Availability of O(2) and H(2)O(2) on pre-photosynthetic Earth

Old arguments that free O(2) must have been available at Earth's surface prior to the origin of photosynthesis have been revived by a new study that shows that aerobic respiration can occur at dissolved oxygen concentrations much lower than had previously been thought, perhaps as low as 0.05?nM, which corresponds to a partial pressure for O(2) of about 4?×?10(-8) bar. We used numerical models to study whether such O(2) concentrations might have been provided by atmospheric photochemistry. Results show that disproportionation of H(2)O(2) near the surface might have yielded enough O(2) to satisfy this constraint. Alternatively, poleward transport of O(2) from the equatorial stratosphere into the polar night region, followed by downward transport in the polar vortex, may have brought O(2) directly to the surface. Thus, our calculations indicate that this "early respiration" hypothesis might be physically reasonable.     

Rosetta visits asteroid (21)Lutetia

The International Rosetta Mission, cornerstone of the European Space Agency Scientific Programme, was launched on 2nd March 2004 to its 10 years journey to comet Churyumov–Gerasimenko. Rosetta will reach the comet in summer 2014, orbit it for about 1.5 years down to distances of a few Kilometres and deliver the Lander Philae onto its surface. After its successful asteroid fly-by in September 2008, Rosetta came back to Earth, for the final gravity acceleration towards its longest heliocentric orbit, up to a distance of 5.3 AU. It is during this phase that Rosetta crossed for the second time the main asteroids belt and performed a close encounter with asteroid (21)Lutetia on the 10th of July 2010 at a distance of ca. 3160 km and a relative velocity of 15 km/s. The payload complement of the spacecraft was activated to perform highly valuable scientific observations. The approach phase to the celestial body required a careful and accurate optical navigation campaign that will prove to be useful also for the comet approach phase. The experience gained with first asteroid flyby in 2008 was fed back into the operations definition and preparation for this highly critical phase; this concerns in particular the operations of the navigation camera for the close-loop autonomous asteroid tracking and of the main scientific camera for high resolution imaging. It was shortly after the flyby that Rosetta became the solar-powered spacecraft to have flown furthest from the Sun (>2.72 AU). This paper presents the activities carried out and planned for the definition, preparation and implementation of the asteroid flyby mission operations, including the test campaign conducted to improve the performance of the spacecraft and payload compared to the previous flyby. The results of the flyby itself are presented, with the operations implemented, the achieved performance and the lessons learned.     

聚四氢呋喃-聚丁二烯-聚四氢呋喃三嵌段共聚物的合成与力学性能

以端羟基聚丁二烯(HTPB)为引发剂,三氟化硼乙醚络合物为催化剂,环氧丙烷为促开环剂,通过四氢呋喃的阳离子开环聚合反应,制备出聚四氢呋喃-聚丁二烯-聚四氢呋喃三嵌段共聚物(PTHF-PB-PTHF)。采用红外光谱、核磁共振氢谱及碳谱、凝胶渗透色谱-激光光散射联用技术,对目标化合物的结构进行了表征。采用相对分子质量为8 066 g/mol的PTHF-PB-PTHF与甲苯二异氰酸酯反应制备了交联弹性体,应力-应变试验显示,在相同交联密度下,PTHF-PB-PTHF交联弹性体的拉伸强度及断裂伸长率较纯HTPB交联弹性体分别提高了16%及19%。动态热机械性能分析表明,PTHF-PBPTHF交联弹性体具有优异的粘弹性能,其玻璃化转变温度为-55.99℃,低于HTPB交联弹性体。     

一体化建模和仿真环境（IMASE）

一体化建模／仿真环境能为用户提供友好的仿真建模环境，交互功能强的仿真运行环境和功能充分的结果分析环境，从而使仿真试验全过程都能方便地进行。ＩＭＡＳＥ是在ＭＰＳＥ或ＹＦＳＩＭ／ＹＦＲＩＯ的基础上，扩建仿真数据库和模型单元库，并且通过它们的生成源程序和增强结果分析功能，从而使运载火箭控制系统仿真无论在ＹＨ—Ｆ１上，还是在ＹＦ—Ｆ２上，都有一个一体化建模／仿真环境。     

Nitrogen incorporation in CH(4)-N(2) photochemical aerosol produced by far ultraviolet irradiation

