GPS移动基准站差分定位算法

相对导航定位技术在空中加油任务中起着至关重要的引导作用。针对传统差分定位模式受限于基准站位置固定、覆盖范围有限等问题,研究了一种无固定基准站差分定位方案,实现了短基线高精度动态相对定位。该方案首先基于实时伪距单点定位求得移动站近似坐标,结合载波信息进行站间差分,求得单差模糊度浮点解及更高精度的移动站坐标。之后,再利用双差观测方程,并采用扩展Kalman滤波(Extended Kalman Filtering,EKF)算法获得移动站精确坐标和双差模糊度浮点解。最后,采用LAMBDA算法进行模糊度快速固定,获得最终定位结果。实验结果表明,所采用的无固定基准站差分定位方案使得基线长度均方差小于5cm,达到了较高的动态相对定位精度。     

低成本GNSS接收机芯片载波相位测量技术

当前具备载波相位测量的GNSS接收机能够实现高精度定位,但其成本高、体积大,难以广泛应用于大批量的手机、平板电脑等消费电子产品。针对ST公司的STA8090接收机芯片并改进其软件和晶振以获得载波相位信息,采用双差和三差方程测试评估载波相位测量的精度,与测绘型接收机进行对比。基于改进的STA8090接收机芯片构建双天线定姿系统原型样机,静态测试评估了相对定位和定向精度。研究结果表明,千米级静态相对定位精度优于0.01m,在1.23m基线条件下定向精度优于0.1°。因此,采用低成本GNSS接收机芯片实现高精度载波相位测量的技术方案是可行的,具备广阔的市场应用前景。     

BDS接收机星间载波相位偏差

BDS(BeiDou satellite navigation System,北斗卫星导航系统)的MEO/IGSO (Medium Earth Orbit/Inclined Geosynchronous Satellite Orbit,中圆地球轨道/倾斜地球同步轨道)卫星在D1导航电文上调制了NH(Neumann-Hoffman,奈曼-霍夫曼)二次编码,而在GEO(Geostationary Earth Orbit,地球静止轨道)卫星上未使用.利用北斗MEO/IGSO和GEO卫星进行差分定位时,采用不同NH码符号映射规则的接收机之间会出现半周载波相位偏差的问题,严重影响RTK (Real-Time Kinematic,实时动态差分)应用.通过分析半周载波相位偏差的形成机理,从单差、双差、三差应用角度分别研究了半周载波相位偏差的影响.分析结果表明,接收机NH码符号映射规则与卫星不一致时,接收机直接用乘法器对NH码解调将存在反相,也即引入了半周载波相位偏差;在满足特定条件下,单差和双差应用时会存在半周载波相位偏差的问题;三差应用时不存在半周载波相位偏差的问题.最后,提出了需在北斗接口控制文件中明确卫星NH码调制或映射规则的修订建议.     

基于差分卫星导航的着舰引导技术分析

着舰引导技术是航母/舰载机系统的核心技术,差分卫星导航相对定位精度高,广泛应用于近距离相对定位,基于差分卫星导航的着舰引导技术是当前着舰引导技术研究的热点.载波相位周跳是影响差分卫星导航相对定位精度的关键因素.本文在分析基于差分卫星导航的着舰引导系统架构的基础上,提出一种改进的包含周跳的卡尔曼滤波模型.该模型能够削弱差分卫星导航相对定位处理流程中载波相位周跳影响,提高相对定位精度,试验结果证明了本文所提卡尔曼滤波模型的有效性.     

北斗三频载波相位组合与相对定位研究

通过分析北斗二代一期三频载波相位观测量间误差的相关性,提出基于解算不定方程求解特定波长和电离层延迟下噪声最优的线性组合系数;分析了不同类型组合观测量的误差特性,鉴于由不同原始载波相位观测量组成的各种线性组合在模糊度解算、电离层延迟修正等方面的优势,选择了三组宽巷组合作为中长基线模糊度解算的推荐方案。在此基础上,利用北斗三频接收机进行了4次40km范围内的静态基线相对定位试验,分析了北斗三频组合观测在中长基线情况下模糊度固定的效率和相对定位的精度。结果表明,推荐的三组宽巷组合方案至多需要5次测量即可准确固定模糊度;在10km范围内采用北斗单频测量的相对定位精度与采用三频组合测量的精度相当;超过20km之后采用北斗多频消电离层组合的相对定位精度明显高于单频测量,最多能够提高71.4%。     

