A generalization of the rocket formula and its application to advanced space propulsion systems

A generalized rocket formula is derived from a first principles approach. The resulting expression of the thrust is applied to advanced space propulsion systems and a possible link between the asymptotic propellant velocity and the velocity at thruster exit is given. An estimation of the thrust modification due to spacecraft–plume interactions is also considered.     

空间发动机羽流研究技术发展综述

首先介绍了目前进行空间发动机羽流研究的必要性,同时说明地面试验和数值模拟方法都是研究空间发动机羽流特性的有效手段,两者缺一不可。在此基础上,总结了国内外羽流地面试验关键技术和发展状况。然后,分别总结了国内外最具代表性的空间发动机羽流试验台的组成、真空抽吸方式、主要技术指标和特点,包括美国的J2-A试验舱和CHAFF-IV试验舱,欧洲的CCG羽流污染试验舱和STG低温氦冷羽流试验舱,中国的KM系列空间环境模拟器和PES地面羽流试验台。最后,介绍了与羽流地面试验相关的数值模拟技术的发展,总结了进行羽流数值模拟的模型,重点介绍了常用的DSMC方法的典型应用和基于此方法所开发软件的情况,并针对大密度羽流场和电推进发动机羽流场的特点分别总结了其进行羽流场计算的方法。     

基于地外天体起飞的真空羽流导引技术研究方案评述

随着载人航天、深空探测的发展,探测器的地外天体发射起飞越来越多。发动机喷射的羽流所诱发的冲击振动以及反溅气流对上升级的气动力干扰,均对探测器的起飞稳定性造成不利的影响,同时也对探测器产生一定的热冲击效应。文章结合真空羽流场的流动特点和目前的研究现状,提出了基于地外天体起飞的真空羽流导引技术的研究思路、研究方法和研究路线;针对羽流导引方案,采用数值仿真和地面模拟试验相结合的方法进行了评价分析,确定了最优方案。真空羽流导引技术研究方案在某型号项目中的实施取得了良好的效果,证明了本研究思路的正确性。     

卫星变轨发动机羽流污染的研究

针对卫星变轨发动机工作时高空羽流污染问题 ,从分子运动论出发 ,采用直接模拟MonteCarlo(DSMC)方法对轴对称羽流场进行模拟 ,发动机喷管出口参数采用内流计算的给定值。首先对计算方法进行了验证 ,然后通过计算给出羽流场压力、密度等参数 ,给出计算位于回流区内的卫星表面敏感部件的羽流污染量的方法 ,并进行了计算。     

霍尔推力器等离子体羽流粒子模拟

建立了霍尔推力器羽流仿真模型,用单元粒子-直接模拟蒙特卡罗（PIC-DSMC）混合方法对SPT-7推力器的流场进行数值模拟,分析背压、扩张角和电子温度对流场的影响。结果表明：背压粒子增加了回流区内离子和高速粒子,加重羽流污染。SPT-70推力器羽流出口处扩张角约为30°。实验数据验证了仿真模型的正确和方法的可行,对电推力器及其羽流污染等的研究有一定的参考价值。     

High speed gas flows in explosions of cavitated explosives

A possibility of attaining steady flow of detonation products with specific energy much larger than the specific chemical energy of explosive is demonstrated in the case when a cylindrical charge of explosive is fitted with an evacuated cavity. Simple estimates and results of numerical analysis of the process are presented. Steady process may be considered to occur under the following assumptions: (1) effects arising due to jet interaction with cavity walls are negligible; (2) the detonation process is steady. In the case of limited explosive lengths these assumptions have been shown to be correct.When the cavity is filled with gas or liquid, a variety of steady and non-steady flow regimes is possible, depending on the density of the filling medium. One well-known case is that of flow with irregular reflection of shock waves at the cavity axis accompanied with the formation of Mach intersections. Another interesting flow regime is observed to occur in the case of low density filling medium (liquid hydrogen, for example). In this case the filling medium is driven by a “detonation piston” at constant velocity, equal to the velocity of detonation, forming a uniform growing column of hot shock-compressed matter, specific energy of which exceeds by one order of magnitude the specific energy of the explosive. Obviously, the walls of the vessel containing hydrogen must be able to withstand radial loads for a sufficiently long time (20 μ sec).The relative merits of these methods in comparison to others in high speed gas-dynamics is discussed.     

Simulation of rocket plume and lunar dust using DSMC method

When lunar modules land on the Moon, dust impingement on the lunar module components and deposition on the thermal and optical surfaces would cause many serious problems. The emphasis of this research is on simulating the interaction of rocket plume and lunar dust using the direct simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) method. The method is extended to model the movement and collision stages of rarefied plume gas and dust particles, including three collisional mechanisms: molecule–molecule, molecule–particle and particle–particle collisions. The reflection of gas molecules on the particle surface is computed by an indirect approach based on the coordinate transformation. Neighboring-cell contact detection scheme is applied to check for contacts between all possible particle pairs. The simulation results show that the acceleration of dust particle is mostly determined by the parameters of plume field. In the computational regions with larger gas density and velocity the particles can be accelerated to larger velocity and convected to higher temperature.     

