第二届全国超高速碰撞会议征文通知

正(第一轮)为交流国内超高速碰撞领域的最新技术进展,研讨当今国内外超高速碰撞领域的发展趋势,促进我国超高速碰撞技术研究与动能武器、空间碎片防护等工程应用的融合,为"十三五"规划提供有力支撑,经"第二届全国超高速碰撞会议筹备会议"和学术委员会讨论,并征得装备发展部和国家国防科工局有关部门同意,拟于2016年下半年召开第二届全国超高速碰撞会议。会议由北京卫星环境工程研究所主办,会议论文将择优正式发表在核心期刊《航天器环境工程》、《实验流体力学》或《现代     

数字全息测量超高速撞击碎片云实验研究

在中国空气动力研究与发展中心(CARDC)超高速碰撞中心(HIRC)7.6 mm超高速碰撞设备的基础上，搭建纳秒级脉冲激光数字全息系统。提出滤波片和衰减片组合布置，减弱超高速碰撞等离子体自发光、提高信噪比的方法。实验获得了2.25 mm铝球弹丸以4.0 km/s的速度撞击0.5 mm厚铝板形成碎片云的全息图。采用小波变换算法对碎片云全息图进行重建，得到超高速撞击碎片云的三维结构和碎片大小。碎片云的轮廓呈椭球型，分为碎片云的前端、核心和外壳，碎片主要分布在弹丸破碎形成的碎片云核心，存在大碎片，且分布较集中，对后板的损伤也严重     

第二届全国超高速碰撞会议征文通知

正(第一轮)为交流国内超高速碰撞领域的最新技术进展,研讨当今国内外超高速碰撞领域的发展趋势,促进我国超高速碰撞技术研究与动能武器、空间碎片防护等工程应用的融合,为"十三五"规划提供有力支撑,经"第二届全国超高速碰撞会议筹备会议"和学术委员会讨论,并征得装备发展部和国家国防科工局有关部门同意,拟于2016年下半年召开第二届全国超高速碰撞会议。会议由北京卫星环境工程研究所主办,会议论文将择优正式发表在中国科技核心期刊《航天器环境工程》、《实验流体力学》或《现代应用物理》等相关期刊。现将有关事项通知如下:     

球形弹丸超高速撞击铝靶的分子动力学模拟

基于开源分子动力学程序LAMMPS建立球形铝弹丸超高速撞击铝靶的计算模型,模拟弹丸以10 km/s的速度超高速撞击单层靶、双层靶和半无限厚靶;获得了超高速碰撞靶板的物理过程及靶板损伤特性,与超高速碰撞宏观现象相似;厚靶成坑坑深与宏观经验公式计算结果基本一致。模拟结果初步表明,分子动力学方法可以对弹丸超高速碰撞薄靶和半无限厚靶进行模拟,为揭示碰撞过程中的微观机理提供了一种新的研究方法。     

第二届全国超高速碰撞会议征文通知

正为交流国内超高速碰撞领域的最新技术进展,研讨当今国内外超高速碰撞领域的发展趋势,促进我国超高速碰撞技术研究与动能武器、空间碎片防护等工程应用的融合,为"十三五"规划提供有力支撑,经"第二届全国超高速碰撞会议筹备会议"和学术委员会讨论,并征得装备发展部和国家国防科工局有关部门同意,拟于2016年11月召开第二届全国超高速碰撞会议。会议由北京卫星环境工程研究所主办,     

两种物态方程在超高速碰撞数值模拟中的比较

材料在超高速碰撞下将发生熔化甚至气化相变。为反映超高速碰撞中材料相变带来的影响,文章采用GRAY三相物态方程与Tillotson物态方程,对超高速碰撞进行数值模拟对比研究。研究表明:当碰撞速度在3 km/s以下时,除了靶板穿孔直径外,两种物态方程所给出的碎片云的结果基本一致;但当碰撞速度在3 km/s以上时,两种物态方程给出的数值模拟结果有较大差异,这说明在超高速碰撞中相变的产生对碎片云形状参数有较大影响。     

克服地球轨道空间碎片的航天器防护结构几何规划设计

文章描述了一个用于航天器防护结构综合优化的独特方法——几何规划优化技术,以减小暴露于流星体和空间碎片超高速碰撞环境下的航天器防护结构系统的重量。空间碎片和流星体环境由广义加权目标函数的公式来定义。通过Wilkinson,Burch和Nysmith超高速碰撞预示模型说明几何规划的性能。表明遵循几何规划形式的超高速碰撞模型,可以进行综合非线性设计优化。     

超高速碰撞闪光强度与碰撞速度关系初步研究

为了研究超高速碰撞过程中材料处于热力学平衡状态时碰撞闪光强度与碰撞速度的关系,采用理论与实验验证相结合的方法,结果表明碰撞闪光强度Ⅰ与碰撞速度v遵循指数关系.通过LY12铝弹丸超高速碰撞LY12铝靶实验验证了碰撞闪光强度Ⅰ与n的关系,且幂指数n值在3～4间.     

