The Use of Quaternions in the Optimal Control Problems of Motion of the Center of Mass of a Spacecraft in a Newtonian Gravitational Field: I

The problem of optimal control is considered for the motion of the center of mass of a spacecraft in a central Newtonian gravitational field. For solving the problem, two variants of the equations of motion for the spacecraft center of mass are used, written in rotating coordinate systems. Both the variants have a quaternion variable among the phase variables. In the first variant this variable characterizes the orientation of an instantaneous orbit of the spacecraft and (simultaneously) the spacecraft location in this orbit, while in the second variant only the instantaneous orbit orientation is specified by it. The suggested equations are convenient in the respect that they allow the general three-dimensional problem of optimal control by the motion of the spacecraft center of mass to be considered as a composition of two interrelated problems. In the first variant these problems are (1) the problem of control of the shape and size of the spacecraft orbit and (2) the problem of control of the orientation of a spacecraft orbit and the spacecraft location in this orbit. The second variant treats (1) the problem of control of the shape and size of the spacecraft orbit and the orbit location of the spacecraft and (2) the problem of control of the orientation of the spacecraft orbit. The use of quaternion variables makes this consideration most efficient. The problem of optimal control is solved on the basis of the maximum principle. Several first integrals of the systems of equations of the boundary value problems of the maximum principle are found. Transformations are suggested that reduce the dimensions of the systems of differential equations of boundary value problems (without complicating them). Geometrical interpretations are given to the transformations and first integrals. The relation of the vectorial first integral of one of the derived systems of equations (which is an analog of the well-known vectorial first integral of the studied problem of optimal control) with the found quaternion first integral is considered. In this paper, which is the first part of the work, we consider the models of motion of the spacecraft center of mass that employ quaternion variables. The problem of optimal control by the motion of the spacecraft center of mass is investigated on the basis of the first variant of equations of motion. An example of a numerical solution of the problem is given.     

航天器热设计中的系统性和鲁棒性

从航天器系统设计最优的角度,讨论了热设计应关注的几个问题:系统最优而非分系统指标最优的热设计原则,合理并充分利用航天器资源的热管理思路,解决航天器研制问题的热设计最小重构手段,适应航天器在轨意外故障的鲁棒性热设计方法。提出了现阶段航天器热设计应适当增加主动热控比例的设计原则;结合卫星应用实例,给出了充分利用电加热这种简单可靠的主动热控手段,来提高热设计鲁棒性,从而提升热设计系统性的方案和流程。     

空间飞行器展开与驱动机构研究进展

空间飞行器展开与驱动机构是空间飞行器机构领域的一个重要组成部分。随着我国航天技术的发展，该项技术有了长足进步，对其设计方法和具体工程问题的研究也日渐深入。本文概述了空间飞行器机构的分类与构成，对展开与驱动机构的国内外研究概况进行了分析。结合工程应用，提出了在系统任务分析与设计中的力矩（力）裕度、精度分配、机构非线性、阻尼控制、热匹配、空间润滑、可靠性分析与试验七个典型工程问题。对这些问题逐一分析了其性质、作用及其对系统的影响，探讨了其研究内容和研究方向。展望了我国空间飞行器展开与驱动机构的发展前景。     

Spacecraft Injection into a Heliocentric Terrestrial Orbit

We consider the problem of injection of a spacecraft into the heliocentric Earth's orbit ahead and/or behind the Earth by 60° and 120° in heliographic longitude. The range of solar and astrophysical problems for which these orbits are necessary is reviewed. The variants of injection into heliocentric orbits work from a low around-Earth orbit with one turn-on of the engine in this orbit and one turn-on at the end of the injection trajectory. In this case, it turns out to be more profitable to put spacecraft into orbit for three or even four revolutions of the Earth about the Sun. The velocities necessary for the start from a low around-Earth orbit, the velocities at the final point of injection, and the fuel mass (relative to the spacecraft mass) necessary for injection are estimated. The problems for which injection to similar orbits is executed, using the low-thrust engine and with a combined regime of injection, are also considered.     

The use of solutions to problems of spacecraft trajectory optimization in impulse formulation when solving the problems of optimal control of trajectories of a spacecraft with limited thrust engine: II

As examples of application of the technique suggested in the first part of this work, the problems of optimizing the trajectories of spacecraft transfers between circular coplanar orbits are considered in this second part. During the transfer the spacecraft is controlled by the vector of thrust of a limited-thrust jet engine. The mass consumption is minimized for a limited time of transfer. Extreme trajectories with two and three powered sections (Homan-type and bi-elliptic transfer trajectories) are numerically determined. The solution of these well-studied problems allows one to compare the results of applying the suggested technique with the results of application of other previously used techniques.     

