青海省柴达木盆地大气电场随高度的变化特征

大气电场强度是大气电学的重要参数.大气电场的准确测量及其时空特性对研究空间天气活动、气象活动以及大型地质活动具有重要意义.2019年8月26日和28日,中国科学院鸿鹄专项团队在青海省海西蒙古自治州大柴旦镇地区放飞搭载模式电场仪的探空气球,测量了不同高度的大气电场强度.利用互相关函数法和主成分分析法研究了此次气球实验得到的电场数据.结果表明,尽管通常情况下决定大气垂直电场大小的主要因素是高度,但是该地区风场对大气电场强度的影响也比较显著.晴天大气条件下,有无薄云的存在对大气电场测量存在一定影响,有云条件下,风速会通过影响云的形成间接影响到大气电场.此外,柴达木盆地存在一个易受下垫面影响的大气电场边界层,分析表明这个边界层厚度在3km以上.对边界层大气电场变化以及晴天无云时3600m以上的大气电场分布进行了分析和拟合.      

雷暴充电对大气电位的影响

本文在指数导电率大气中,在给定电离层电位情况下,考虑雷暴充电电流源以后,解析地求解了稳态电流守恒方程,获得了大气电位分布的解析表达式.考察这一表达式可以看到,雷暴充电对大气电位的影响和电离层电位对大气电位的影响主要都是垂直地起作用的.从观测到的雷暴充电电流密度的数值以及其他性质出发,利用本文得到的解析表达式进行计算可看到,雷暴充电作用能够使电层高度上的电位上升到由观测所推出的电层电位应具有的数值.数例结果还表明,电离层电位能通过对雷暴上空电层电位值的显著影响而对晴天区低层大气电状态发生作用.      

锡林浩特市火山地质公园平台山顶近地面大气电场变化特征

大气电场强度是大气电学的重要参数.大气电场的准确测量对雷暴和地震的监测、预警等具有重要的意义.利用2015年8月27日气球搭载大气电场仪测量近地面大气电场实验得到的电场数据，分析在特殊地形表面近地面500m高度内大气电场强度随高度的变化特征.结果表明:晴天条件下，火山喷发形成的熔岩平台山顶上空近地面大气电场强度随高度增加呈指数递减，大气电场的数值和变化范围均较大，尤其是近地面100m高度内，大气电场值达到1kV·m-1以上.此外，还通过经验公式得出了近火山灰石地表的大气电导率.受空气中重离子的影响，其电导率远小于全球大气电导率的平均值.实验结果丰富了在特殊地形下大气电场的测量结果，揭示了中国内蒙古锡林浩特地区火山山顶近地面大气电场强度随高度的变化特征.      

卫星表面材料物性与电荷积累

卫星表面在地磁亚暴环境下积累电荷的现象是必然的。由于表面间物性的差别,这种积累将是不均衡的,然而一旦建立了电势差,那末表面与表面,表面与构架间就会存在电荷交换,使电势差逐渐趋于减小。文章试图通过物理模型的建立,由此推导出面间电势差变化与表面电势值及表面的电导、电容的关系,从而建立一种明确的数学模型,以利卫星表面充电状态的分析。     

Modelling the atmospheric boundary layer for remotely sensed estimates of daily evaporation

An energy and moisture balance model of the soil surface was used to estimate daily evaporation from wheat and barley fields in West Germany. The model was calibrated using remotely sensed surface temperature estimates. Complete atmospheric boundary layer models are difficult to use because of the number of parameters involved and a simplified model was used here. The resultant evaporation estimates were compared to eddy correlation evaporation estimates and good agreement was found.     

再入飞行体远场二维湍流尾迹的工程计算方法

建立了再入体再入大气层形成的尾迹的工程模型,并运用边界层理论求解二维等压湍流尾迹流动。根据Ｐｒａｎｄｔｌ的湍流切应力的混合长度理论和Ｔａｙ－ｌｏｒ的涡量交换理论分别获得速度分布和温度分布,根据Ｌｙｋｏｕｄｉｓ的远场尾迹理论计算了轴心参数分布,并且获得了尾迹长度、自由电子数密度等尾迹参数。计算结果与同类文献一致。文章的目的是为计算尾迹的雷达散射截面提供初始参数。     

由电离层电位所建立的大气电状态

本文在已知电离层电位分布下, 解析地计算了大气电位, 电场和电流强度的全球分布.结果表明, 在大气导电率随高度呈指数增加的情况下, 100km高度上的电离层电位, 几乎无衰减地扫到25km以下.大气电场较强的区域主要在20km以下的低层大气区, 其垂直分量比水平分量大4个数量级.而中高层大气电场较弱, 且两分量量级相当.本文还提出了一种考虑地面形状对大气电场影响的解析方法.      