第二届全国超高速碰撞会议邀请函

正为交流国内超高速碰撞领域的最新技术进展,研讨当今国内外超高速碰撞领域的发展趋势,促进我国超高速碰撞技术研究与动能武器、空间碎片防护等工程应用的融合,为"十三五"规划提供有力支撑,经第二届全国超高速碰撞会议筹备会议和学术委员会讨论,并征得装备发展部和国家国防科工局有关部门同意,拟于2016年11月30日-12月2日在北京会议中心召开第二届全国超高速碰撞会议。会议由北京卫星环境工程研究所主办,可靠性与环境工程技术国防重点实验室、材料空间环境效应与评价     

空间碎片超高速碰撞数值分析

采用光滑粒子流体动力学(SPH)方法对空间碎片超高速碰撞问题作了模拟分析,给出了靶孔直径和碎片云宽度随碰撞速度的变化、累积碎片分布、碎片云无量纲向前总动量随膨胀距离的变化、碎片云前端速度的变化规律以及碎片云速度矢量等。     

Oxygen and Hydrogen Peroxide in the Early Evolution of Life on Earth: In silico Comparative Analysis of Biochemical Pathways

Abstract In the Universe, oxygen is the third most widespread element, while on Earth it is the most abundant one. Moreover, oxygen is a major constituent of all biopolymers fundamental to living organisms. Besides O(2), reactive oxygen species (ROS), among them hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)), are also important reactants in the present aerobic metabolism. According to a widely accepted hypothesis, aerobic metabolism and many other reactions/pathways involving O(2) appeared after the evolution of oxygenic photosynthesis. In this study, the hypothesis was formulated that the Last Universal Common Ancestor (LUCA) was at least able to tolerate O(2) and detoxify ROS in a primordial environment. A comparative analysis was carried out of a number of the O(2)-and H(2)O(2)-involving metabolic reactions that occur in strict anaerobes, facultative anaerobes, and aerobes. The results indicate that the most likely LUCA possessed O(2)-and H(2)O(2)-involving pathways, mainly reactions to remove ROS, and had, at least in part, the components of aerobic respiration. Based on this, the presence of a low, but significant, quantity of H(2)O(2) and O(2) should be taken into account in theoretical models of the early Archean atmosphere and oceans and the evolution of life. It is suggested that the early metabolism involving O(2)/H(2)O(2) was a key adaptation of LUCA to already existing weakly oxic zones in Earth's primordial environment. Key Words: Hydrogen peroxide-Oxygen-Origin of life-Photosynthesis-Superoxide dismutase-Superoxide reductase. Astrobiology 12, 775-784.     

TD-1HNMR measurements show enantioselective dissociation of ribose and glucose in the presence of H2(17)O

We used Time Domain (1)H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) to characterize changes in proton exchange between water and sugar enantiomers at different concentrations of H(2)(17)O (approximately 15-450 mM) and found that dissociation of the (-)-enantiomers of glucose and ribose occurs at significantly higher rates at higher concentrations of H(2)(17)O. The mechanism behind this enantioselective effect is unclear. The hypothesis we propose is that the large magnetic field (B(o) approximately 0.6T) applied during NMR measurements induces electric moments opposite in sign for the D and L-isomers. Because (17)O has a nuclear electric quadrupole moment not = 0, asymmetrically hydrated complexes may form between the B(o)-polarized enantiomers and H(2)(17)O. Either H(2)(17)O is more often hydrating the (+) than the (-)-enantiomers--and consequently pK differences between H(2)(16)O and H(2)(17)O lead to differences in proton exchange between enantiomers and water--or the orientation of H(2)(17)O relative to the B(o)-polarized enantiomers is different, in total or in part, which leads to hydrated complexes with different spatial geometries and different proton exchange properties. This effect is significant for Magneto-Chiral Stereo-Chemistry (MCSC) and astrobiology, and it may help us better understand specific instances of mass independent isotopic fractionation and aid in the development of new technologies for chiral and isotopic separation.     

