航天器精密设备隔振问题的功率流最优化研究

空间开发及探测活动使航天器及其所携带的精密设备置于非常复杂的力学环境之下，为此，隔振技术在航天技术领域得到了广泛的应用。本文针对航天器上典型隔振问题，建立了隔振系统振动功率流响应特性分析模型；并以减振器安装界面的振动功率流为综合控制量，以减振器的特征参数为优化变量，分别建立了单目标和多目标加权的优化模型；最后，以一多自由度集中参数模型为例，研究了该隔振系统振动功率流响应特性及减振器系数的优化问题，计算结果不仅验证了模型推导的正确性，并且表明，功率流分析方法能够独到地预示隔振系统振动能量的分布特性，基于振动功率流的减振器动力特性的参数优化设计可以有效地改善隔振效果，具有一定的工程意义。     

基于主被动一体隔振指向平台的柔性航天器高精高稳指向方法

面向天文卫星、遥感卫星越来越高的指向精度和稳定度需求,解决指向控制和振动抑制相互制约的矛盾,文章提出了采用同时具备振动隔离和指向调节能力的Stewart平台以实现柔性航天器高精高稳指向的方法。建立了整星柔性动力学模型,设计了主被动一体隔振指向控制器,并基于该模型对传递率进行仿真,验证了理论分析结果。通过数字仿真验证了主被动一体隔振指向平台的振动抑制性能和指向控制性能,结果表明:能同时满足振动隔离和指向调节需求,可为具有高精度指向航天器的发展提供参考。     

FY-4卫星微振动抑制技术研究

根据装载干涉式大气垂直探测仪对微振动抑制的要求,对风云四号(FY-4)卫星的微振动抑制技术进行了研究。通过统计星上振源,规划整星级频谱,研究微振动传播机理,设计了振源隔离和载荷隔振的双级隔振系统。给出了动量轮的隔振设计,将动量轮的安装支架由刚性变为基于六角架(Hexapod)构型的非线性变刚度柔性支架,隔离动量轮传递至卫星平台的振动干扰,从源头控制振动。分析了发射段幅频特性和在轨段隔振性能,结果表明试验结果与理论分析一致。在此基础上,采用隔振组件和解锁组件并联使用方式,实现干涉式大气垂直探测仪的二次隔振设计,以进一步抑制卫星平台传递至探测仪的微振动干扰。地面微振动试验和在轨微振动实测结果表明:隔振系统能使卫星平台传递至载荷安装面的微振动量级控制在0.1×10-3g以下,满足指标要求。FY-4卫星微振动抑制技术可为其他卫星的微振动抑制提供参考。     

应用分力合成的步进电动机驱动方案研究

针对航天器往往具有大型挠性附件以及步进电机常作为其主要驱动系统的特点，对分力合成主动振动抑制进行了讨论，建立了相应的数学模型，对步进电机驱动挠性结构时产生的振动以及挠性振动对刚性运动的影响进行了分析，提出了应用分力全盛方法的驱动方式。数值仿真和实验均验证了该方法的正确性。     

用于航天器微振动试验的高静刚度-低动刚度隔振器研究进展

随着高精度航天器有效载荷的发展,对隔振的要求越来越高。在航天器地面微振动试验中测试微振动时,要求在支撑航天器重力的情况下,模拟航天器在轨自由状态,并隔离来自地面的低频振动。为此,可以引入具有高静刚度–低动刚度特性的隔振器。文章综述了用于航天器微振动隔离的高静刚度–低动刚度隔振器,包括实际应用中的常用类型和近年来具有应用前景的类型,对各类型隔振器的研发热点进行分析,并就此种隔振器的结构特点限制提出下一步研究方向。     