Importance of electric field measurement over low latitudes at stratospheric heights by balloons

The vertical field in the stratosphere around 35 km is predominantly of atmospheric origin whereas the horizontal electric field at these altitude is mainly of ionospheric origin. The electrical coupling between ionosphere and atmosphere is not known for low latitudes. Balloon borne electric field measurements are planned from Hyderabad, India (geographic latitude 17.5° N) to understand this coupling. Measurement of stratospheric electric fields are also important from the point of view of the sun-weather relationship. It si suggested that the balloon borne electric field measurements are important to understand the electrodynamics of the middle atmosphere.     

空中电场传感器

为了监测雷雨云下或云中电荷层的形成和演变,研制了一种空中电场传感器,它利用对金属定子采用交替屏蔽的原理来测量准稳态的大气电场。对仪器的工作原理,结构特点和技术指标作了较详细的介绍,并对该仪器的应用作了简短论述。     

Time dependent charging of layer clouds in the global electric circuit

There is much observational data consistent with the hypothesis that the ionosphere-earth current density (J_z) in the global electric circuit, which is modulated by both solar activity and thunderstorm activity, affects atmospheric dynamics and cloud cover. One candidate mechanism involves J_z causing the accumulation of space charge on droplets and aerosol particles, that affects the rate of scavenging of the latter, notably those of Cloud Condensation Nuclei (CCN) and Ice Forming Nuclei (IFN) (  and ). Space charge is the difference, per unit volume, between total positive and total negative electrical charge that is on droplets, aerosol particles (including the CCN and IFN) and air ions. The cumulative effects of the scavenging in stratiform clouds and aerosol layers in an air mass over the lifetime of the aerosol particles of 1–10 days affects the concentration and size distribution of the CCN, so that in subsequent episodes of cloud formation (including deep convective clouds) there can be effects on droplet size distribution, coagulation, precipitation processes, and even storm dynamics.     

The effect of aerosols on climate and aerosol climatology on the basis of observations from space

Principal aspects of the effect of aerosols on climate are discussed and the possibilities of obtaining a climatic data set of global aerosols are analyzed. Based on the analysis of space images, new data have been obtained on gigantic dust outbreaks in various regions of the Earth. It has been shown that dust outbreaks can propagate over hundreds and sometimes thousands of kilometers. The western Sahara - Atlantic Ocean is the major region of propagation of these outbreaks. The continent-to-continent trajectories of dust clouds have been discovered (from Africa to the coast of America, from Central Asia to the Pacific Ocean). Maps of the sources of strong dust transformations have been studied and drawn. In particular, an anthropogenic dust source has been found out on the northeastern coast of the Aral Sea. A striped mesostructure of dust formations has been analyzed, determined by both the inhomogeneous surface and peculiarities of the eddy dust transport. The techniques have been discussed in detail for retrieving the parameters of aerosol size distribution and the vertical profiles of the coefficients of aerosol extinction in the stratosphere and lower mesosphere from the data on the brightness of the twilight and daytime horizon as well as occultation measurements of solar radiation attenuation by the atmosphere.The difficulty of reliably predicting possible environmental changes arises both from the problems of estimating complex interactions of numerous processes and from a lack of information concerning various environmental parameters. For example, an important factor in present day climatic changes is the increased dust content of the atmosphere due to man's activities. However, a reliable estimate of this influence is found to be impossible due to the absence of definitive data on the global distribution of atmospheric dust and the properties of dust in various parts of the world [4,5,13–15]. The impact of aerosols on climate has been discussed in detail in a number of monographs [12–15].Observations from space have opened up new possibilities for studying atmospheric dust. For this purpose, both the imagery and spectrometry of the Earth's atmosphere from space are used. Rather attractive are the prospects for laser sounding [1].     

