后的齿面作为目标齿面,采用齿面误差修正的方法求得相应的机床调整 参数;仿真算例表明:经过低敏感性修形,降低了齿面印痕的误差敏感性、提高了齿轮副的容差范围,但齿根弯曲强度下降了4.28%.因此,通过合理选择齿面修形系数,可降低齿根强度的变化,改善齿轮副啮合稳定性.      

伺服加工平台的综合误差建模与补偿

伺服加工平台的几何误差是影响工件加工形貌精度的重要因素。在多体系统理论的基础上,首先,运用低序体阵列描述伺服平台多体系统的拓扑结构,建立各相邻体间的齐次变换矩阵,构建其综合误差模型;其次,利用雷尼绍测量系统对平台的定位误差、直线度误差、俯仰误差、偏摆误差以及两轴之间的垂直度误差进行辨识,将辨识得到的误差值代入构建的模型得出平台几何综合误差;最后,选择凸锥面、平面、球面3种面型工件补偿试验,对误差模型进行原理性验证。研究表明,经补偿后加工所得3种面型工件表面精度均提高了25%左右,证实了提出的补偿方法可用于伺服加工平台几何误差控制。     

锥齿轮副误差测量成组夹具设计

本文重点讨论了锥齿轮副齿圈跳动误差、背锥及面锥相对零件中心线的位置误差、齿根余量误差和齿轮啮合中心距误差测量专用夹具解决的技术难点,提高锥齿轮副的误差检测的精度,为测量夹具提供思路。     

基于线接触的回转二次曲面加工方法及其误差分析

基于线接触的回转二次曲面加工方法,无需复杂的位置控制,能够加工在轴和离轴回转二次曲面,同时,用同一个刀具可以加工不同类型、参数的回转二次曲面,并且铣磨成形时定位误差和刀具轮廓误差对面形误差的传递系数都小于1。     

Day airglow

Observation and interpretation of day airglow-emission features originating in the earth's upper atmosphere are reviewed; there is an accompanying discussion of techniques used to obtain the dayglow spectrum.     

Dynamics of the earth's ring current: Theory and observation

The development of currents within an arbitrary distribution of particles trapped in the geomagnetic field is described. These currents combine to form the earth's ring current and thus are responsible for the worldwide depressions of surface magnetic field strength during periods of magnetic activity known as magnetic storms. Following a brief review of trapped particle motion in magnetic fields, ring current development is described and presented in terms of basic field and particle distribution parameters. Experimental observations then are presented and discussed within the theoretical framework developed earlier. New results are presented which, in the area of composition and charge state observations, hold high promise in solving many long standing ring current problems. Finally, available experimental results will be used to assess our present understanding as to ring current sources, generation, and dissipation.     

提高数字化设计钣金件精度的方法

针对数字化设计钣金件加工误差比较隐蔽的问题,分析了在建模过程中产生的误差以及可能采取的消除措施,分析了在数控测量中误差积累的问题。另外,分析了测量点云与零件表面最佳拟合后的结果,给出了关于误差评定新的判断准则。通过上述措施,可以减少零件加工误差,提高零件的合格率。     

螺旋双曲面齿轮修形及啮合特性

为了改善螺旋双曲面齿轮啮合特性,对小轮齿面进行修形设计.用抛物线齿廓的产形齿条展成修形插齿刀齿面,模拟插齿刀和被加工齿轮的啮合运动关系,建立齿轮齿面的数学模型;根据两齿面在啮合过程中连续相切条件,建立了考虑安装误差的轮齿接触分析(TCA)模型;齿轮副的啮合仿真结果表明,刀具齿廓抛物线修形可以获得中凸的抛物线传动误差,调整修形参数可改变传动误差幅值和对称性;轴交角的变化影响齿轮副的重合度、接触椭圆、安装误差敏感性.      

Gravity modeling in aerospace applications

The science of inertial navigation has evolved to the point that the traditional gravity model is a principal error source in advanced, precise systems. Specifically, the unmodeled vertical deflections of the earth's gravitational field are a major contributor to CEP (circular error probable) divergence in precise terrestrial inertial navigation systems (INS). Over the years, several studies have been undertaken to the development of advanced techniques for accurate, real-time compensation of gravity disturbance vectors. More complex on-board gravity models which compute vertical deflection components will reduce the CEP divergence rate, but imperfect modeling due to on-board processing limitations will still cause residual vertical deflection errors. In order to eliminate or reduce gravity-induced errors in the INS requires measurement of gravity disturbance values and in-flight compensation to the inertial navigator. It is assumed in this paper that gravity disturbance values have been measured prior to the airborne mission and various techniques for compensation are to be considered. As part of a screening process in this study, several gravity compensation techniques (both deterministic and stochastic models) were investigated. The screening process involved identification of gravity models and algorithms, and developments of selection criteria for subsequent screening of the candidates.     