基于自适应谱峰搜索的脉冲重复间隔最大似然估计

高精度的脉冲重复间隔（PRI）估计对于提高现代电子情报（ELINT）系统的辐射源识别能力具有重要意义。将观测的脉冲到达时间（TOA）序列建模成点过程信号,其周期图谱谱峰就对应于PRI的最大似然估计（MLE）。本文提出了一个“两步数值搜索”策略,可以确保搜索到谱峰而达到MLE。仿真表明,在低信噪比以及高脉冲丢失率条件下,本文算法性能远超已有算法。     

一种基于谱域-空域组合特征支持向量机的高光谱图像分类算法

针对高光谱图像分类问题,提出了一种基于支持向量机的利用组合特征对高光谱图像进行分类的算法,组合特征综合了高光谱图像的光谱域和空域信息。针对图像的高维数据特性,利用最大噪声分量方法进行特征提取,对得到的主分量图像,采用虚拟维数估计算法来确定需要保留的主分量数目,并用数学形态学操作用保留的主分量图像中提取目标的形态信息。根据得到的空域特征并结合原始光谱域特征,构造用于分类的组合特征矢量。而且采用了支持向量机,利用了其支持小样本、效率高的优点。高光谱数据实验表明,本文提出的方法和单独使用谱域或空域信息进行分类相比,具有一定的优越性。
     

Using biogenic sulfur gases as remotely detectable biosignatures on anoxic planets

We used one-dimensional photochemical and radiative transfer models to study the potential of organic sulfur compounds (CS(2), OCS, CH(3)SH, CH(3)SCH(3), and CH(3)S(2)CH(3)) to act as remotely detectable biosignatures in anoxic exoplanetary atmospheres. Concentrations of organic sulfur gases were predicted for various biogenic sulfur fluxes into anoxic atmospheres and were found to increase with decreasing UV fluxes. Dimethyl sulfide (CH(3)SCH(3), or DMS) and dimethyl disulfide (CH(3)S(2)CH(3), or DMDS) concentrations could increase to remotely detectable levels, but only in cases of extremely low UV fluxes, which may occur in the habitable zone of an inactive M dwarf. The most detectable feature of organic sulfur gases is an indirect one that results from an increase in ethane (C(2)H(6)) over that which would be predicted based on the planet's methane (CH(4)) concentration. Thus, a characterization mission could detect these organic sulfur gases-and therefore the life that produces them-if it could sufficiently quantify the ethane and methane in the exoplanet's atmosphere.     

新型控制系统稳定性分析方法研究与展望

介绍了两类新型控制系统稳定性定量测度:奇异摄动裕度和广义增益裕度。这两类稳定裕度是相位裕度和增益裕度在非线性时变系统中的推广,能在使用于非线性系统时反映出与系统多种非线性性质的具体关系,是适用于非线性时变系统稳定性量化的评估标准。将奇异摄动裕度应用于高超声速飞行器模型,估计了滚转角快变条件下控制环的允许滞后时间,并对相关开放性问题进行了展望。该裕度有潜力用于进一步揭示飞行器制导精度和姿态控制动态特性之间的关联机理,为总体设计、姿态控制和气动布局的协调提供参考依据。     

Evaluation of various cleaning methods to remove bacillus spores from spacecraft hardware materials

A detailed study was made of the biological cleaning effectiveness, defined in terms of the ability to remove bacterial spores, of a number of methods used to clean hardware surfaces. Aluminum (Al 6061) and titanium (Ti 6Al-4V) were chosen for the study as they were deemed the two materials most likely to be used in spacecraft extraterrestrial sampler construction. Metal coupons (1 cm x 2.5 cm) were precleaned and inoculated with 5.8 x 10(3) cultivable Bacillus subtilis spores, which are commonly found on spacecraft surfaces and in the assembly environments. The inoculated coupons were subsequently cleaned using: (1) 70% isopropyl alcohol wipe; (2) water wipe; (3) multiple-solvent flight-hardware cleaning procedures used at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL); (4) Johnson Space Center-developed ultrapure water rinse; and (5) a commercial, semi-aqueous, multiple-solvent (SAMS) cleaning process. The biological cleaning effectiveness was measured by agar plate assay, sterility test (growing in liquid media), and epifluorescent microscopy. None of the cleaning protocols tested completely removed viable spores from the surface of the aluminum. In contrast, titanium was capable of being cleaned to sterility by two methods, the JPL standard and the commercial SAMS cleaning process. Further investigation showed that the passivation step employed in the JPL standard method is an effective surface sterilant on both metals but not compatible with aluminum. It is recommended that titanium (Ti 6Al-4V) be considered superior to aluminum (Al 6061) for use in spacecraft sampling hardware, both for its potential to be cleaned to sterilization and for its ability to withstand the most effective cleaning protocols.     