5G微基站环境下GNSS接收机性能及观测质量分析

我国已全面进入5G时代，为研究5G微基站电磁环境对全球卫星导航系统（GNSS）接收机工作性能及观测数据质量的影响，基于自主建设差分基准站的零基线观测数据，采用静态相对定位方法，通过观测数据质量分析、载波与伪距的双差残差序列、对比相对静态定位结果，综合评估5G微基站对GNSS接收机工作性能及观测数据质量的影响。实验表明：当前环境下，GNSS差分基准站及接收机处于近距离建设的5G微基站时，载波相位观测噪声变化范围为5cm，伪距观测噪声变化范围为15cm，零基线测试结果变化范围为1mm。在实验距离内，5G微基站对于GNSS接收机工作性能及数据观测质量影响较小，可以忽略。     

基于惯性辅助的GPS相对定位算法

针对GPS信号易受干扰遮挡以及利用载波相位差分进行相对定位时整周模糊度浮点解精度差、搜索空间大的不足,提出INS辅助的GPS相对定位算法.首先采用INS/GPS深组合方式,实现伪距、伪距率的滤波平滑;然后利用校正后的惯性信息、伪距、载波相位集中滤波得到高精度的浮点解和协方差阵;最后利用LAMBDA算法得到模糊度固定解和相对位置信息.文中使用GPS实测数据和仿真惯导数据进行相对定位试验,结果表明在GPS信号受到短时遮挡时,有惯性辅助和没有惯性辅助相比,东北天3个方向的平均误差分别下降66.45％、82.32％、85.66％;且该算法可改善模糊度指标,压缩整周模糊度搜索空间,提升整周模糊度求解效率.     

GPS精密单点定位收敛性分析及改善措施

目前卫星定位技术中常用的高精度定位方法主要是相对定位和非差相位精密单点定位。非差相位精密单点定位无法像相对定位那样使用差分方式来消除定位中的某些误差,因而如何对影响定位的各个误差源进行准确地建模修正是提高非差相位精密单点定位精度和收敛速度的关键。本文从非差相位精密单点定位的3个关键环节入手,对影响定位收敛速度的因素进行简要分析,讨论了改善措施,并结合实际数据进行了相关验证。     

利用旋转双天线载波相位双差的欺骗干扰检测技术

有效的欺骗干扰检测是防止卫星导航接收机被欺骗干扰攻击的前提。提出了一种基于旋转双天线载波相位双差的卫星导航接收机欺骗干扰检测技术,在对接收机双天线匀速旋转时输出载波相位测量值进行载波相位双差处理后,利用广义似然比检验实现了对单一发射天线输出欺骗干扰信号的检测。进一步分析了旋转半径和数据长度对检测性能的影响,并与旋转单天线和天线阵载波相位双差欺骗干扰检测方法的性能进行了对比。最后,通过蒙特卡罗方法进行了仿真验证,结果表明了该检测方法和检测性能分析的正确性。     

利用GPS测量空间转移飞行器的姿态

在长时间的运行过程中,空间转移飞行器(STV)的惯性测量系统将积累过大的姿态误差。利用GPS可以对其姿态进行修正,以满足任务的需求。本文考虑了测量姿态的四种不同方法:推力矢量测定、差分GPS、相位时间三差和载波相位测姿。由于非常靠近空间站,空间转移飞行器上天线间隔的限制及相位时间三差求解需要很长的积分时间,我们选用载波相位测姿法。利用人马座顶上级代表空间转移飞行器的结构,载波相位的测量精度为0.2cm,本文证明了利用相位时间三差解初始的不对准误差对大部分飞行任务是可以接受的。GPS和高质量的惯性导航系统(INS)相结合,可以改进姿态测量方法,同时惯导系统还可辅助GPS接收机的载波跟踪环,保持载波相位的锁定。利用载波相位测姿法测量空间转移飞行器的姿态,至少要用4颗卫星。本文给出了一种选择有利卫星几何的几何方法。概括地讲,首先选择一颗最高仰角的卫星作为主星,然后在天线基线相反两侧选择低仰角的2#星和3#星,最后选择4#星,4#星远离其它3颗星,并且最好位于与基线垂直而不是包含基线的平面上。其目的是选择几何分布好的卫星,以便有良好的天线基线方位/俯仰灵敏度和良好的单位矢量差(GDOP)分布。本文介绍了对于一组卫星,一旦主星选定,如何从数学上计算方位/俯仰灵敏度。把方位和俯仰灵敏度及GDOP代入复合排序方程,以确定最佳的一个4颗星的星座,然后采用Magnavox研究的载波相位定位的算法,由这4颗卫星的载波相位,计算空间转移飞行器的姿态。     

