History of monopulse radar in the USSR

Monopulse radars have played an important role in air and missile defense systems since the development of the monopulse technique in the late 1940s. This paper outlines the application of monopulse radars in Russian defense systems, starting with the Moscow ABM system and continuing in instrumentation and air defense radars now widely deployed in Russia and elsewhere     

对测量雷达的一些新需求与精细测量技术

新一代测量雷达在发展各种先进武器平台与航空航天及空间技术方面有广泛的应用前景。本文讨论对测量雷达的一些新的需求及相关技术,对雷达精细测量的需求与有关技术是本文讨论重点。     

低仰角大气折射误差对初轨精度的影响分析

针对在交会对接任务中测量船使用的电波折射经验模型存在低仰角跟踪测量修正精度差的问题提出改进思路,在模型中引入基于天顶延迟的拟合算法优化修正模型,提高了船载雷达低仰角跟踪时距离的修正精度,满足了测量船数据处理的精度需求。用新方法处理数据,计算的轨道根数半长轴外符合误差平均降低了605m,有效提高了测量船定轨精度。     

雷达测量时标误差修正模型研究

研究了任务中出现的雷达测量时标误差现象，用数据比对及差分法对该问题进行分析，采用面积及残差方差最优的方法确定时标误差的采样点数，利用提出的方法分析并解决了跟踪雷达测量数据可能出现的时标误差问题，验证了方法的正确性和有效性。     

脉冲测量雷达卫星标定方法研究

对脉冲测量雷达卫星标定方法的原理和工程应用等问题进行了研究,提出了标定模型和方法,分析了雷达跟踪能力和卫星定轨保障等工程应用问题,并对标定效果进行了仿真验证。     

基于遗传算法的多部测速雷达布站优化研究

通过部署于不同地点的多部无源多普勒测速雷达,可以对有辐射信号源的机动飞行目标进行跟踪测量,并且可以对目标位置和速度信息进行最佳估计。本文探讨了遗传算法在测速雷达布站优化中的使用方法,分析了误差传播矩阵,建立了简易目标函数,利用遗传算法对信标体制下的多普勒测速单站的布站几何进行了优化。     

Radar in the Soviet Union and Russia: a brief historical outline

This paper outlines the historical development of radar in the Soviet Union and Russia. Emphasis was given to only two classes of radars: surveillance radars for air defense (AD) systems; and radars for surface-to-air missile (SAM) systems.     

Effects of Modulation Nonlinearity on the Range Response of FM Radars

The effect of modulation nonlinearity on the range response of FM radars with harmonic processing and ?triangle? modulation is derived. The nonlinearity may be desirable or undesirable; that is, the sidelobe level of the range response may be decreased or increased depending on the shape and amount of nonlinearity. The results of this paper may be used to predict the actual range laws of existing ?linear? FM radars; or, alternately, to specify the desired amount of modulation nonlinearity for new FM radars so that superior sidelobe suppression can be realized.     

空间目标探测与识别雷达工作频段与体制选择探讨

根据空间目标探测与识别雷达的任务要求,通过对雷达搜索、扫描、探测、多目标处理能力、分辨率的技术分析与经济性比较,给出了空间目标探测与识别雷达工作频段与体制选择的参考性结论。     

Reacting to new air defence threats: a netcentric approach to the Hungarian air defence system augmented by VHF radars

Different types of distributed radar systems and data fusion centers are increasingly used by surface-based air defense systems. Besides the well-established airborne threats, new platforms for air surveillance and attacking devices have appeared and recognized air picture (RAP) production needs to be revised and modified following the events of September 11, 2001. From a military operational and logistic support point of view, it is well-known that not only the long range radars currently in operation, but also the recently procured radars, degrade in performance rapidly and their maintenance costs are high. Using the possibilities offered by emerging technical developments, the problem is to upgrade sensors and existing infrastructure in a way that exploits the information gathered optimally. It is the opinion of this author that one of the most promising approaches to emphasis net-centricity is the use of radar-triangle netcentric structures augmented by netted VHF radars to solve these tasks in a cost-effective manner. This work introduces an analysis of a solution that fully integrates newly required capabilities into the current long range radar net and infrastructure, keeping research and development (R&D) and maintenance at a low cost.     

脉冲雷达凝视模式下低轨碎片相对运动特征分析

脉冲雷达凝视模式是一种探测低轨小碎片的重要方式,其中低轨碎片与雷达的径向运动关系是碎片统计分析的基础.为推算碎片相对雷达的运动特征,基于坐标系的相互转换,先利用雷达测站信息,得到可见碎片在地惯坐标系下的轨道信息;再逆向将目标不同时刻的位置转换至测站坐标系下,得到目标的径向运动特征.在不同要素（雷达波束指向、雷达仰角、测站纬度、目标距离）下,仿真及对比分析了各个参数对速度模糊度、雷达可见性等的影响,得出在凝视模式下目标相对雷达近似做径向匀加速运动,这为后续试验工作提供有力的依据.     

