民用飞机着陆系统安全性评估的故障树分析

飞机着陆系统是保障飞机安全进近着陆的关键系统,如何评估着陆系统满足安全性设计要求是系统设计的重要环节之一。阐述民用飞机安全性评估的基本流程,以微波着陆系统为例,针对给定的微波着陆系统框图,通过故障树分析方法,对完全丧失两侧微波着陆信息的失效状态进行定量评估,重点详述建树过程和建树方法。结果表明:故障树分析对系统架构的设计具有重要的指导作用,二者紧密结合、相互反馈;特别是当失效状态所对应的概率要求无法满足时,借助故障树分析产生的割集报告,能找出系统架构存在的薄弱之处和关键部位,从而采取有效的应对措施,完成对系统架构的优化设计。     

Microwave Landing System

The National Microwave Landing Systems (MLS) program is a joint DOT/DOD/NASA effort to implement a common civil/military precision landing system to replace the current Instrument Landing System (ILS). The MLS will be capable of providing precision landing guidance down to Category III minimum while allowing for complex approach paths in both the horizontal and vertical planes. The system is based on the Time Reference Scanning Beam (TRSB) technique which was selected by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) in April 1978 as the new international landing system standard. MLS is less susceptible to interference from the surrounding area and provides a greater signal coverage area than ILS.     

MLS: keeping pace with the future

It is argued that the instrument landing system (ILS) is now at its operational limit in terms of radio frequency availability, approach flexibility, and technology. The operational requirements for a microwave landing system (MLS), which will overcome key limitations of the ILS and provide growth to meet future requirements of precision landing systems, are discussed, John F. Kennedy (JFK) International Airport and LaGuardia Airport in New York City are discussed as examples to demonstrate the capabilities of MLS     

Flight safety performance of the microwave landing system

The microwave landing system (MLS), which is scheduled to be implemented progressively over the next 10 years, is intended to supply the instrument landing system (ILS) as the international standard landing aid. MLS has been demonstrated to be superior to ILS from both performance and reliability standpoints, yet considerable debate persists on its relative merits. Although tolerance criteria for flight safety are embedded in these comparisons, flight safety has not been a major component of these discussions. The reasons why flight safety has not been an issue are addressed, and observations on the flight safety of MLS are related from a systems point of view. The effect of MLS on airport capacity is identified as a central issue. Observations are derived from a review of available documentation and operational results to date as well as discussions with the participants     

微波着陆信息处理系统研究

微波着陆信息处理系统是MLS机载设备在研制、生产和维修过程中必不可少的一种专用测试设备,文中论述了研究微波着陆信息处理系统的必要性,并从硬件结构上说明了微波着陆信息处理系统的工作原理。     

System Considerations for the New DME/P International Standard

The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) has completed technical standards for the precision distance measuring equipment (DME/P). The DME/P is an integral element of the microwave landing system (MLS) and will provide the precision ranging function to complement the already standardized azimuth and elevation guidance functions of the system. In 1978 an ICAO meeting concluded that the DME/P should be integrated into the existing standards for the conventional DME (DME/N) as a compatible service. The motivation for this was economic. It was reasoned that a single L-band airborne unit could satisfy the need for both existing enroute and the new precision approach and landing services, thereby avoiding unnecessary duplication of on-board ranging equipment. Furthermore, this approach would permit existing conventional airborne equipment to obtain service from the new DME/P ground facilities at least during the initial stages of MLS implementation. These compatibility requirements were later incorporated into the DME/P statement of operational requirements which was accepted at an ICAO meeting in April 1981. Further, they have been a primary focus in the DME/P standardization effort which has been actively pursued since late 1980. The conceptual design of the DME/P that evolved from the ICAO process is discussed here. The comptability issues are highlighted, and it is shown how they are accommodated in the system synthesis which also treats the obvious need for a guidance function of high integrity and robust performance in the severe multipath environment encountered in approach and landing operations.     

MLS system error model identification and synthesis

Signal-in-space modeling of approach and landing guidance systems such as the microwave landing system (MLS), which is necessary for aircraft certification, is addressed. A technique which can, in principle, identify the error sources in navigation systems and can also perform the inverse operation of synthesizing an error generator whose output is statistically equivalent to the original error data is described. The technique can also be used to validate equipment error budget assumptions. The identification and synthesis technique applies not only to MLS but to all navigation systems     

Demonstration of MLS advanced approach techniques

Instrument approach designs and flight-test results using the microwave landing system (MLS) are presented. A general-aviation aircraft was flown on linear computed centerline and curved approach paths with MLS guidance displayed on basic course-deviation indicator and horizontal situation indicator instruments. Approach performance was documented using a ground tracker system, recording three-dimensional position information. These tests demonstrated the flyability of such advanced paths with basic cockpit instrumentation     

The case for ILS

In response to the interest and activity in microwave landing systems (MLSs), the capability of instrument landing systems (ILSs) is examined and a case for their continued implementation is made. The changes that have been made with respect to electronic hardware, monitoring, and antenna systems in response to more stringent demands are reviewed. It is argued that there is no technical impediment to the installation of additional and upgraded ILS installations over the 1990s and that these installations would be cost effective and pay back the investments before being displaced by MLS     