Nitrile incorporation into Titan aerosol accompanying hydrocarbon chemistry is thought to be driven by extreme UV wavelengths (λ<120?nm) or magnetospheric electrons in the outer reaches of the atmosphere. Far UV radiation (120-200?nm), which is transmitted down to the stratosphere of Titan, is expected to affect hydrocarbon chemistry only and not initiate the formation of nitrogenated species. We examined the chemical properties of photochemical aerosol produced at far UV wavelengths, using a high-resolution time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometer (HR-ToF-AMS), which allows for elemental analysis of particle-phase products. Our results show that aerosol formed from CH(4)/N(2) photochemistry contains a surprising amount of nitrogen, up to 16% by mass, a result of photolysis in the far UV. The proportion of nitrogenated organics to hydrocarbon species is shown to be correlated with that of N(2) in the irradiated gas. The aerosol mass greatly decreases when N(2) is removed, which indicates that N(2) plays a major role in aerosol production. Because direct dissociation of N(2) is highly improbable given the immeasurably low cross section at the wavelengths studied, the chemical activation of N(2) must occur via another pathway. Any chemical activation of N(2) at wavelengths >120?nm is presently unaccounted for in atmospheric photochemical models. We suggest that reaction with CH radicals produced from CH(4) photolysis may provide a mechanism for incorporating N into the molecular structure of the aerosol. Further work is needed to understand the chemistry involved, as these processes may have significant implications for how we view prebiotic chemistry on early Earth and similar planets.     

Nucleobases and prebiotic molecules in organic residues produced from the ultraviolet photo-irradiation of pyrimidine in NH(3) and H(2)O+NH(3) ices

Although not yet identified in the interstellar medium (ISM), N-heterocycles including nucleobases-the information subunits of DNA and RNA-are present in carbonaceous chondrites, which indicates that molecules of biological interest can be formed in non-terrestrial environments via abiotic pathways. Recent laboratory experiments and ab initio calculations have already shown that the irradiation of pyrimidine in pure H(2)O ices leads to the formation of a suite of oxidized pyrimidine derivatives, including the nucleobase uracil. In the present work, NH(3):pyrimidine and H(2)O:NH(3):pyrimidine ice mixtures with different relative proportions were irradiated with UV photons under astrophysically relevant conditions. Liquid- and gas-chromatography analysis of the resulting organic residues has led to the detection of the nucleobases uracil and cytosine, as well as other species of prebiotic interest such as urea and small amino acids. The presence of these molecules in organic residues formed under abiotic conditions supports scenarios in which extraterrestrial organics that formed in space and were subsequently delivered to telluric planets via comets and meteorites could have contributed to the inventory of molecules that triggered the first biological reactions on their surfaces.     

Which direction for space? (Part II)

The ISU held its 9th annual symposium in Strasbourg from 30 November to 2 December 2004, with the theme ‘Civil, Commercial and Security Space: What will drive the Next Decade?’ Speakers from industry, academe, space agencies, international organizations and the military presented a range of views on where the different sectors that make up space activity might be headed and, on the final day, sectoral discussion groups attempted to draw together some of the themes that had emerged. This report is an edited version of ISU President Michael Simpson's closing speech, in which he summed up the findings of the discussion groups. The growing importance of user demand was considered likely to present the biggest change to the way space activity is carried out.     

环境应力筛选技术及其应用和发展综述

文章分析了标准GJB 1032《电子产品环境应力筛选方法》本身存在的一些问题,列举了在该标准实施过程中的一些不正确的做法,并对此进行了分析。介绍了常规环境应力筛选技术的发展情况和新发展的高加速应力筛选,提出修订GJB 1032和制订《常规环境应力筛选指南》和《高加速应力筛选指南》两个标准的建议。     

The search for extraterrestrial artifacts (SETA)

The rationale for the use of interstellar artifacts by intelligent life in the universe is described. The advantages of using interstellar probes as a means of exploration and communication are presented and shown to be significant enough to counter the time, energy, and technology arguments generally raised against contact via extraterrestrial artifacts. Four classes of artifacts are defined: Those seeking contact, those seeking to avoid contact, those intended to provide a passive technological threshold for detection, and those for which detection is irrelevant. The Search for Extraterrestrial Artifacts (SETA) is based on the latter two classes. Under the assumption that an extraterrestrial probe will be interested in life in our solar system, a near-Earth search space is defined. This search space is accessible to us now with ground and satellite observing facilities. The current observational status of SETA is reviewed and contrasted with the achievable detection limits for the different parts of the search space.     

United Nations Human Space Technology Initiative (HSTI)

The Human Space Technology Initiative was launched in 2010 within the framework of the United Nations Programme on Space Applications implemented by the Office for Outer Space Affairs of the United Nations. It aims to involve more countries in activities related to human spaceflight and space exploration and to increase the benefits from the outcome of such activities through international cooperation, to make space exploration a truly international effort.     