天基与地基测量数据融合技术在靶场的应用

随着GPS技术的发展,靶场的测控也在逐步由地基测控网过渡到天地结合的一体化综合测控网。如何将天基测量数据同靶场现有的高精度测量带测量数据融合处理,近年成为数据处理的热点话题。本文就某具体任务,对天基和地基测量数据融合技术的方法和工程应用作了详细介绍,给出了初步的结论,提出了天基测量数据在工程应用时应注意的问题和有待进一步分析的问题。     

Medium PRF Performance Analysis

A discussion of various types of x-band airborne radars is presented together with their systematic development through the years to the present time. Starting with simple, low pulse-repetition frequency (PRF) radars for measuring radar-target range, airborne radar development proceeded with more sophisticated high PRF Doppler radars where radar-target range and range rate were measured simultaneously. The use of Doppler (frequency) in signal processing allowed the separation of moving from nonmoving targets (ground), enabling the detection of moving targets in the presence of ground clutter. More recent developments in waveform generation and selection has resulted in the development of medium PRF radars, whereby a greater degree of tactical flexibility in target detection is achieved by combining the desirable features of both low and high PRF radars. Part of the available literature gives an overview, together with a specific example of the design and performance of an airborne medium PRF radar. Here, however, the systematic evolution of these radars is emphasized and the necessary theoretical background is developed for their performance calculations. Modern day airborne radars may be equipped with all three modes of operation, low, medium, and high PRF, allowing the operator to utilize the mode best suited for the tactical encounter. Low PRF and high PRF radars have been described elsewhere and are given here primarily for the sake of completeness and for the necessary background for developing medium PRF radar equations. They are also needed for developing the reasons why medium PRF radars came into being.     

基于变分贝叶斯的星载雷达非线性滤波

星载雷达由于其探测范围广、距离远、全天候等优点，在预警防御系统中占有十分重要的地位。然而，由于观测平台的高速运动以及摄动干扰、传感器观测非线性等问题，使得星载雷达目标高精度跟踪带来严峻挑战。针对星载雷达非线性状态估计问题，采用一种基于变分贝叶斯的非线性滤波方法，该方法通过将非线性状态估计问题转化为优化问题，通过迭代优化获得了闭环解析解。此外，针对坐标变换中俯仰角量测缺失问题，提出了一种基于先验目标高度的俯仰角估计方法。通过数值仿真，验证了所提方法较传统非线性滤波方法，如扩展卡尔曼滤波、不敏卡尔曼滤波、转换量测卡尔曼滤波，具有更好的估计精度。     

New Developments in Radar and Radio Sensors for Aircraft Navigation

Recent developments in airborne Doppler and ground mapping navigation radars and ground and satellite based radio systems are described. Simultaneous lobing and slope tracking techniques can remove the well-known Doppler sea bias error in fast and slowly moving vehicles. Doppler velocity information can be extracted from coherent forward-looking mapping radars, and high position fixing accuracy can be achieved by synthetic aperture radars. In radio navigation systems, such as Loran, Omega, and satellite systems, direct-ranging and differential techniques greatly reduce the geometric dilution and propagation effects which have plagued conventional radio navigation systems. The advantages gained by mixing of the data from these and other navigation sensors in a digital multisensor system are discussed and approaches for processing these data are suggested.     

Extended Area Range Instrumentation System Utilizing DME Links

Updated and expanded range instrumentation installations require a system capable of actually tracking and controlling large numbers of vehicles over expanded areas. A range instrumentation system is discussed based on distance measurement equipment (DME) coupled with high performance data links which satisfies these requirements. Previously developed DME systems utilized a single frequency data link, required a low sample rate, and accomodated only a few vehicles. The DME range instrumentation system described will handle a large number of test vehicles and accomodate high data rates without performance degradation. This is accomplished by incorporating surface acoustic wave (SAW) devices and microprocessors with previous developed technology. A system performance analysis for various configurations of the range instrumentations system design is also presented.     

2D雷达组网中目标高度估计误差的Cramér-Rao限

 在由2坐标雷达组成的雷达网中,推导了目标高度估计误差的CRLB(Cram&;#225;r-Rao限),并通过不同条件下的数值计算得到了一些结论。结果表明,目标高度估计误差的CRLB既与雷达的测角误差有关,也与目标和2个雷达站形成的夹角有关系,雷达配置在不同的高度上有利于目标高度估计的收敛性。这些结论对于2坐标雷达组网以及雷达网中的传感器管理具有指导意义。     

微波统一测控系统的电子防护能力分析与对策建议

通过对微波统一测控系统的电子防护能力和安全威胁分析,给出了进一步提高电子防护能力的对策建议。     

Monopulse Radars Excited by Gaussian Signals

This paper presents the theoretical probability densities of the outputs of both an amplitude-comparison monopulse radar and a phase-comparison monopulse radar when the monopulse radars are excited by Gaussian signals plus Gaussian noises. These probability densities are useful for studying the responses of monopulse radars to noise excitations. For example: Noise excitations arise when the monopulse radars are ?viewing? a noise source or a radar target consisting of randomly moving scatterers. The probability densities also serve as useful approximations for characterizing the outputs of monopulse radars when sinusoidal signals plus Gaussian noises excite the monopulse radars. Some special cases of the probability densities are presented in graphs.