基于周期平均的固定翼双旋弹弹道修正方法

针对一种滚转稳定的固定翼双旋弹,提出了一种平均控制力大小可调节的弹道修正方法,并据此设计了该弹的制导与控制方法。根据固定翼双旋弹的高速旋转特性,在对其角运动方程进行简化后进行角运动分析,得到了弹体的合法向力与固定鸭舵偏转角度之间的关系,然后基于周期平均的概念提出了一种弹道修正组件以不同转速、不同振幅旋转以产生大小可控平均法向力的弹道修正方法,并通过六自由度弹道仿真验证了此方法的可行性。分析结果表明,相比于弹道修正组件固定的传统弹道修正方法,这种新型的弹道修正方法可以通过连续地控制平均法向力的大小和方向,实现固定翼双旋弹的制导与控制,消除弹道偏差,提高命中精度。     

固定翼双旋弹动力学分岔特性分析

针对一种滚转稳定的固定翼双旋弹,对其非线性动力学进行了分岔特性分析,并在此基础上研究了各系统参数对其动力学分岔特性的影响。根据固定翼双旋弹非对称的特点,通过数值计算方法研究其飞行过程中平衡点随同向鸭翼安装角的变化规律,通过系统的分岔图得知系统具有三组稳定平衡点,其中只有一组平衡点为理想可行的稳定平衡点,因此需限定同向鸭翼安装角的范围以使固定翼双旋弹保持稳定飞行。在此基础上针对固定翼双旋弹弹道修正组件周期旋转和转角固定两种工作模式,通过各系统参数下的系统分岔图总结了固定翼双旋弹结构及气动力参数对其动力学系统分岔特性的影响。仿真结果表明,固定翼双旋弹的各气动力参数及飞行速度均对系统的分岔特性具有较大影响,应合理选定这些系统参数以使其具有良好的气动特性。     

低旋鸭式弹道修正火箭弹控制力与控制方法研究

针对单通道鸭式弹道修正火箭弹,分析了控制力的产生原理,提出了一种新的舵偏控制方法。简述了弹道修正火箭弹的系统组成和工作原理;根据弹体滚转特性,采用周期平均法确定了弹体在俯仰通道和偏航通道的控制分量;基于周期平均力产生的原理,确定舵机换向的次数、换向相位的选择方法,提出了零位过渡的舵偏控制方法,减小舵机瞬时偏转带来的扰动和对稳定性的影响;对比修正能力,采用正弦舵偏控制方法,确定了控制力的最终算法。最后,通过半实物仿真试验验证,表明正弦舵偏控制方法具有很好的可行性和有效性,能够实现良好的响应速度和控制精度,为后续的制导控制设计提供了有效的理论和技术支持。     

固定鸭舵二维修正弹比例导引律参数优化

针对固定鸭舵二维修正机构控制力有限和比例导引法控制末段需用过载变化过大的问题,提出了一种基于重力补偿比例导引律的过载阈值控制策略。分析了固定鸭舵二维修正机构的控制力及力矩,以落点弹目距离最小为目标函数,选取纵向和横向平面导引系数及过载阈值为设计变量,在重力补偿比例导引律的基础上建立了导引律参数优化模型,并采用差分进化算法（DE）对其进行优化。最后通过外弹道仿真分别从控制段飞行稳定性、控制效率、控制机构过载及控制精度几个方面与传统比例导引律进行对比分析,同时使用蒙特卡洛法验证了控制策略的有效性。结果表明：与传统比例导引律相比,使用该控制策略提高了二维弹道修正迫弹的控制效率,有效降低了控制末段需用过载,弹道控制段飞行稳定性明显提高。     

周期平均控制下固定翼双旋弹角运动特性分析

针对应用在固定翼双旋弹上的一种周期平均控制方法，通过对弹体修正组件滚转角进行傅里叶变换，得到了双旋弹在周期平均控制下角运动方程的模型，进而分析了周期平均控制下固定翼双旋弹的角运动响应，并根据双旋弹角运动特性和执行机构的性能限制给出了周期平均控制角频率的设计方法。引进2种具体的周期平均控制方案作为分析对象，并通过六自由度弹道仿真进行了验证。结果表明，对固定翼双旋弹角运动响应的分析能够反映周期平均控制的特性，周期平均控制角频率的设计方法可以设计出合理的角频率。     