A Review of Hypervelocity Debris Testing at the Air Force Research Laboratory

In this paper, we describe a compact, low cost, fast turn-around-time technique used at the Air Force Research Laboratory to study hypervelocity debris impact effects on spacecraft structures and components. The technique described was used to study debris effects in the areas of: shock physics, debris-produced contamination, chemical analyses of the impact ejecta and debris initiated spacecraft discharge. Examples of research results obtained with the technique are presented and illustrate problems encountered in the field of space debris effects on spacecraft.     

欠驱动挠性航天器的单轴指向控制

研究欠驱动挠性航天器的单轴指向控制问题,该问题理论上涉及高维控制系统的非线性控制
,工程上对于航天器配置优化和提高控制系统可靠性非常重要。为此,提出了两段控制方法
：第一段是角速度镇定,第二段是在初始角速度为小量时的单轴指向控制。在此基础上,将
两段控制结合提出了完整的单轴指向控制算法,该算法能够有效保证闭环控制系统的大范围
渐近稳定性。理论分析和仿真结果验证了所提出控制方法的有效性。     

Features of RadioAstron Mission Control

Support means of the Spektr-R spacecraft flight and features of the Mission Control Center operation and spacecraft control are considered. Software for scheduling and preparing sessions of controlling and simulating for the spacecraft operation are considered. The problems of ballistic navigation support of the spacecraft flight are presented. Ground spacecraft control segment and software for analyzing and imaging telemetric information are considered.     

Profiles of quick access to the orbital station for modern spacecraft

The problems of decreasing the duration of the autonomous flight of a spacecraft (SC) before the docking with an orbital station (OS) are considered in this paper. Modern SCs should be docked with the International Space Station (ISS) with an arbitrary initial phase angle; for this reason, the rendezvous of the Russian Soyuz-TMA spacecraft with the ISS is performed for 2 days. The paper presents to consideration some new flight profiles with essentially smaller duration. The results of modeling the developed rendezvous profiles are presented and solutions to emergency situations are considered.     

基于磁悬浮控制力矩陀螺的航天器姿态高精度高带宽测量方法

针对航天器姿态测量精度和带宽之间相互制约问题,提出一种基于磁悬浮陀螺的航天器姿态高精度、高带宽测量方法。根据刚体动力学和坐标变换原理建立磁悬浮转子径向转动合外力矩模型。在框架静止条件下,通过实时检测磁悬浮控制力矩陀螺（MSCMG）中的磁轴承电流、磁悬浮转子位移,计算出磁悬浮转子径向转动所受合外力矩以及磁悬浮转子径向偏转信息,间接得到航天器运动对磁悬浮转子径向转动作用力矩,进而求出航天器单轴姿态角速度和姿态角加速度。不同带宽下的仿真结果表明,本测量方法能同时检测出航天器单方向的姿态角速度和角加速度,并且满足高精度高带宽要求。     

The use of solutions to problems of spacecraft trajectory optimization in impulse formulation when solving the problems of optimal control of trajectories of a spacecraft with limited thrust engine: I

In this first part of our paper, it is suggested to use solutions to boundary value problems in the optimization problems (in impulse formulation) for spacecraft trajectories in order to obtain the initial approximation, when boundary value problems of the maximum principle are solved numerically by the shooting method. The technique suggested is applied to the problems of optimal control over motion of the center of mass of a spacecraft controlled by the thrust vector of jet engine with limited thrust in an arbitrary gravitational field in a vacuum. The method is based on a modified (in comparison to the classic scheme) shooting method computation together with the method of continuation along a parameter (maximum reactive acceleration, initial thrust-to-weight ratio, or any other parameter equivalent to them). This technique allows one to obtain the initial approximation with a high precision, and it is applicable to a wide range of optimal control problems solved using the maximum principle, if the impulse formulation makes sense for these problems.     

航天器热平衡温度预测的粒子群算法

为解决航天器热平衡试验温度外推预测方法中存在的问题,提出了热平衡温度预测的粒子群优化算法。根据热平衡温度模型,建立待优化的目标函数以及热平衡温度粒子群算法的计算流程。依据某型号卫星热平衡试验的前期温度数据,对热平衡极限温度以及瞬时温度进行预测,并与实测数据进行了比对。计算结果与实测数据相比具有较好的一致性,所提出的方法可有效地应用于航天器热平衡试验温度预测。     

A Proposal for Constructing a Group of Space Objects for Solving Transport and Energy Problems

We propose to develop a scheme for a group of space objects which includes a set of orbital tethers and exchange masses. These objects are injected into circumterrestrial orbits. A variety of problems can be solved with the help of this space system, namely, transport problems and problems of converting the electric power generated onboard spacecraft into mechanical energy of motion of the space objects. In the future, natural celestial bodies (in particular, the Moon) can be considered as elements of the system. This opens up the possibility of using the energy of motion of the Moon both for solving transport problems and for generating electric power onboard spacecraft.     