压气机叶片加工误差影响不确定分析

为了正确评估加工误差的影响，提出了一种考虑加工误差大小、分布随机性的数值研究方法以实现叶片性能不确定性分析。采用NURBS(非均匀有理B样条) 方法实现叶型参数化，通过检测及统计手段获取误差真实分布，运用蒙特卡洛模拟生成随机样本，并训练Kriging代理模型进行不确定性分析，得到了叶片加工误差对气动性能的影响。结果表明:加工误差对气动性能的影响与所处工况有关，最高使得损失增加0.853%；叶型性能对于吸力面表面型线更为敏感，在加工及检测过程应给予更高要求。      

小轮齿面误差与调整参数误差敏感性研究

研究SFT(spiral format tilt)加工法加工的弧齿锥齿轮小轮齿面误差与调整参数误差之间的敏感性关系.给出含刀倾法加工的弧齿锥齿轮齿面模型建立方法,基于齿轮啮合原理建立调整参数误差敏感性分析模型,推导了弧齿锥齿轮小轮的理论齿面方程和误差齿面方程,继而推导了机床调整参数误差作用下的齿面任一点加工误差的解析表达式,并提出了机床调整参数误差对齿面误差的影响系数概念,依此判断各项机床调整参数误差对齿面误差的影响程度.通过理论齿面和误差齿面的比较,确定了各项机床调整参数误差作用下的全齿面法向误差的变化规律.由解析法和数值法求解共同确定了弧齿锥齿轮加工过程中对齿面误差影响较大的调整参数误差项.研究结果可为弧齿锥齿轮齿面误差补偿修正提供理论依据和实践指导.      

平面磨削形状误差的分析

提出了平面磨削形状误差的产生模型,并通过实验验证了其模型的合理性,同时揭示了各种要素对形状误差的影响规律,选定了能使形状误差最小的磨削加工条件。     

光学镜面磁流变抛光误差的频谱特征与分布特性研究

通过分析磁流变抛光误差的频谱特征,发现严重影响成像质量的敏感频率成分误差,采用二维连续小波变换算法确定出敏感频率误差的具体分布区域,分析其演变特征及其与工艺参数之间的关系,为修正加工提供指导,以实现精确控制不同频率成分、不同分布区域光学加工误差和改善成像质量的目的.     

Interaction of the moon with the earth's magnetosphere

The general characteristics and dimensions of the earth's magnetosphere, turbulent transition region, and shock wave are reviewed and examined with regard to their possible active or passive interaction with the moon. The moon may, in turn, have a wake either detectable by space experiments outside the terrestrial shock wave or capable of interacting with the earth's shock wave, wake, or magnetospheric tail. The length and detectability of such a lunar wake depend, among other factors, on the selenomagnetic field and flow characteristics of the solar wind. Direct experimental information on a lunar wake is scanty, being, in fact, limited to one supposed case recorded by the IMP-1 satellite. Some evidence has been claimed, on the other hand, for statistical relationships between geomagnetic disturbance observed at the surface and the age of the moon. These results, however, are partly conflicting with each other as regards the phase of the supposed monthly variations, and partly are lacking statistical significance or merely grazing the significance level. The proximity of the lunar period with the length of the solar rotation, as well as a yearly and half-yearly modulation of the quasi-persistent 27-day fluctuations of geomagnetic disturbance contribute to encumber the question, rendering it very difficult, with the records presently available, to free the supposed lunar effects from solar interference. It seems, therefore, recommendable to postpone a judgement on the reality of such effects.Contribución del Instituto Antártico Argentino No. 109.     

TC11合金高温拉伸断口分形维数的测量

本文提出了一种由断口面粗糙度参数求断口面分维的方法,计算机模拟和TC11钛合金高温拉伸断口面分维测定结果表明:只要对称截取三个垂直剖面,该方法得到的面分线相对误差小于3%,而且同线分维相比,该法获得的面分维能更多地反映出断口表面的几何特征.