Modified rolling guidance law for single moving mass controlled reentry vehicle against maneuvering target with impact angle constraints

This paper deals with the problem of guidance law design for the single moving mass controlled reentry vehicle when impact angle constraints and maneuvering target are taken into consideration. More specifically, a modified rolling guidance law is proposed with the interactive virtual target and the landing point prediction strategy. First, considering the fact that the roll channel can be controlled directly, the relative motion between the single moving mass controlled reentry vehicle and the ...     

In-Flight Mass Measurement of Small Fragments and Projectiles

Penetration and cratering studies at hypervelocities make use, primarily, of light gas guns and explosive devices to accelerate projectiles for the impact study. The highest velocities achievable to date with other than micron-sized projectiles are obtained from explosive accelerators (shaped charge) or modified light gas guns incorporating a third stage. Such devices produce one or more randomly shaped particles of undetermined mass; and meaningful impact studies at very high velocities require a method of accurate measurement of the mass of a small fragment after acceleration but before impact. An experimental technique for mass measurement, which is simple in concept and operation, has been developed and demonstrated. A high-speed flash X-ray system is used to photograph the projectile or projectiles in flight. A theoretical treatment utilizing the X-ray mass absorption coefficient of the projectile material, and the linearity of the film density as a function of the logarithm of the exposure, is used to demonstrate that the density change over a finite area of the film is directly proportional to the mass in the path of the X-ray beam. The measurement is independent of ``blurring' due to the finite exposure time and tumbling of the projectile. Analysis of the exposed film can be conducted in a few minutes and requires only the measurement of average density at five or six positions on the film. Independent measurements of the masses of all projectiles in the field of view are possible. The demonstrated accuracy of the technique is better than ±5 percent.     

High-velocity impact responses of 2618 aluminum plates for engine containment systems under combined actions of projectile form and oblique angle

Ballistic impact tests were carried out with examined projectiles of the Ti-6Al-4V titanium alloy to investigate the impact response of the 2618 aluminum plates at a nominal velocity of 210 m/s. The influence of projectile forms and oblique angles on damage formation was particularly discussed by applying different loading conditions such as multiple projectile forms and oblique angles. Additionally, the numerical simulation method was employed to provide further insight into the characteristics of damage and target responses. The Johnson-Cook(J-C)constitutive model with revised failure parameters was used to support the simulations to assess target responses and characteristics of the damage created from different impact conditions. Results show that there is a significant transition in the deformation mode as changes of the projectile form are applied. Moreover, the cracks on the back of the 2618 aluminum alloy plates impacted by the solid plate projectile and the hollow blade projectile tend to locate at different positions, which are supposed to be influenced by local bending and stretching. The work in this paper may provide guidance for the design of fan blade containment systems.     

过虚拟交班点的能量最优制导律

针对固定目标的导弹过虚拟交班点制导问题，在希尔伯特空间下，基于最优化理论设计了有无终端落角约束两种情况下的全局能量最优制导律。通过对模型进行线性化，将提出的最优制导模型转化为线性二次型最优控制问题，在此基础上利用零控脱靶量（ZEM）概念对系统模型进行降阶，并推导出解析解。设计的制导律可以使导弹准确经过虚拟交班点，并实现期望终端落角。仿真结果表明，与经典制导律对比，该制导律可以显著减少全局控制能量消耗。     

基于气动分离技术的弹丸弹托分离仿真

为了研究气动分离技术使弹丸弹托分离的情况,对其进行了模拟仿真研究。采用气动分离技术使弹丸弹托分离,基于气体动力学与摩擦力学理论,分别建立了弹托绕流模型与弹丸弹托气动分离模型。使用Fluent进行绕流仿真,得到了不同速度下弹托分离前后状态下的阻力系数,再用Simulink对54式12.7mm穿甲燃烧弹的弹丸和弹托进行分离仿真,得到了弹丸弹托分离过程的特征结果。结果表明,利用气动分离技术可以使弹托和弹丸较好地分离。上述研究为弹丸和弹托的研发、使用提供了有益的参考。     