柔性航天器姿控执行机构微振动集中隔离与分散隔离对比研究

姿控执行机构高速旋转诱发的微振动会降低柔性航天器姿态稳定度。为实现高稳指向,文章研究了姿控执行机构的集中隔振与分散隔振技术。首先建立包含隔振器的柔性航天器姿态动力学模型;然后仿真研究航天器在作大角度机动和稳定控制两种工况下,姿控执行机构的两种隔振方案的性能,并进行了对比分析。研究结果表明:航天器进行大角度机动时,对于高刚度隔振器,两种隔振均具有稳定性,并且指向控制性能相似;对于低刚度隔振器,集中隔振较分散隔振容易失稳;在稳定控制工况下,对于高刚度隔振器和低刚度隔振器,两种隔振性能基本一致。     

高分七号卫星控制力矩陀螺隔振装置设计

高分七号卫星是我国首颗亚米级高分辨率立体测绘卫星,为保证高分辨率光学遥感载荷定位精度要求,采用了隔振装置抑制控制力矩陀螺(CMG)在轨正常工作过程中产生的微振动干扰。文章建立了CMG隔振系统的动力学解析模型,提出了多频率约束下隔振装置的优化设计方法。基于高分七号CMG扰振频率和整星结构频率分布分析,对CMG隔振装置进行了优化设计,进而开展了系统模态仿真分析以及系统固有频率测试和整星隔振试验。仿真分析和试验结果表明:CMG隔振装置前三阶固有频率设计值与试验测试值误差不大于4 Hz,且CMG隔振装置在CMG主要扰动主方向具有94%以上的隔振效果。研究结果可为高分辨率遥感卫星隔振装置的优化设计和分析验证提供理论参考。     

航天器振动试验中的频率漂移现象研究

文章针对航天器振动试验中较为常见的频率漂移现象,分析了其影响,并结合工程案例讨论了可恢复和不可恢复频率漂移现象的产生机理。尤其针对蜂窝夹层板在振动试验中/后的频率漂移,对两种典型的结构失效模式进行了分析。研究结果可为航天器振动试验中出现频率漂移时的原因分析和航天器结构设计提供参考。     

基于自适应动力吸振器的空间桁架结构振动抑制研究

航天器中使用的轻质桁架结构在受到扰动时会产生振动,从而影响设备正常工作。为解决这一问题,本文提出一种附加在结构上的主动动力吸振装置,利用电磁力推动质量块产生的反作用力作为主动力施加在被控结构上,抑制结构振动。主动控制算法采用自适应逆扰动抑制算法,对空间环境下的结构参数变化具有一定的自适应调节能力。为验证算法的有效性,建立了桁架-吸振器系统的动力学模型,对无吸振器和有吸振器时的被动和主动吸振模式进行了仿真对比。最后在三棱柱桁架结构中进行了振动主动控制实验。结果显示在主动模式下桁架振动振幅衰减可达90%以上。
     

航天器振动控制技术进展

航天器在发射过程中经受复杂和严酷的力学环境,力学环境效应主要是激起航天器主次结构共振响应以及局部动力响应过大,造成结构破坏,局部失稳,电子元器件等敏感组件发生故障。为了提高飞行任务的可靠性,需要采用振动控制技术以降低运载载荷环境条件,提高航天器有效载荷比。本文从航天器系统级和部件级两方面对国内外振动控制技术的研究进展进行了系统的综述和深入的分析,以期对我国航天器振动控制技术的研究发展和工程应用有所启示。     

捷联惯组空间五点减振的振动耦合分析

针对某型光纤(FOG)捷联惯组(SINS)的轻量化设计要求,采用了空间五点减振的布局方案。基于弹性中心理论计算了空间五点减振系统的弹性中心和偏心量,在捷联惯组存在质心偏移的情况下,增设第五点减振器可以将减振系统的弹性中心和捷联惯组惯性测量系统质心之间的偏心量减少到1.42mm。从刚体动力学出发对振动耦合的解耦条件进行了讨论,指出捷联惯组在惯性主轴偏移的情况下,空间五点减振系统无法实现角振动的解耦,但是通过调整IMU结构布局的质心,或通过调整减振器的刚度比,都可以实现线振动和角振动的解耦。用有限元方法对上述两种解耦方案下捷联惯组的冲击响应进行了计算,仿真结果表明,调节质心和调整减振器刚度两种方法对于降低IMU振动耦合的效果均较为理想,由线冲击引起的角振动降低了约29~100倍。     

