波转子非定常泄漏流动机理

针对制约波转子性能的泄漏问题,通过提取波转子中与泄漏相关的主要流动现象并建立波转子单通道泄漏模型,对非定常泄漏流动机制进行了详细的数值研究,对本文给出的非定常泄漏损失预测模型进行了数值验证。结果表明:转子通道中存在不同程度的压力波动,波动幅值与间隙宽度有关;连续反射膨胀波、周期性出现的弓形激波及其反射激波是压力波动的根本原因;间隙内部泄漏过程存在3个主要的流动阶段;泄漏过程中通道激波传播速度不变、波后时均压力不变;在一定间隙宽度范围内,激波马赫数、激波静增压比与无量纲间隙宽度均呈线性关系,当间隙宽度从0增大到0.08时,激波马赫数衰减7.3%,激波静增压比衰减10.1%;泄漏流动通过泄漏产生的主膨胀波对激波传播过程施加影响,通道激波衰减本质上是理想激波与主膨胀波叠加效应的结果;泄漏损失预测模型与数值结果吻合良好。     

Non-synchronous blade vibration analysis of a transonic fan

This study numerically investigates the aeromechanic behavior of a transonic fan model with a flat tip-leading-edge on the NASA rotor 67 test case. Single-passage unsteady calculations at a near stall operating point of 82% design speed show that the dominant frequencies of mass flow were not the harmonics of the rotor rotational frequency. A full-annulus fluid–structure interaction analysis was subsequently carried out to examine the unsteady flows and their interactions with blade vibrations. The results show that the modal displacement of the backward traveling seventh nodal diameter of the second torsion mode grew exponentially, which reveals that the blade vibration was non-synchronous. The vibration pattern indicates that the aerodynamic mode was resonant with the structural vibration mode. Around the rotor tip, the circumferential vortical propagation induced by interactions among the main flow, tip leakage flow, and tip clearance vortex was the source of aerodynamic excitation. To clarify the mechanism of the non-synchronous vibration, the coupling between aerodynamic disturbance and structural response, i.e., aliasing, was summarized. The frequency spectra of the fluctuating pressure show that an aerodynamic Backward Traveling Wave (BTW) was co-aliased to a structural BTW due to the propagation of the circumferential vortex. The correlation between the frequency and free convective speed of the aerodynamic disturbance determined the directions of aliasing.     

单级轴流大小叶片压气机非定常流场数值研究

通过数值模拟方法对单级轴流大小叶片压气机与常规叶栅压气机的非定常压力场进行分析与对比,结果表明:由于小叶片的分隔效应,使得转子通道的非定常压力和单叶片非定常负荷脉动大大增强,并促进了压力波向上游的传播;但转、静子单元的整体扭矩和轴向力脉动降低;绝对坐标系下转子入口处的压力波动是转子势扰动、动静干扰产生的压力波和此波在周向的不均匀性的综合作用,不同的入口周向位置,压力波的幅值相位存在较大差别,小叶片的存在强化了这种差别.     

周向总压畸变进气下叶片前掠对转子稳定性的影响

以跨声速压气机NASA转子11为原型进行前掠改进,对得到的前掠转子与原型转子内流场进行了定常数值模拟,结果表明:在设计转速下前掠转子的性能有所提高,尤其是近失速流量有明显的降低.在周向总压畸变进气条件下,对转子11和前掠转子进行了非定常数值模拟,两者的性能较均匀进气条件下都出现了不同程度的下降,但前掠转子的近失速流量仍明显低于转子11,这是因为转子11叶尖区域处气流较前掠转子更易堵塞.      