Variations of quasi-electrostatic fields and ionosphere potential above lightning discharge at equatorial latitudes

Lightning discharges by thunderstorms cause generation of electromagnetic pulses and of quasi-electrostatic fields (QESF) in the atmosphere above, which occur in different time-scales. QESF penetrate into the mesosphere and the lower ionosphere where they are big enough to generate considerable electric charge transfer there and, in some cases, to cause red sprites. These processes may have an important contribution to the global atmospheric electric circuit. Significant transient variations of the ionospheric potential above the thunderstorm take place as well. QESF depend on the atmospheric conductivity and in the ionosphere they are affected also by its anisotropy determined by geomagnetic field orientation. QESF after a lightning discharge are investigated theoretically in this work in the case of equatorial latitudes (by horizontal geomagnetic field), where thunderstorms are important contributors to the global circuit. Results for DC electric fields in the lower equatorial ionosphere above a thundercloud obtained by earlier models demonstrate some specific features of the spatial distribution of these fields, which appear due to geomagnetic field orientation. Thus, the electric fields can be shifted by tens or more kilometers to east of the cloud charge region; also their horizontal scale is much bigger than in the case of middle latitudes. Here, a presence of similar specific features of quasi-electrostatic field distributions and ionospheric potential variations caused by a lightning stroke is studied. A situation when no secondary ionization is generated is considered. A model based on the Maxwell equations for potential electric fields is proposed. Computations of QESF in the middle atmosphere and of the ionospheric potential variations are provided as dependent on conductivity and its anisotropy in D-region. The obtained results for the ionosphere show that the electric fields in the equatorial lower ionosphere are comparable to these formed in the case of middle latitudes. However, their horizontal scales are much bigger and depend on conductivity profiles. Similar features are valid also for the ionospheric potential variations and for their horizontal scales.     

The importance of restoration of the atmospheric electrical environment in closed Bioregenerative Life Supporting Systems.

Earth based Bioregenerative Life Supporting Systems (BLSS) are subject to 4 main physical factors: gravity, light, temperature and electrical environment. The first 3 are obvious to everyone, the Electrical Environment (EE) is not under the majority of prevailing conditions perceived directly by our senses. The EE is one of the important physical factors directly influencing some plants and in a less obvious way also the majority of plants. There are only two long range forces in nature: the electromagnetic and the gravitational forces. Gravity is very much weaker than the electromagnetic forces FG/FEL=10(-38), where FG is the gravitational Force and FEL are the electromagnetic Forces. The atmospheric electric field prevails all the time over the entire Earth with a mean intensity of 130 V/m. It is therefore a potent factor which may be used by some plants exposed throughout their entire life time to the atmospheric electric field. What effect should the normal atmospheric electric field have on plants? All living plants are good electrical conductors for electrostatic fields. The plants distort the normally vertical field lines, which have to be perpendicular to the plant tissue everywhere in order to avoid the extraction of energy from the field. The meristems concentrate the field lines, thus the electrically charged nutrients are supplied to the growing parts of the plant exposed to the field. This results in electrotropism in some plants. It is very well known that plants do have adaptive capabilities as compared to animals, it is important for their survival, because they cannot run away from trouble. It is found by careful observations of the behaviour of different plants that some plants do respond to the presence of the atmospheric electric field while other plants exposed to the same environment are indifferent to the atmospheric electric field. The plants growing in the Biosphere II were shielded by the metal structure of the Biosphere II. Because these plants which do make use of the atmospheric electric field are also to be found in the Biosphere II and must be deprived of this natural atmospheric electric field and in consequence of some of their natural nutrients. I have experimental evidence that at least some plants do respond to the atmospheric electric field. This effect is the most likely cause of the oxygen depletion and of the carbon dioxide accumulation in Biosphere II. Under the micro gravity encountered in space habitats the restoration of electric fields is even more important for plant growth than it is on the Earth.     

临近空间太阳紫外辐射环境模拟与地区差异

太阳紫外辐射是临近空间能量输入的主要来源之一,对其在中层大气的辐射特性进行研究,是研究临近空间大气成分与密度变化、光化学反应以及动力学过程的重要基础。依托“鸿鹄”临近空间探测专项计划,利用MODTRAN5辐射传输模型及卫星实测数据,模拟并对比中国11个主要地形区上空临近空间（20~50 km）紫外辐射（200~400 nm）垂直分布和季节演变的异同,计算了臭氧含量、太阳天顶角和日地距离等关键因素对辐射强度的影响。结果表明,各地形区的辐射流量垂直分布廓线和年较差垂直分布廓线较为一致,在地理位置上毗邻的地区辐射特性及季节演变较为接近,但在太阳紫外的不同波段之间区别较大。研究成果为临近空间探测实验提供了数据支撑,为大气反演等相关领域提供参考。      

A Simulation of the Mid-and Low-latitude Ionospheric Electric Fields

A theoretical model of ionospheric electric fields at mid- and low-latitudes is developed. In the geomagnetic dipolar coordinate system, the ionospheric dynamo equations were solved, and the ionospheric electric potential and electric field were derived respectively. Major parameters for the model inputs, such as the neutral winds, the densities and temperatures of electron, ions and neutrals, are obtained from empirical models. The global ionospheric electrical potential and field at mid- and low-latitudes derived from our model are largely in agreement with the results presented by other authors and the empirical model. Using our model, it is found that the diurnal component of the HWM93 wind mainly contributed to the formation of the vertical electric field, while the semidiurnal component mainly contributed to the zonal electric field. Finally, by adjustment of the input F region winds and conductivities, most discrepancies between our model and the empirical one can be eliminated, and it is proved that the F region dynamo is the most significant contribution to the electric fields.      