中温硫化三元乙丙橡胶绝热层配方研究

介绍了中温(80℃)硫化三元乙丙橡胶(EPDM)绝热层的各项性能,考察了促进剂种类对EPDM硫化特性的影响。结果表明,二硫代氨基甲酸盐类促进剂对中温硫化EPDM的硫化促进作用最好,该中温硫化EPDM绝热层的本体性能与高温硫化胶相当,且综合性能优良;发动机壳体修补工艺试验结果表明,配方性能和工艺性能均满足发动机修补要求。     

聚对苯撑苯并双嗯唑（PBO）纤维制备及性能研究

采用4，6-二氨基间苯二酚（DAR）与对苯二甲酸（TPA）缩聚的方法制备PBO聚合物溶液，在180—200℃使聚合物形成液晶态，利用干喷湿纺制法制备纤维。采用DSC、Raman及XRD等方法对纤维进行表征。制备的纤维与商品纤维相比，具有相同的结构和热性能，但表面形貌和强度有差异；两种纤维具有6个相同的主要Raman光谱带，但制备纤维的峰面积较小。制备的PBO纤维热降解温度达650℃，热牵伸处理可使纤维的模量提高至240～300GPa。     

航天型号研制工作分解结构（WBS）编制研究

对航天型号研制工作分解结构（WBS）编制的意义和作用进行了研究和探索，提出了WBS主要的相关定义、编制要求和主要框架。     

二硝酰胺铵(ADN)球形化工艺研究

介绍了近年来国外关于二硝酰胺铵（ADN）球形化的工艺方法，重点讨论了中间介质、分散剂、表面活性剂和热稳定剂的作用及其选择方法。     

Using the Very Large Array (VLA) and other radio telescopes to perform a parasitic Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence (SETI)

This paper describes several attempts to utilize various radio telescopes in a manner that we term "parasitic," that is in a manner that does not interrupt or seriously impact the standard astronomical observing programs in progress at the radio observatories. In the extreme case, only recorded astronomical data are accessed off-line, after the fact, without any burden on the observatory at all.     

Microgravity measurement assembly (MMA) for spacelab module missions

The microgravity measurement assembly (MMA) is a precision measurement facility for ground and on-orbit disturbance accelerations on board Spacelab, being currently under development by MBB/ERNO under DFVLR contract. MMA is using a new generation of micromechanical acceleration detectors developed by CSEM under ESTEC contract. Small dimensions of the triaxial sensor packages allow for installation very close to scientific experiments; mass is significantly reduced compared to conventional systems. Six or more of these mini-sensor packages are installed at the most g-sensitive experiments of Spacelab Module Missions. Acceleration and housekeeping data are processed in real time by a dedicated microcomputer and transmitted to the ground. Thus, for the first time, synchronized and comparable precision acceleration data are available in real time on ground for on-line judgement of the microgravity environment desired for experiment success, offering the possibility, for example of experiment repetition in case of excessive g-disturbances. Furthermore, MMA allows for immediate feedback to the crew concerning the microgravity effects of their dynamic behavior, with the aim of crew training towards lower disturbances. An additional mobile sensor package can be installed at vibration sources, e.g. pumps, centrifuges etc. or any arbitrary location inside the Spacelab Module. An impact hammer can be used together with MMA in order to measure in-flight structural transfer functions. The MMA on-board system and ground station and its planned utilization for the German Spacelab Mission D-2 is described.     

超宽带/宽波束SAR的后向投影(BP)算法

超宽带/宽波束(UWB/WB)SAR的相参积累角很大,会引起严重的距离徙动现象,使传统窄带/窄波束成像算法(RD算法等)不再适用。后向投影(BP)算法避免了菲涅耳近似,通过计算双程时延将信号进行相干累加,从而获得方位向高分辨率。文中对SAR成像以及BP算法的原理进行推导,然后通过计算机仿真验证理论分析的正确性和算法的有效性,最后详细讨论图像的像素间隔对成像的影响。     

Respiratory mechanics after 180 days space mission (EUROMIR'95)

The present study reports data on respiratory function of lung and chest wall following the 180 days long European - Russian EuroMir '95 space mission. Data reported refer to two subjects studied before the mission, on day 9 and 175 in flight and on days 1, 10, 12, 27 and 120 after return. In-flight vital capacity (VC) and expiratory reserve volume (ERV) were similar to those in supine posture, namely approximately 5% and approximately 30% less than in sitting posture. On day 1 after return, VC was reduced by approximately 30% in both postures. This reflected a decrease in ERV (approximately 0.5 L) and in IC (inspiratory capacity, approximately 1.7 L) that could be attributed to a marked weakening of the respiratory muscles. Regain of normal preflight values barely occurred 120 days after return. Post-flight pressure-volume curves of the lung, chest wall and total respiratory system are equal to preflight ones. The pressure-volume curve of the lung in supine posture is displaced to the right relative to sitting posture and shows a lower compliance. As far as the lung in-flight condition resembles that occurring in supine posture, this implies a lower compliance, a greater amount of blood in the pulmonary microvascular bed, a more homogeneous lung perfusion and therefore a greater microvascular filtration rate towards lung interstitium.