当量油气比对内燃波转子燃烧特性的影响

为了研究当量油气比对内燃波转子燃烧特性的影响规律,采用控制变量法,保持内燃波转子转速、混气填充速度不变,通过调节燃料喷射体积流量改变混气的当量油气比。在不同的当量油气比下开展内燃波转子燃烧特性试验。试验结果表明:当量油气比对于内燃波转子燃烧过程影响很大,随着当量油气比的增加,内燃波转子获得的燃烧压力增益增大,在内燃波转子转速为900r/min、混气填充速度为6.741m/s、当量油气比为1.442时,6个工作循环内平均燃烧压力增益达到246.29％,火焰平均传播速度随当量油气比呈类似正态分布,在化学恰当比附近达到最大10.8m/s。当量油气比小于1时,两组工况下火焰锋面呈向下倾斜状传播,当量油气比大于1时,两组工况下火焰锋面呈向上倾斜状传播。      

低速轴流压气机叶尖非定常流动试验

利用动态压力传感器对一低速轴流压气机转子的叶顶间隙流场进行详细的试验测量,通过对信号特征的分析,对压气机节流过程中叶顶间隙的非定常流动发展演变规律进行了研究。结果表明：压气机完全失速时,叶尖存在一以46.5%转子转速周向传播的失速团;节流过程中,叶尖前缘处的动态压力信号中存在非定常波动的特征频率带,其变化规律与叶顶流场压力非定常波动的能量迁移有关;随着压气机流量减小,叶顶泄漏流影响区域向前缘移动,失速团在叶顶前缘附近产生,并向尾缘方向扩展,最终覆盖叶片全部弦长;近失速工况时,叶顶间隙相邻通道内泄漏流相互作用,造成通道中的低压区“一前一后”交替分布从而形成一个空间上周期约2个叶片通道的扰动波。     

Aeroelastic simulation of the first 1.5-stage aeroengine fan at rotating stall

A massive parallel aeroelastic simulation platform has been built to investigate the first 1.5-stage fan of an aeroengine at rotating stall. The Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) solver and Computational Structural Dynamics (CSD) solver are coupled directly by non-matching mesh interfaces. The unsteady rotor/stator interaction is solved by the Sliding Mesh Interface method. The original rotor blades are shrouded by the midspan shrouds. An unshrouded fan is also created to investigate the effects of the midspan shrouds. Both the shrouded fan and unshrouded fan have stable aeroelasticity at the designed state. At rotating stall, the stalled region rotates at 30% of the rotor speed on the absolute reference frame. The energy spectrum of the rotating stalled flow is measured quantitatively. It shows that the first two order excitations are much stronger than the higher order excitations. In the flow of rotating stall, the fifth backward travelling wave mode of shrouded fan is resonated by the fifth excitation of the rotational stalled flow because the rotational speed of the stalled region coincides with the modal rotational speed, while for the unshrouded fan, the first bending mode is resonated by the second excitation of the rotational stalled flow, forming two waves in the circumference of the annulus blades. At rotating stall, the vibration of the shrouded blades is still under control but the vibration of the unshrouded blades is diverged and out of control. A novel tool, i.e., resonance map, is proposed to predict the resonance. It provides a perspective to explain the effects of midspan shrouds at a theoretical level, and it would also be helpful in the structural design of blades.     

跨声速压气机转子叶尖泄漏涡非定常特性数值研究

为了研究跨声速单转子压气机系统叶尖泄漏涡的非定常特性,选取Rotor 67孤立转子为研究对象,针对不同背压工况与不同转速工况进行了非定常数值模拟。结果表明:在每一转速状态都存在一非定常边界,其将特性线分为定常部分和非定常部分。当转子运行在特性线非定常部分时,随着背压提高,叶尖泄漏涡脉动频率逐渐减小。这是由于背压提高使叶尖前缘负荷变小,叶尖泄漏涡的驱动力也变小。叶尖泄漏涡的频率特征与转子转速息息相关。高转速状态时叶尖泄漏涡主要表现出低频特征,低转速状态时叶尖泄漏涡主要表现出高频特征。这是由于转速不同,叶尖激波的脱体程度不同,激波对于叶尖泄漏涡的激励位置也不同。由非定常叶尖泄漏涡引起的压力波的周向传播速度在各转速下表现出较强的规律性。随着流量系数的减小,压力波波速呈线性减小趋势,且各转速下减小的速率大致相同。且在波速-流量系数曲线中,各转速的非定常状态起始点基本位于同一条直线。      