Chronic orthostatic and antiorthostatic restraint induce neuroendocrine, immune and neurophysiologial disorders in rats

The tail-cast suspension rat model has been developed in ground laboratories interested in space physiology for extensive study of mechanisms causing the pathophysiological syndrome associated with space flights. We used individually-caged male rats to explore the effects of acute and chronic (7d) orthostatic restraint (OR) and head-down anti-orthostatic restraint (AOR) on a series of physiological variables. The acute restraint study showed that (1) the installation of the OR device induced an acute reaction for 2 days, with a substantial rise in ACTH (x2) and CORT (x6), and that (2) the head-down tilt from OR to AOR induced (i) within 10 min and lasting 60 min a 2-fold rise in the intra-cerebro-ventricular pressure (Picv) monitored with an icv telemetric recording system, which receded to normal between 60 and 120 min; and (ii) within 30 min a short-lived 4-fold rise in plasma ACTH and CORT levels. Chronic OR induced (1) the suppression of the diurnal ACTH/CORT rhythm, with increased mean levels, especially for ACTH, (2) a degraded circadian locomotor activity rhythm manifested by a significant reduction in the spectral power of the 24h periodicity and a concomitant emergence of shorter (ultradian) periodicities, (3) an associated, but less pronounced alteration of the diurnal rhythm in body temperature; and (4) a marked increase in baseline plasma levels of IL-1β and an increased reactivity in cytokine release following an E. coli endotoxin (LPS) challenge. AOR induced (1) a similar obliteration of the circadian ACTH/CORT rhythm, (2) the loss of close correlation between ACTH and CORT, (3) a generalized increase in baseline plasma IL-1β levels and (4) more extensive degradation of the arcadian periodicity for both locomotor activity and, to a lesser extent, body temperature, replaced by dominant spectral powers for ultradian periodicities (3 to 10h). In conclusion, both experimental paradigms — but AOR more than OR — caused a blockade of the arcadian rhythmicity of major physiological variables, the loss of normal correlations between ACTH and CORT, and inflammatory-immune hyperreactivity. These pathophysiological disorders may all be parts of a complex chronic stress syndrome.     

Temporal changes in fluid chemistry and energy profiles in the vulcano island hydrothermal system

In June 2003, the geochemical composition of geothermal fluids was determined at 9 sites in the Vulcano hydrothermal system, including sediment seeps, geothermal wells, and submarine vents. Compositional data were combined with standard state reaction properties to determine the overall Gibbs free energy (DeltaG(r) ) for 120 potential lithotrophic and heterotrophic reactions. Lithotrophic reactions in the H-O-N-S-C-Fe system were considered, and exergonic reactions yielded up to 120 kJ per mole of electrons transferred. The potential for heterotrophy was characterized by energy yields from the complete oxidation of 6 carboxylic acids- formic, acetic, propanoic, lactic, pyruvic, and succinic-with the following redox pairs: O(2)/H(2)O, SO(4) (2)/H(2)S, NO(3) ()/NH(4) (+), S(0)/H(2)S, and Fe(3)O(4)/Fe(2+). Heterotrophic reactions yielded 6-111 kJ/mol e(). Energy yields from both lithotrophic and heterotrophic reactions were highly dependent on the terminal electron acceptor (TEA); reactions with O(2) yielded the most energy, followed by those with NO(3) (), Fe(III), SO(4) (2), and S(0). When only reactions with complete TEA reduction were included, the exergonic lithotrophic reactions followed a similar electron tower. Spatial variability in DeltaG(r) was significant for iron redox reactions, owing largely to the wide range in Fe(2+) and H(+) concentrations. Energy yields were compared to those obtained for samples collected in June 2001. The temporal variations in geochemical composition and energy yields observed in the Vulcano hydrothermal system between 2001 and 2003 were moderate. The largest differences in DeltaG(r) over the 2 years were from iron redox reactions, due to temporal changes in the Fe(2+) and H(+) concentrations. The observed variations in fluid composition across the Vulcano hydrothermal system have the potential to influence not only microbial diversity but also the metabolic strategies of the resident microbial communities.     

Some experimental progresses in the study of self-rewetting fluids for the SELENE experiment to be carried in the Thermal Platform 1 hardware

SELENE (SELf-rewetting fluids for thermal ENErgy management) is a microgravity experiment proposed to the European Space Agency (ESA) in response to the Announcement of Opportunities for Physical Sciences. Main objectives of the microgravity research onboard the International Space Station (ISS) include the quantitative investigation of heat transfer performances in model heat pipes and validation of adequate theoretical and numerical models. In particular the research is focused on “self-rewetting fluids”, i.e. fluid mixtures with unusual surface tension properties. This article summarizes preliminary ground-based research activities in preparation of the microgravity experiments. They include: (1) thermophysical properties measurements; (2) study of thermo-soluto-capillary effects in micro-channels; (3) numerical modeling; (4) measurements with optical (e.g. interferometric) and intrusive techniques; (5) surface tension-driven effects and thermal performances test on different capillary structures and heat pipes; and (6) breadboards development and support to definition of scientific requirements.