空间绳系机器人抓捕非合作目标的质量特性参数辨识

针对空间绳系机器人抓捕非合作目标/空间垃圾后需要对其进行回收/拖曳的精确控制问题,提出了一种利用抓捕后保持阶段的振动特性辨识目标参数的方法。首先,根据质量特性参数辨识的需要,推导了系统的动力学模型。不同于以往将本体卫星和被抓捕目标简化为质点的动力学模型,本文针对任意的目标抓捕位置,在考虑重力梯度影响的基础上,利用拉格朗日法获得系统各广义坐标的动力学公式。然后,分析非合作目标和系绳在后抓捕保持阶段的姿态运动。最后,在非合作目标与本体卫星没有任何信息交互的情况下,利用后抓捕阶段目标卫星和系绳特有的振动,并使用具有鲁棒性可遗忘因子的递推最小二乘法,提出了包括转动惯量和质心到任意抓捕点距离在内的质量特性参数辨识算法。     

Command shaping for a flexible satellite platform controlled by advanced fly-wheels systems

In this paper we consider the coupling between the flexibility of a spacecraft equipped with variable speed control moment Gyros and its attitude control system, in the framework of command shaping techniques. The analysis is performed on the set of equation of motion written in an explicit form describing a flexible platform and N wheels gimballed to it. The attitude control system is designed upon a Lyapunov based feedback relying upon a rigid body model. Whenever the structure is not stiff enough, flexibility degrades the performances of the controller that fails to track the desired history. We therefore study the possibility of altering the tracking signal fed to the controller trying to get rid of the relevant frequencies notch filtering them in order to reduce vibrations. The results obtained for a test case attitude acquisition maneuver are presented and the benefit deriving from the command shaping technique evaluated and discussed.     

Operational modal analysis via image based technique of very flexible space structures

Vibrations represent one of the most important topics of the engineering design relevant to flexible structures. The importance of this problem increases when a very flexible system is considered, and this is often the case of space structures. In order to identify the modal characteristics, in terms of natural frequencies and relevant modal parameters, ground tests are performed. However, these parameters could vary due to the operative conditions of the system. In order to continuously monitor the modal characteristics during the satellite lifetime, an operational modal analysis is mandatory. This kind of analysis is usually performed by using classical accelerometers or strain gauges and by properly analyzing the acquired output. In this paper a different approach for the vibrations data acquisition will be performed via image-based technique. In order to simulate a flexible satellite, a free flying platform is used; the problem is furthermore complicated by the fact that the overall system, constituted by a highly rigid bus and very flexible panels, must necessarily be modeled as a multibody system. In the experimental campaign, the camera, placed on the bus, will be used to identify the eigenfrequencies of the vibrating structure; in this case aluminum thin plates simulate very flexible solar panels. The structure is excited by a hammer or studied during a fast attitude maneuver. The results of the experimental activity will be investigated and compared with respect to the numerical simulation obtained via a FEM-multibody software and the relevant results will be proposed and discussed.     

宽频角振动地面模拟试验设备的研制

为了解并减小探月着陆系统之敏感器容易受到宽频角振动影响的任务风险,有必要进行宽频角振动地面模拟试验。文章首先提出了宽频角振动的振动转换结构和测量方法,在此基础上完成了试验设备的研制,之后针对探月着陆系统成像敏感器遭遇的角振动环境进行了地面模拟测试。测试结果表明:该试验设备的宽频角振动模拟频率范围为0~2000 Hz,控制精度达到±15%（2σ）,同时还可模拟包括平移和转动在内的着陆系统刚体运动。该设备已用于敏感器在角振动环境下的地面模拟试验验证。     