Igniter jet dynamics in solid fuel ramjets

The dynamics of a two dimensional plane jet injected at the base of a step, parallel to the wall, in backward facing step flow geometry is numerically studied. The objective of this work is to gain insight into the dynamics of the igniter flow field in solid fuel ramjet motors. Solid fuel ramjets operate by ingestion of air and subsequent combustion with a solid fuel grain such as polyethylene. The system of governing equations is solved with a finite volume approach using a structured grid in which the AUSM⁺ scheme is used to calculate the convective fluxes. The Spalart and Allmaras turbulence model is used in these simulations. Experimental data have been used to validate the flow solver and turbulence model simulation results. The comparison of the numerical results and experimental data has validated the use of the adopted turbulence model for the study of this type of problem. A special attention is paid to the igniter jet exit location. It is shown that the wall jet igniter, issuing from the base of the step, drastically changes the structure of recirculating region of backward facing step flow and produces large and damaging shear stress on the fuel surface. Moving the igniter jet exit location to the top of the backward facing step changes the flow field favorably, by reducing the fuel surface shear stress by an order of magnitude and maintaining the recirculating region behind the step, which can provide proper residence time for the fuel–air mixture chemical reactions.     

脉冲等离子体推力器羽流预测计算研究

为了能够将脉冲等离子体推力器成功地运用于空间,需对其羽流进行研究。将一维 MHD双温放电模型的计算结果作为入口条件,运用DSMC（Direct Simulation Monte\|Carlo ）／PIC（Particle in Cell）流体混合算法一体化模拟实验室PPT羽流。验证计算显示该模 型具有一体化模拟脉冲等离子体推力器羽流的能力。对不同初始放电能量下的羽流场进行模 拟,给出了离子、中性粒子、电子温度、轴线上质量流率和出口平面返流质量流率的变化情 况。计算结果显示高放电能量下返流量更大,同时中性粒子在返流中所占比例也越大。
     

离子推力器羽流特性及其污染分析

介绍了与电推进系统有关的空间环境效应的形成原因及其对航天器性能、寿命等的影响。阐述了离子火箭发动机羽流内束离子、中性推进剂原子、交换电荷（CEX）离子和电子等主要成分与航天器相互作用的过程及机理。分析表明，离子推力器出口处的中性推进剂原子与高速束离子流碰撞后产生的CEX离子Xe^＋，以及带电离子轰击推力器组件特别是加速极所产生的金属CEX离子，是造成离子火箭发动机羽流污染的主要成分。在此基础上提出了若干防污染措施。     

轨控发动机真空流场计算

拦截弹轨控发动机在真空中的流场可为其设计提供重要的理论依据，同时其喷焰红外辐射特性也是防御上的重要研究对象。采用基于有限体积形式的LU格式离散N-S方程，通过时间推进法求解拦截弹轨控发动机喷管以及外场喷流区域在内的气相统一流场，同时考虑了各主要组分参与的化学反应，得到了轨控发动机喷管内外速度、温度、密度、组分浓度等参数的分布情况。研究表明：使用本文中的方法可以很好地计算出轨控发动机在真空中的内外流场。真空羽流膨胀迅速。     

低地球轨道空间环境下航天器表面原子氧通量密度和积分通量分布的数值模拟

基于蒙特卡罗方法和区域分解法,建立低地球轨道空间环境航天器表面原子氧通量密度和积分通量的数学模型。模型考虑了航天器表面几何构型、原子氧数密度和分析热运动、地球自转对航天器速度的影响以及轨道运行参数。通量密度分布的求解是通过其微分方程的对于独立变量分子运动速度和与表面速度矢量合成的积分得到,积分通量是通过沿轨道时间积分来实现。与此同时,得到了沿入射攻角变化原子氧分布的最大值和最小值。计算结果表明:通量分布伴随入射攻角增大而急剧下降,在迎风面达到最大值,背风面最小值。入射攻角是影响分布计算结果的重要因素。计算误差与NASA-LDEF飞行试验实验结果吻合较好。     

氢氧发动机模型真空羽流场试验和仿真研究

研制了一个用于模拟中国长征火箭二级的60 N推力氢氧发动机的缩比模型,并在北京航空航天大学真空羽流效应实验系统进行了试验。使用皮托管阵列测量了羽流压力场,结果显示当距发动机喷管出口的距离从140 mm增加到600 mm时,羽流场的最大压力从12 400 Pa降到了400 Pa。为验证CFD-DSMC混合的数值仿真方法,将试验结果与仿真结果进行了对比分析,二者一致性非常好。对比结果显示数值仿真方法在羽流效应分析方面的强大功能。研究获得了模型发动机羽流场的压力分布特性,可用于原型发动机的羽流效应分析。     