压气机内部噪声特征与转子叶片声固耦合机理分析

航空发动机压气机转子叶片故障多由机械激励和气动激励造成,而高强声波对转子叶片的激振因素不容忽视。通过开展某型涡扇发动机压气机内部噪声测试试验,研究压气机转子叶片振动机理及其与噪声信号的对应关系。阐述了压气机内部旋转不稳定性非定常压力波作用机制,提出了基于刚性壁声波导管技术的导出式噪声测量方法,完成了某型涡扇发动机压气机内部噪声信号测试,对噪声信号进行了频谱分析和声传播特性分析。研究结果表明,某型涡扇发动机压气机内部噪声信号频谱呈现高峰值纯音分量1 402 Hz,并且该纯音分量与转子叶片通过频率呈现特定的频率组合关系。该纯音分量的噪声源在压气机内部沿发动机顺航向方向从后向前传播。利用旋转不稳定性理论,将声源频率在不同坐标系下进行转换,当噪声源周向模态数为13时,该纯音分量可调制出与高压一级转子叶片一阶振动频率相对应的激振频率。     

脉冲爆震环境下涡轮性能及气热负荷的时序演变规律

针对脉冲爆震发动机涡轮部件对剧烈时变来流条件和爆震波的非定常响应问题，对脉冲爆震发动机典型工况下某单级 涡轮开展了3维非定常数值仿真，详细讨论了脉冲爆震环境对涡轮流通能力、作功能力、流动损失、温度分布及受力等关键气热特 征的影响。结果表明：爆震波在导叶上游的传播和反射会显著影响涡轮的瞬态流通特征，导致涡轮进口流动在正向和逆向间反复 变化；爆震波压缩作功使进口温度大幅升高，而导叶反射波则会使流体温度进一步升高，甚至超过来流温度的峰值；转静子叶片轴 向间隙内呈现复杂的爆震波干涉与反射结构，在此影响下所研究的涡轮转子来流攻角变化范围超过100°，从而引起涡轮流通能 力、流动结构及损失的剧烈时序变化；在爆震波的冲击下，涡轮导叶排瞬态轴向力超过涡轮稳态设计点的120倍，周向负荷超过稳 态设计点的40倍，涡轮动叶轴向力和周向负荷则可达到稳态设计点的6~7倍，给涡轮结构强度造成极大的影响；爆震波和反射波 对工质的压缩作功可使导叶表面流体的最高瞬态温度达到导叶表面流体周期平均温度的3.5倍以上，动叶的也可达到2.8倍以上， 使叶片冷却的难度增大，且可能引发严重的烧蚀问题。     

压气机叶顶区域周向模态特性的实验

针对压气机叶顶区域流动周向模态测试对传感器数量的要求及传感器数量受限时所产生的模态混叠现象,提出一种基于两套测点数组合来校准预测高阶周向模态的方法。结果表明:应用该方法,在实验测试中将可识别的模态阶数提升至原来的5倍。研究了轴流压气机叶顶区域压力脉动,捕捉到包括叶片通过频率(BPF)和旋转不稳定性频率(RIF)带凸起的叶顶区域流动模态特性。随着流量减少,频谱上对应的宽频带凸起结构向低频移动,主要周向模态阶数降低,但旋转角速度有所上升。压气机叶顶区域流动的时变特性分析表明,旋转不稳定性在时域上幅值波动较大,不稳定性明显。      

轴流压气机对周向总压畸变非定常响应的数值模拟

基于给定的进气周向总压畸变谱,应用非定常三维时间精确数值计算的方法,研究了NWPU-1轴流压气机转子对周向总压畸变的响应,初步揭示了其在进气周向总压畸变条件下的失速机理.结果表明,在84%设计转速,进气周向总压畸变使转子性能明显下降,其失速点流量增加了4.1%,效率下降了0.5%.进气周向总压畸变引起侧流,导致叶片负荷的变化,部分叶片的负荷过重,叶顶间隙泄漏涡几乎堵塞了整个通道,某些叶片的前缘出现溢流,最终导致压气机转子失速.      