光学稳像系统颤振抑制性能的分析与设计

光学稳定成像方法是一种用于隔离视轴颤振对成像质量影响的综合处理技术,它结合传统光学与反馈控制理论,通过闭环控制系统驱动在光成像通路内的动态校正机构补偿探测视轴与成像焦面间的相对运动,进而有效提升成像质量。文章首先建立了光学稳像系统的回路模型,并在此基础上,根据控制系统稳定性判据导出了颤振抑制函数的设计约束,分析了像移测量延时特性、测量精度特性及校正机构动态性能对颤振抑制带宽的影响。文章进一步给出了一种光学稳像系统颤振抑制带宽的设计方法,该方法针对视轴颤振的功率谱密度、像移探测性能和光机校正机构的动态性能完成了颤振抑制带宽的优化,从而可最小化颤振补偿残差。最后通过试验验证了文中分析结论和设计方法的有效性。     

On the deployment dynamics of tether connected two-body systems

A general formulation of the deployment dynamics of tether connected two-body systems taking into account the three dimensional librational motion, longitudinal and transverse vibrations of the continuous tether, eccentricity of the orbit and aerodynamic drag in a rotating, oblate atmosphere, is presented. Three simple deployment procedures (uniform, exponential and their combination) are considered. In the beginning analytical solutions are obtained for the degenerate case of negligible vibrations in a circular orbit, which help in establishing trends for the more general situation. This is followed by the general dynamics of the system investigated through integration of the linearized autonomous equations of motion numerically. Typical plots are presented which describe the effects of various system parameters on the tether dynamics during deployment of a subsatellite from the Space Shuttle.     

Spectrum of Natural Vibrations of the Ice Ocean of Jupiter's Moon Europa

The hydroelastic vibrations of the ice surface of the ocean of Europa, a natural satellite of Jupiter, are investigated, and the natural spectrum of frequencies of this surface is determined. The mathematical model of the mechanical system under consideration is presented in the form of a spherical shell, which is wetted by a spherical layer of liquid enveloping a rigid spherical core. The solution of the boundary value problems of the theory of elasticity is sought in the form of expansions into series of the associated Legendre polynomials. It is noted that there are at least three tones of natural vibrations of the shell–spherical liquid layer system, whose periods lie in the vicinity of the ten-hour period of Jupiter's rotation about its axis, and variations of the magnetic field of Europa with the same period.     

冗余空间机械臂抓捕自旋卫星后的消旋控制

旨在提出一种运动学冗余空间机器人抓捕自旋卫星后的消旋策略和协调控制方法。首先，给出运动学冗余空间机器人捕获目标后的动力学模型，作为协调控制器设计基础。然后，基于四阶Bézier曲线和满足特定约束的自适应微分进化(Differential Evolution, DE)算法提出抓捕后的最优消旋与路径规划策略，最优消旋策略中同时考虑对消旋时间和控制力矩进行优化。提出一种跟踪所设计参考轨迹的协调控制方法，调整基座的姿态达到期望值。所提方法有效地衰减了自旋卫星的初始角速度，同时实现对基座姿态的控制。文末给出利用7 DOF冗余空间机械臂消除目标自旋运动的仿真结果，表明所提方法的有效性。     

The effect of small vibrations on Marangoni convection and the free surface of a liquid bridge

The effects of small vibrations on Marangoni convection were investigated experimentally using a liquid bridge of 5 cSt silicone oil with a disk diameter of 7.0 mm, and an aspect ratio close to 0.5. Experiments were performed to determine the critical temperature difference data for no vibration case and with small vibrations applied. The experimental results have shown that the effect of small vibrations on the onset of oscillatory flow is small since the critical temperature difference data for different aspect ratios were not affected by the vibrations. To clarify the surface oscillation phenomena induced by external vibrations, a 3-D numerical simulation model was also developed using a level set algorithm to predict the surface oscillations of isothermal silicone oil bridges. By subjecting the liquid bridge to small vibrations, the surface oscillation characteristics were predicted numerically, and the numerical results compared well with the predictions of an analytical model proposed previously. Furthermore, the effect of small vibrations on the surface vibration amplitude of the liquid bridge is also discussed.