挤压油膜阻尼器-滑动轴承-转子系统非线性动力特性的数值分析及实验研究

 采用非线性模型,研究挤压油膜阻尼器 -滑动轴承 -转子系统的运动稳定性和分岔特性。利用有限元离散变分不等原理和基于线性规划余原理的迭代方法,求解自由边值条件下的油膜力。采用模态综合技术中的缩减系统线性自由度的方法,并提出基于 Newmark法的预估 -校正 -局部迭代的方法,求解系统响应。采用 Poincaré映射法,将周期解的确定转化为 Poincaré截面上不动点的确定,然后分析不动点的稳定性。最后通过实验转子,从实验与数值计算进行对比分析,验证了挤压油膜阻尼器的减振特性及其提高系统运动稳定性的特性,同时也说明了上述方法可以有效地分析这类系统的局部非线性动力特性。     

滚转舰炮制导炮弹的空间多约束导引与控制一体化设计

在大口径舰炮制导炮弹打击近岸机动目标的末段，考虑攻击角、控制受限、视线（LOS）角速率测量受限等约束，提出了一种基于块动态面与扩张状态观测器（BDSESO）的多约束空间导引与控制一体化设计（IGC）方法。构建了滚转制导炮弹的空间导引与控制一体化的严块反馈串级模型，运用扩张状态观测器估计视线角速率和目标机动、建模误差、风等系统内外不确定干扰。为了在有限时间内零化视线角跟踪误差与视线角速率，采用自适应指数趋近律设计非奇异终端滑模，通过自适应动态面控制有效镇定串级系统并避免微分膨胀，引入自适应Nussbaum增益函数补偿控制受限的饱和非线性。通过Lyapunov理论证明了视线角跟踪误差、视线角速率的有限时间收敛性与全系统状态的一致最终有界性。半实物仿真实验表明：该方法使制导炮弹在打击具有不同机动形式的目标时，均具备较好的末制导性能。     

基于声震探测技术的靶场炸点坐标测量误差分析

针对靶场试验时需要精确确定弹丸落点（终点）坐标的问题,提出一种声震波联合定位方法,该方法具有监控范围大、不受自然条件影响、能发现未爆弹、性价比高、反应快等特点。该方法按照一定的阵形布设传感器,依据弹丸爆炸时产生的声波（或是未爆弹落地产生的震动波）到达各传感器的时间差,采用TDOA（TimeDifferenceofArrival,到达时间差）方法对弹丸落点坐标进行计算。具体阐述了TDOA方法的定位原理,并给出了整个测量系统的组成,简要叙述了整个测量系统的部署方案;采用GDOP（GeometricalDilutionofPrecision,几何稀释精度因子）方法分析了定位误差的主要影响因素,并对各种影响因素带来的误差量进行了详细分析与计算;最后采用本文设计的测量系统针对大口径火炮弹丸终点坐标的测量在靶场进行了试验,试验结果与理论分析的误差较一致,定位精度满足测量的要求。该方法满足靶场快速测量的要求。     

基于自适应IMM的高超声速飞行器轨迹预测

为了给基于预测命中点法的高超声速飞行器中制导拦截提供先验知识,提出高超声速飞行器的轨迹预测方法。首先,给出高超声速环境下与目标姿态近似线性的气动参数;其次,针对气动参数作控制量的运动模型,设计自适应交互多模型（IMM）跟踪算法,并进行性能有效性验证;然后,根据气动参数特性和目标假设机动方式,设计基于最小二乘拟合的轨迹预测方法。通过对目标轨迹进行跟踪和预测仿真,预测100 s的位置误差均小于5 km,速度误差均小于100 m/s,结果表明基于自适应IMM的轨迹预测方法对有规律机动的目标进行轨迹预测,效果良好。     

Numerical simulation of high-velocity element collisions with shell and filler of aerospace structures

The fracture pattern of shells with a filler at collision with high-speed projectiles is analyzed. The special features of the projectile and barrier fragmentation and formation of debris fields, and the impact of the shock wave on the filler are revealed.     