基于动态边界的跨声速压气机过渡态三维模拟方法

针对航空涡轮发动机部件的过渡态,提出了一种基于压气机部件三维模型的过渡态性能计算方法,采用动态边界条件,以转速和出口静压为过渡过程的控制参数,二阶向后欧拉法求解三维非定常雷诺平均Navier-Stokes方程组,通过三维非定常模拟获得压气机的过渡态性能和内部非定常流场特征。以NASA跨声速压气机Rotor 67转子为模型,采用该方法模拟了压气机从60%设计转速加速至100%设计转速的过渡过程,获得了压气机过渡态性能及转子内部详细的激波结构与演变过程。对比通用特性结果,在整个过渡曲线上,总压比相对误差最大值小于6%,绝热效率相对误差最大值小于2%,验证了该方法的可靠性。结论表明:基于动态边界的三维非定常模拟方法能够准确模拟压气机的过渡态性能,并反映出过渡态的非定常流场详细信息。     

Passage shock wave/boundary layer interaction control for transonic compressors using bumps

Flow separation due to shock wave/boundary layer interaction is dominated in blade passage with supersonic relative incoming flow, which always accompanies aerodynamic performance penalties. A loss reduction method for smearing the passage shock foot via Shock Control Bump(SCB) located on transonic compressor rotor blade suction side is implemented to shrink the region of boundary layer separation. The curved windward section of SCB with constant adverse pressure gradient is constructed ahead of...     

Pressure wave propagation characteristics in a two-phase flow pipeline for liquid-propellant rocket

The aim of this paper is to investigate the pressure wave propagation behavior in LOX/kerosene rocket engine pump pipeline. A pressure wave propagation model for gas–liquid two-phase flow with phase change taken into consideration is first proposed by using ensemble-averaging techniques. Then condensation of gas oxygen in subcooled liquid oxygen and the corresponding mixing process in pump pipeline are numerically simulated with the application of thermal phase change model in Computational Fluid Dynamics code CFX. Finally, based on the established model and the predicted flow parameters, pressure wave in gas–liquid pipeline flow, characterized by the propagation speed and the attenuation coefficient, is studied by personally compiled code on MATLAB. The calculation results indicate that the propagation speed of two-phase pressure wave first slightly falls and then increases with the decreasing void fraction along the flow direction, and the increase of angular frequency causes the propagation speed and the attenuation coefficient of two-phase pressure wave to increase. The vapor bubble diameter, mass flow rate and inlet temperature of gas oxygen are shown to have strong effects on the mixing flow condensation process of gas oxygen and liquid oxygen. Bubble with larger diameter can weaken the condensation process, and leads to greater cross-sectional mean void fraction of gas oxygen. This phenomenon results in an overall decrease in pressure wave propagation speed and an increase in attenuation coefficient except for the short slug-flow region located at the pipeline inlet. Similar effects can also be achieved by increasing the mass flow rate or the inlet temperature of gas oxygen.     

指尖密封泄漏特性数值计算与试验研究

为了研究不同压差和转速下指尖密封的泄漏特性,建立了CFD多孔介质数值计算模型,计算分析了某型航空发动机指尖密封泄漏特性。为有效验证数值计算模型的有效性,进行了一定压差、转速工况下指尖密封泄漏特性试验。针对压差和转子离心膨胀导致的多孔介质参数改变,根据试验结果对计算方法进行了分析,引入了压差修正系数C_k和离心膨胀修正系数k,并对修正系数进行了确定及验证。结果表明,未引入压差修正系数C_k和离心膨胀修正系数k时,计算得到的指尖密封泄漏特性与试验值会随着压差和转速的增加而偏离;引入压差修正系数C_k和离心膨胀修正系数k后,计算结果与试验值一致,未随着压差和转速的增加而偏离,最大偏差小于11%,平均偏差小于6%。     