The Nonlinear Model of the Response of Airglow to Gravity Waves

In this paper, we develope a time-dependent, nonlinear, photochemical-dynamical 2-D model which is composed of 3 models: dynamical gravity wave model, middle atmospheric photochemical model, and airglow layer photochemical model. We use the model to study the effect of the gravity wave propagation on the airglow layer. The comparison between the effects of the different wavelength gravity wave on the airglow emission distributions is made. When the vertical wavelength of the gravity wave is close to or is shorter than the thickness of the airglow layer, the gravity wave can make complex structure of the airglow layer, such as the double and multi-peak structures of the airglow layers. However, the gravity wave that has long vertical wavelength can make large scale perturbation of the airglow emission distribution.     

基于拟态电势能的飞行器航路规划方法

航路规划是现代各类飞行器,特别是无人机（UAV）安全飞行和完成任务的关键要素。对于复杂威胁环境和高维空间的航路规划问题,传统规划方法在规划速度、航路安全性、算法适用性等方面存在一定的应用局限。分析了电荷在电场中移动引起电势能变化的特点规律及电势场分布特性,模拟电势场理论对飞行环境进行威胁建模,建立基于电势威胁场引导的航路节点概率选择机制及安全性评价准则。在此基础上,构建基于拟态电势能的随机采点扩展式航路规划方法。通过与传统航路规划方法的对比仿真实验表明,运用拟态电势能进行航路规划,能够显著缩短路径长度和计算时间,提高规划航路的安全性,对于航路规划的应用很有价值。      

Interaction between a body and its environment during a cometary fly-by

The surface of a spacecraft is submitted to the bombardment of dust grains and neutral molecules during an atmospheric re-entry or a cometary fly-by. These particles create secondary ions and electrons which form a plasma cloud around the body and control the electric potential of its surface. Computer simulation models are used to predict the structure and dynamic behaviour of the charged particle density distribution for the cases of planar and cylindrical bodies. It is found that an ion and an electron layer form in the vicinity of the surface at distances of the order of the ion and electron Debye lengths, respectively. The potential of the surface is positive on the average and is a function of the electron mean kinetic energy. A positive potential barrier develops at the location of the ion layer and its height is governed by the sum of the electron and ion mean kinetic energies. The threat caused by this interaction to the spacecraft and its instrumentation is discussed and an in-situ observation of this phenomenon is proposed as a possible diagnostic technique of the environment.     

Possible DC electric field in the ionosphere related to seismicity

This paper presents the method for calculation of DC electric field in the atmosphere and the ionosphere generated by model distribution of external electric current in the lower atmosphere. Appearance of such current is associated with enhancement of seismic activity that is accompanied by emanation of soil gases into the atmosphere. These gases transfer positive and negative charged aerosols. Atmospheric convection of charged aerosols forms external electric current, which works as a source of conductivity current in the atmosphere–ionosphere electric circuit. It is shown that DC electric field generated in the ionosphere by this current reaches up to 10 mV/m, while the long-term vertical electric field disturbances excited near the Earth surface do not exceed 100 V/m. Such limitation of the near-ground field is caused by the formation of potential barrier for charged particles at the Earth surface in a process of their transport from soil to atmosphere.     

带电云对大气电场随高度变化特征的影响

大气电场与雷暴活动、气候变化、大气污染、太阳活动密切相关,在特殊地形上探测大气电场的高度分布对于大气电学的相关研究具有重要意义。2020年9月12日,中国科学院鸿鹄专项团队将大气电场仪搭载在探空气球上,在青海省海西蒙古族藏族自治州大柴旦地区进行了大气电场高度分布的探测实验。本文分析讨论了此次实验中用到的电场仪、实验过程及实验结果。大气电场曲线中间凸起的部分对应电场仪穿过带电云层,因此将其分为三段并分别进行拟合。探测实验及分析结果表明:在不同高度处大气电场的主要影响因素不同,其分布规律会存在差异。此外,带电云会使大气电场强度整体增大,但云层中大气电场的高度分布仍能较好地符合指数变化规律。