北斗卫星导航( 区域) 系统星座对中国载人航天器的服务能力仿真分析

载人航天器可以利用北斗卫星导航系统实现自主导航定位和相对测量以支持轨道确定和交会对接任务。为了评估当前星座条件下北斗卫星导航(区域)系统对中国载人航天器的服务能力,建立了当前北斗卫星导航(区域)系统的星座仿真场景。利用载人航天器轨道参数,对其轨道处北斗区域星座的覆盖特性和服务能力进行了仿真,分析了可以用于载人航天器绝对定位和相对定位的时间长度、可见卫星情况、位置精度因子等特性。分析结果表明,在载人航天轨道的一些持续时间段内,航天器可以利用北斗(区域)系统完成绝对和相对定位功能。     

Fiber-optic gyros and quartz accelerometers for motion control

In article the opportunity of use strapdown inertial navigation system (SINS) on the base of fiber-optic gyroscopes and quartz accelerometers corrected from star sensors and satellite navigation equipment (SNE) for perspective interplanetary spacecrafts motion control on phases of interplanetary trajectory insertion, trajectory correction, and braking during transition to Mars orbit is investigated. Results of onboard control complex accuracy characteristics estimation are presented at the given dynamic spacecraft scheme which is taking into account the liquid oscillations in tanks and structure elements elasticity. At modelling the errors of measuring devices installation, errors of SINS initial alignment and instrumental errors of SINS sensitive elements, variation of control engines parameters were taken into account. The structure of the developed complex of imitation modelling of interplanetary spacecraft controlled motion is resulted. Estimations of active flight legs realization accuracy were received by a method of statistical modelling of spacecraft controlled motion     

Joint probabilistic data association for autonomous navigation

A new autonomous navigation scheme based on the joint probabilistic data association (JPDA) approach that processes landmark detections in the field of view (FOV) of an on-board sensor is developed. These detections-some true, some false-are associated to a set of stored landmarks and used to update the state of the vehicle. The results obtained from Monte Carlo simulations prove the ability of this navigation filter to perform in very high false alarm environments. In the different environmental conditions tested in the simulations, the performance of the JPDA navigation filter (JPDANF) is very close to that of the filter based on perfect data association. The very efficient cluster decomposition algorithm presented for the purpose of the navigation problem can also be used in many multitarget tracking applications     

SINS/ANS integration for augmented performance navigation solution using unscented Kalman filtering

The fundamental concept of the multisensor integrated navigation system is the utilization of a medium precision INS in conjunction with one or more auxiliary sensors which perform as error bounding sources. Strapdown inertial navigation system (SINS) integrated with astronavigation system (ANS) yields reliable mission capability and enhanced navigational accuracy for spacecrafts. The theory and characteristics of integrated system based on unscented Kalman filtering is investigated in this paper. This Kalman filter structure uses unscented transform to approximate the result of applying a specified nonlinear transformation to a given mean and covariance estimate. The filter implementation subsumed here is in a direct feedback mode. Axes misalignment angles of the SINS are observation to the filter. A simple approach for simulation of axes misalignments using stars observation is presented. The SINS error model required for the filtering algorithm is derived in space-stabilized mechanization. Simulation results of the integrated navigation system using a medium accuracy SINS demonstrates the validity of this method on improving the navigation system accuracy with the estimation and compensation for gyros drift, and the position and velocity errors that occur due to the axes misalignments.     

Accurate and autonomous navigation for the ATV

The Automated Transfer Vehicle (ATV) is a European spacecraft intended to service the International Space Station (ISS). It is designed to perform automated phasing, approach, rendezvous and docking to the ISS, then departure and deorbitation manoeuvres. Such an automated rendezvous mission towards a manned facility raises severe performance and safety constraints for the vehicle, which are declined towards the on-board Navigation in terms of availability, accuracy and failure tolerance: the ATV shall be operational after any first failure and safe conditions shall be reached after a second failure. The whole ATV navigation system has been designed to fulfil these very stringent requirements. Based on fully redundant hardware, the navigation algorithms present optimal estimators and multi-layers Failure, Detection, Isolation and Recovery (FDIR) capabilities to ensure the continuity of the state vector in case of failure. Several functions provide state vectors estimations and health reports, according to the flight phase: the attitude and drift estimation function provides the vehicle absolute attitude and angular rate during the whole flight; for the far rendezvous, position and velocity relative to the ISS are estimated by the relative GPS navigation and a dedicated relative navigation with Videometer applies in close rendezvous, in the final approach. All these autonomous navigation functions offer nevertheless a high level of monitoring and control to the ATV Control Centre operators. Thus the ATV innovative navigation chain provides the high level of performance, robustness and autonomy required by modern spacecrafts involved in human programs, today in Earth orbit but also for future space exploration missions.     