脉冲频率对径向涡轮转子进口流动特性的影响

可调涡轮增压器涡轮转子进口的动静干涉效应以及脉冲气流的波动使得转子进口流动更为复杂,进而影响转子通道内的气体流动。为了更好地了解脉冲频率对涡轮转子进口流动特性的影响,应用ANSYS CFX软件对不同频率(20、40、60 Hz和80 Hz)脉冲进气条件下的全周径向可调涡轮模型进行数值模拟,并通过试验数据对数值模型进行了验证,得出转子进口平均气流角在一个脉冲周期内的分布规律以及气流角在周向和叶高方向的分布规律。发现脉冲频率对低压侧转子进口入射角影响更大,脉冲频率越低,低压侧的转子进口负入射角越大;周向绝对气流角分布规律相似,波动幅度基本相同;相对气流角在压力下降沿波动更稳定。      

高转速袋型阻尼密封泄漏的特性

采用有限元分析和计算流体动力学耦合数值分析方法(FEA/CFD),研究了考虑转子系统由于高速旋转造成转子径向伸长效应时袋型阻尼密封的泄漏特性和流场形态.计算了密封间隙为0.13mm时,袋型阻尼密封试验件在3种压比、3种转速下的泄漏量,并与试验值和不考虑转子伸长效应的CFD数值模拟结果进行了比较,验证了所采用的FEA/CFD数值方法的可靠性(误差小于1.3%)和高转速下考虑转子伸长的必要性.研究了6种压比、6种转速下密封间隙为0.25mm的袋型阻尼密封的流场和泄漏量,分析了压比和转速对袋型阻尼密封泄漏特性的影响规律.结果表明:当压比大于0.26时,随压比的减小,袋型阻尼密封泄漏量逐渐增大;当压比减小到一定值时(π<0.26),泄漏流体的马赫数在最后一个密封齿间隙处达到1.0,即发生了堵塞,此时泄漏量达到与密封进口总压相对应的最大值;在高转速下,考虑和不考虑转子半径的伸长,密封泄漏量均随转速的增大而减小;在转子面周向马赫数大于0.35时,需要考虑转子半径伸长对泄漏量的影响.      

跨声风扇周向畸变流动的谐波平衡法计算

研究了采用"相位延迟"边界条件的谐波平衡法用于周向进气畸变计算的可行性及其计算效率,考虑了进气总压畸变形式为正弦波和方波的两种情况。对于正弦波形式的进气总压畸变采用较少阶数的谐波计算就可得到和双时间推进法相近的计算结果,计算速度最大可以提高48倍。对于方波形式的进气畸变,则需要采用更多阶数的谐波计算才能还原得到较准确的非定常流场,计算速度提高了7倍。算例表明,谐波平衡法可以有效的应用于跨声风扇周向进气畸变的非定常计算中,同时大幅提高计算速度。     

Experimental and numerical study of tip injection in a subsonic axial flow compressor

Parametric study of tip injection was implemented experimentally on a subsonic axial flow compressor to understand the underlying flow mechanisms of stability improvement of the compressor with discrete tip injection.Injector throat height varied from 2 to 6 times the height of rotor tip clearance,and circumferential coverage percentage ranged from 8.3％ to 25％ of the annulus.Static pressure fluctuations over the rotor tip were measured with fast-response pressure transducers.Whole-passage time-accurate simulations were also carried out to help us understand the flow details.The combinations of tip injection with traditional casing treatments were experi mentally studied to generate an engineering-acceptable method of compressor stall control.The results indicate that the maximum stability improvement is achieved when injectors are choked despite their different sizes.The effect of circumferential coverage percentage on compressor stabil ity depends on the value of injector throat height for un-choked injectors,and vice versa.Tip blockage in the blade passage is greatly reduced by the choked injectors,which is the primary reason for stability enhancement.The accomplishment of blockage diminishment is maintained in the circumferential direction with the unsteady effect of tip injection,which manifests as a hysteresis between the recovery of tip blockage and the recovery of tip leakage vortex.The unsteady effect is primarily responsible for the effectiveness of tip injection with a partial circumferential coverage.Tip injection cannot enhance the stability of the rotor with axial slots significantly,but it can improve the stabil ity of the rotor with circumferential grooves further.The combined structure of tip injection with circumferential grooves is an alternative for engineering application.