The Dynamic Stability of a Dual-Spin Satellite

The attitude stability of a dual-spin satellite containing energy disipators on both bodies is investigated. Following Mingori, a symmetrical configuration of the satellite with a mass-spring-dashpot damper on each part is considered, and some new stability results are derived by the application of the Routh-Hurwitz criterion. lt is indicated that the Routh-Hurwitz criterion gives only sufficient conditions of stability for the dual-spin satellite considered. A criterion which is believed to represent both the necessary and sufficient condition of stability is presented here and this is used to check the stability of two specific designs of the dual-spin satellite.     

Linear-quadratic and norm-bounded differential game combined guidance strategy against active defense aircraft in three-player engagement

A new type of guidance strategy, combining linear quadratic and norm-bounded game theory, is proposed for the scenario of an attacker against active defense aircraft in three-player engagement. The problem involves three players, an attacker, a defender and a target. The differential game theory and the solution of Hamiltonian equation are utilized to obtain the combined guidance strategy for each player with arbitrary-order dynamics. The game process is divided into 4 phases, C1-C4, according to the switching time. The linear quadratic differential game guidance scheme is employed to reduce the fuel cost in the game parts of C1 and C3. The norm-bounded game guidance strategy is adopted to satisfy the constraint of control input in the game stages C2 and C4. Furthermore, zero-effort miss distance is introduced to meet the constraints of game space and defender’s killing radius in the guidance strategy, which guarantees that the attacker is able to avoid the interception of the defender and hit the target with lower fuel cost and maximum acceleration. And it is proved that the proposed guidance strategy satisfies the Nash equilibrium condition. Finally, the feasibility and superiority of combined guidance strategy are respectively illustrated by nonlinear numerical simulation and verified by comparing with linear quadratic and norm-bounded differential game guidance strategies.     

Bomb damage assessment using a dispensed sensor projectile

The problem of obtaining images of a target site after munition impact is approached by releasing a small projectile equipped with a camera from a dropped munition. A ballute is deployed from the sensor projectile shortly after release from the munition. This type of system is capable of viewing munition impact and subsequent target effects over a wide variety of conditions and offers the possibility of real-time battle damage assessment (BDA). However, fundamental limits exist on the duration that the camera is able to view the target after impact for a particular required separation distance between the sensor projectile and the target at impact and the field of regard (FOR) of the camera. Munition release altitude and velocity significantly affect these fundamental limits. Optimal performance is attained under high altitude and low speed munition drop conditions. Basic characteristics of the camera projectile also significantly influence system performance. Maximum target view time is attained with a low weight high drag configuration., To reduce the maximum acceleration experienced by the sensor projectile, a small delay time between the release of the small sensor projectile from the munition and inflation of ballute is required.     

基于Kane方法的双旋弹飞行动力学建模及仿真

针对双旋弹飞行动力学建模,提出了基于Kane方法建立树形多刚体系统动力学方程的方法.分析了双旋弹后体和前体的运动,并分别建立了其动力学方程,综合得到了双旋弹的七自由度飞行动力学方程.基于四元数转换,建立了双旋弹转动运动学方程.通过编程对双旋弹的无控和有控运动特性进行了仿真分析.结果表明,双旋弹无控时以小迎角稳定飞行;有控飞行时弹体产生配平迎角,且纵向和横向修正会出现交叉耦合.     

基于预测模型迭代优化的改进比例导引律

为了提高对加速度时变机动目标的制导精度,将预测决策理论与传统比例导引(PN)相结合,提出了一种通过泰勒级数预测模型迭代控制加速度修正项的改进比例导引律。首先,以预设的低阶泰勒级数预测模型预测特定时间的位移,并计算位移预测值与测量值的差值;然后,通过迭代方法逐阶增加泰勒级数预测模型阶数,直至满足精度要求;最后,计算泰勒级数预测模型的二阶导数,修正比例导引律的加速度指令。仿真结果表明,传统PN和APN的脱靶量分别约为195 m和95 m,提出的改进比例导引律的脱靶量约为8.3 m,极大地提高了制导精度。