双轴旋转式激光捷联惯导系统的转位方案研究

惯性导航系统的误差随时间累积,旋转调制技术可以有效地提高惯导系统的长航时精度,旋转调制方案是决定旋转式捷联惯导系统导航精度的一个重要因素.针对双轴旋转惯导系统,相较于16次序转位方案,提出了一种新的32次序双轴旋转调制方案.根据捷联惯导系统的误差方程,推导出旋转捷联惯导的误差方程,分析了误差补偿的机理,研究了惯性器件常值偏置误差、标度因数误差和安装角误差的传播特性.仿真结果表明,32次序双轴旋转调制方案相对于16次序转位方案有明显的优势,可以有效地降低姿态角误差和经纬度误差.     

微型飞行器控制与导航系统研究

在介绍了微型飞行器的概念及其功能特点的基础上,探讨了固定翼微型飞行器控制与导航系统的结构。针对我校研制的固定翼微小型飞行器,提出了一种控制与导航系统方案。最后,指出了微型飞行器控制与导航所面临的主要技术问题及其解决思路。     

Accurate solution of proportional navigation for maneuveringtargets

An accurate solution is presented of the nonlinear differential equations describing motion under proportional navigation when the target is laterally maneuvering. A quasilinearization (QL) approach is used, followed by a perturbation technique to obtain closed-form solutions for trajectory parameters. An explicit expression for the pursuer lateral acceleration is derived and shown to contain contributions due to initial heading error and target maneuver, with a coupling between the two effects. The solution is shown to be a substantial and consistent generalization or an earlier accurate solution for nonmaneuvering targets and also of classical linear solutions for maneuvering targets. The generalized QL solution presented provides very accurate estimates of pursuer lateral acceleration over a much broader range of engagement geometries and target maneuvers than presently available closed-form solutions     

Multipath mitigation method based on Gaussian mixture model in RF relative measurement

Radio Frequency (RF) technology represents a high-precision relative navigation solution that has significant potential for application to earth-orbiting satellites. In precision applications, multipath errors dominate the total error because observables, which are used to estimate carrier-phase integer ambiguity, are not always subject to a Gaussian distribution when dual-frequency ambiguity estimation methods are used in the presence of multipath. As it has been shown that ranging observables obey a Gaussian mixture distribution, this study proposes improvements to the accuracy of estimation based on multipath mitigation founded on the Gaussian mixture model. To this end, such a model is created for integer ambiguity resolution in the presence of multipath, using which the theoretical error in dual-frequency ambiguity estimation is derived. Expectation Maximization (EM), which aids dual-frequency ambiguity estimation, is subsequently proposed to reduce the effect of multipath errors. Finally, two experimental scenarios are implemented to test the performance of the proposed method. The results show that EM-aided dual-frequency ambiguity estimation reduces the range error to approximately 20% in comparison with simple dual-frequency ambiguity estimation. Therefore the proposed technique is effective for multipath mitigation in RF relative measurement.     

基于气动模型辅助的四旋翼飞行器室内自主导航方法

 惯性/卫星/磁传感器/气压高度计组合导航系统是四旋翼飞行器常用的导航方案。但在室内飞行时,由于卫星导航系统不可用,该导航方案的测速及定位精度难以满足四旋翼飞行器的自主飞行需求,从而制约了其室内自主飞行能力。为解决该问题,在利用四旋翼飞行器气动模型的基础上,提出了惯性/磁传感器/声纳传感器/气动模型组合导航方案。通过分析四旋翼飞行器的气动模型特性,揭示了气动模型辅助自主导航的内在机理;提出了气动模型辅助导航算法,并设计了具体的实施流程。最后,结合OS4型四旋翼飞行器的气动模型特点,搭建了气动模型辅助导航方案的验证平台,对四旋翼飞行器的室内悬停与机动飞行进行了仿真模拟。仿真结果表明,气动模型辅助导航方案可以显著提高室内飞行时的测速与定位精度。该方案无需增加其他传感器,具有自主性强、成本低和零载重的优点,在四旋翼飞行器室内导航中具有较好的应用价值。