Project Galileo: completing Europa, preparing for Io.

Galileo has completed the Europa leg of the Galileo Europa Mission, and is now pumping down the apojove in each succeeding orbit in preparation for the Io phase. Including three encounters earlier in the primary mission, the total of ten close passes by Europa have provided a wealth of interesting and provocative information about this intriguing body. The results presented include new and exciting information about Europa's interactions with Jupiter's magnetosphere, its interior structure, and its tantalizing surface features, which strongly hint at a watery subsurface layer. Additional data concerning Callisto, and its own outlook for a subsurface ocean are also presented. In addition the engineering aspects of operating the spacecraft during the past year are explored, as well as a brief examination of what will be the challenges to prepare for the Io encounters. The steadily increasing radiation dosage that the spacecraft is experiencing is well beyond the original design parameters, and is contributing to a number of spacecraft problems and concerns. The ability of the flight team to analyze and solve these problems, even at the reduced staffing levels of an extended mission, is a testament to their tenacity and loyalty to the mission. The engineering data being generated by these continuing radiation-induced anomalies will prove invaluable to designers of future spacecraft to Jupiter and its satellites. The lessons learned during this arduous process are presented.     

Solving Optimization Problems for the Flight Trajectories of a Spacecraft with a High-Thrust Jet Engine in Pulse Formulation for an Arbitrary Gravitational Field in a Vacuum

A mathematically well-posed technique is suggested to obtain first-order necessary conditions of local optimality for the problems of optimization to be solved in a pulse formulation for flight trajectories of a spacecraft with a high-thrust jet engine (HTJE) in an arbitrary gravitational field in vacuum. The technique is based on the Lagrange principle of derestriction for conditional extremum problems in a function space. It allows one to formalize an algorithm of change from the problems of optimization to a boundary-value problem for a system of ordinary differential equations in the case of any optimization problem for which the pulse formulation makes sense. In this work, such a change is made for the case of optimizing the flight trajectories of a spacecraft with a HTJE when terminal and intermediate conditions (like equalities, inequalities, and the terminal functional of minimization) are taken in a general form. As an example of the application of the suggested technique, we consider in this work, within the framework of a bounded circular three-point problem in pulse formulation, the problem of constructing the flight trajectories of a spacecraft with a HTJE through one or several libration points (including the case of going through all libration points) of the Earth–Moon system. The spacecraft is launched from a circular orbit of an Earth's artificial satellite and, upon passing through a point (or points) of libration, returns to the initial orbit. The expenditure of mass (characteristic velocity) is minimized at a restricted time of transfer.     

Optimisation non-linéaire de l'ensemble attitude-gain de vitesse d'un véhicule spatial monotuyere

In the standard control design of powered spacecraft, guidance and attitude control are two independent problems which are attacked separately. As an example of joint guidance and attitude control synthesis, this communication presents the solution to the planar, minimum-time, optimal control problem of a powered spacecraft. The control is determined by a numerical technique based upon the maximum principle. The results provide a display of the various possible maneuver shapes and then provide a guide for a practical definition of closed-loop control laws.     

航天器研制全过程污染控制工程

污染控制体系的完善,控制技术的成熟,对航天器研制至关重要,本文简要说明了污染控制的重要性,以及由于污染造成航天器失效的例子,比较详细地介绍了航天器项目各阶段污染控制的一些方法,最后简要介绍了污染领域的发展方向和急需解决的问题。     

Optimization of passive orbit with the use of gravity maneuver

A high-precision method of calculating gravitational interactions is applied in order to determine optimal trajectories. A number of problems, necessary for determination of optimal parameters at a launch of a spacecraft and during its flyby near celestial bodies, are considered. The spacecraft trajectory was determined by numerical integration of the equations of passive motion of the spacecraft and of the equations of motion for planets, the Sun, and the Moon. The optimal trajectory of the spacecraft approaching the Sun is determined by fitting its initial conditions.     

用蒙特卡罗方法求解航天器的有效太阳辐照面积

文章利用蒙特卡罗射线踪迹方法,建立复杂几何构型航天器在遭受太阳辐照下辐照面积的数学模型,对KFTA小太阳模拟器内太阳光入射条件下的航天器辐照面积进行数值模拟,解决了温度场求解中太阳对航天器表面直接投射的关键问题。计算结果表明：此方法提出了求解太阳入射辐射的新思路,将原来复杂的解析过程简化为几个概率模型。