固体火箭发动机喷管及羽流流场的数值分析

采用FLUENT流动计算软件对某空射型导弹发动机的喷管及羽流流场进行了一体化的数值仿真研究,分析了导弹飞行高度和马赫数对喷管羽流流动的影响。仿真结果与地面热试车观察到的结果相吻合,可为固体火箭发动机的研究开发提供参考。     

微波等离子体推力器流动模拟(英文)

采用N-S方程求解了100 W微波等离子体推力器(MPT)选用不同推进工质时的性能参数;并采用直接蒙特卡洛模拟方法(DsMC)对MPT羽流进行了数值模拟.结果表明,几种工质的推力变化不大,氮气为23.6 mN,氮气为24.8mN,氩气为24.8 nuN;但比冲区别较大,氮气为565.2 s,氮气为243.7 8,氢气为180.2 s.羽流场中,密度、压强及温度沿轴向和径向均逐渐减小;轴向速度在轴线附近变化不大,采用氩气工质时,约1 700 m/s,在远离轴线区域,沿流动方向逐渐增大,沿径向逐渐减小;径向速度沿轴向变化不大,沿径向逐渐增大,并在接近流动区域边界时迅速减小.     

并联贮箱不平衡输出及其解决途径

分析了空间飞行器推进剂贮箱并联设置时产生的不平衡输出问题，从工程角度估计了不平衡输出的程度。对于不允许测量贮箱压降的金属膜片贮箱，在其出口设置气蚀文都利管是解决并联贮箱不平衡输出的简单而又有效的方案。     

合成射流激励器实验及结果分析

设计了合成射流激励器及实验测试系统。对两大小不同激励器工作于不同驱动频率及激励电源电压幅值分别进行了实验，并对激励器出口速度进行了分析。实验测得的合成射流出口最大峰值速度可达5m／s，驱动频率对激励器出口射流速度影响直接明显，且合成射流激励器有工作频谱范围限制。通过频谱分析显示，只有最大峰值频率与激励频率相等或接近，而且各峰值频率与最大峰值频率成倍频关系时，合成射流激励器将电能转化为合成射流动能的效率才能达到较高。     

航天器跳跃式返回的再入动力学特性仿真

深空高速再入返回是航天返回技术面临的新问题。研究采用跳跃式返回方式解决高速再入产生的高过载、高热流峰值问题。建立了完整的航天器再入大气层飞行动力学模型;依据航天器跳跃式返回飞行剖面和返回飞行的运动特性,将再入大气过程划分为初始再入段、初次再入下降段、初次再入上升段、大气层外飞行段和二次再入段,详细研究了各飞行段航天器的动力学特性,简要分析了各阶段的制导任务。通过分析仿真结果,初步摸清了航天器深空飞行跳跃式再入动力学特性。     

离心式喷嘴全流场数值模拟

将离心式喷嘴流场数值模拟由内流场扩展至外流场,将喷嘴出口的一段区域纳入计算域,探索用数值模拟方法研究全流场的流动特性并在此基础上对雾化特性进行分析。计算结果给出全流场的液膜形状以及气涡与液膜共存的流场结构,直接给出雾化锥角。采用VOF方法捕捉气液界面,湍流模型选择RNG双方程模型,对容积分数方程选择积分平均型TVD格式...     

Numerical validation and parametric investigation on the cold flow field of a typical cavity-based scramjet combustor

The three-dimensional coupled implicit Reynolds Averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) equations and the two equation standard k–ε turbulence model has been employed to numerically simulate the cold flow field in a typical cavity-based scramjet combustor. The numerical results show reasonable agreement with the schlieren photograph and the pressure distribution available in the open literature. The pressure distribution after the first pressure rise is under-predicted. There are five shock waves existing in the cold flow field of the referenced combustor. The first and second pressure rises on the upper wall of the combustor are predicted accurately with the medium grid. The other three shock waves occur in the core flow of the combustor. The location of the pressure rise due to these three shock waves could not be predicted accurately due to the presence of recirculation zone downstream of the small step. Further, the effect of length-to-depth ratio of the cavity and the back pressure on the wave structure in the combustor has been investigated. The obtained results show that there is an optimal length-to-depth ratio for the cavity to restrict the movement of the shock wave train in the flow field of the scramjet combustor. The low velocity region in the cavity affects the downstream flow field for low back pressure. The intensity of the shock wave generated at the exit of the isolator depends on the back pressure at the exit of the combustor and this in turn affects the pressure distribution on the upper wall of the combustor.