High accuracy navigation and landing system using GPS/IMU systemintegration

In this paper, the accuracy, integrity and continuity of function requirements for automatic landing systems using satellite navigation systems are discussed. Such a landing system is the integrated navigation and landing system (INLS) developed by Deutsche Aerospace (DASA/Ulm, Germany). The system concepts of the INLS are presented. It is shown how an INLS, based on system integration of a satellite navigation system (e.g., GPS) in realtime differential mode with an inertial measurement unit (IMU) in the accuracy class of an attitude and heading reference system (AHRS), can meet the requirements: the results given are mainly devoted to the accuracy issues. Using Kalman filter techniques, an in-flight calibration of the IMU is performed. The advantage of system integration, especially in dynamic flight conditions and during phases of flight with satellite masking, is explained. The accuracy, integrity and continuity of function of the INLS were proven by means of flight tests in a commuter aircraft using a laser tracker as a reference. These flight tests have shown that the short-term accuracy (<60 seconds) of the AHRS used within the INLS has been improved from low cost sensor quality to the accuracy of a high quality laser inertial navigation system (LNIS). With the presented INLS, a landing at any airfield, not equipped with conventional Instrument Landing System (ILS) or Microwave Landing System (MLS), is possible by using a very cost effective system. The INLS is a high accuracy navigation and landing system designed to be used instead of conventional landing systems at small airfields and to fill operational gaps of conventional navigation and landing systems in cruise and approach on large airports     

舰载机综合电子显示与自动着舰导引仿真系统

阐述了综合电子显示与自动着舰导引系统的重要地位及以往仿真研究中存在的缺陷, 提出了该仿真系统的总体设计思想,最后着重介绍了各仿真子系统,基本解决了系统建立的思路问题。该系统的研制成功对舰载机的着舰模拟训练具有十分重要的意义。     

Analysis of the Integrity of the Microwave Landing System (MLS) Data Eu nctions

The microwave landing system (MLS) transmits angle, data, andrange information for use by airborne receivers. In this paper, theintegrity of the data functions is analyzed in terms of the probabilityof undetected errors remaining in the data. The data format andintegrity requirements were derived from the MLS standards andguidance material defined by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO). Results show that the performancerequirements can be met by: 1) averaging the received data bits ofseveral samples of the same word using a majority voting;2) reducing the bit error rate at the output of the receiver'sdecoder; and 3) a combination of the above techniques.     

民用飞机着陆载荷第25.473条款要求及符合性验证研究

《中国民用航空规章第25部:运输类飞机适航标准》(CCAR-25)第25.473条,对民用飞机地面载荷的着陆情况计算进行了规定。对其具体内容和符合性验证方法进行研究,包括条款与其它相关条款的约束关系、可接受的符合性方法,以及着陆载荷计算涉及的着陆重量、下沉速度、着陆姿态等所有工况和工况参数的确定方法,还有起落架动态特性、轮胎摩擦系数的符合方法研究等,为民用飞机着陆地面载荷的设计和符合性验证提供参考。     

跪式起落架在武装直升机坠毁过程中能量吸收能力研究(Ⅱ)——理论模型分析方法

 采用简化的弹簧 -刚性杆系统模型,通过 Lagrange方程解出了直升机以 6 m/ s的速度垂直撞击地面这一过程的动态响应,近似给出了起落架吸收的能量 (塑性功 )占初始动能的百分比;机体的动能变化曲线以及主缓冲器的载荷谱曲线。与有限元分析结果进行比较,符合程度很好,可为直升机抗坠毁初始设计提供理论指导。     

Terrain modeling for microwave landing system

A powerful analytical approach for evaluating the terrain effects on a microwave landing system (MLS) is presented. The approach combines a multiplate model with a powerful and exhaustive ray tracing technique and an accurate formulation for estimating the electromagnetic fields due to the antenna array in the presence of terrain. Both uniform theory of diffraction (UTD) and impedance UTD techniques have been employed to evaluate these fields. Innovative techniques are introduced at each stage to make the model versatile to handle most general terrain contours and also to reduce the computational requirement to a minimum. The model is applied to several terrain geometries, and the results are discussed     

支柱式前起落架系统刚度与摆振稳定性研究

系统刚度（航向、侧向和扭转刚度）是支柱式前起落架设计的重要指标,探明系统刚度对摆振稳定性的影响规律,对起落架的防摆设计具有重要意义。采用改变缓冲器初始气体压力的方式,分析缓冲器行程对系统刚度的影响规律,研究系统刚度对支柱式前起落架摆振的初始扭转角、收敛时间、收敛比例和稳定区域的影响。结果表明：增大支柱式前起落架系统刚度,可提升防摆性能,但同时会造成初始扭转角和摆振收敛时间的增加,这会降低起落架抵御外界干扰的能力,因此,不能过度增加支柱式前起落架系统刚度。     

大柔性飞机着陆撞击多质量块等效模型

考虑飞机结构振动刚性模态和前n阶弹性模态,将飞机机体等效地转化为多质量块等效模型,给出了等效系统力学参量的计算方法,为计及机体振动影响的起落架落震试验设计,通过试验检验或确定起落架着陆载荷、功量等提供模型依据,同时也为起落架设计分析、设计计算提供了简明的等效系统。还给出了大柔性飞机着陆功量、机翼位移、剪力、弯矩计算公式。算例结果表明大柔性飞机的起落架设计有必要考虑机体结构弹性,并从全局出发,采用特殊的构造措施和优化设计技术。     

Radar synthetic vision system for adverse weather aircraft landing

A synthetic vision system (SVS) is described for aid in landing aircraft in poor weather conditions. The system consists of a scanning millimeter wave radar, heads-up display and real-time signal processing hardware. A suite of fast image processing algorithms are used for enhancing and displaying of the imagery. The system has been tested in number of tower and flight demonstration during actual adverse weather conditions. The significance of the work is in both system demonstration of the overall concept and the novelty of its signal processing algorithms     

舰载飞机着舰精确轨迹跟踪控制研究

根据着舰运动及Ｈ∞控制方法概念对用Ｈ∞控制方法设计舰载飞机自动着舰导引系统进行了研究;并按着舰导引系统的性能要求,确定了Ｈ∞控制综合模型的结构,给出了权阵的选取准则。以ＡＤ－４飞机为例进行了仿真验证,仿真结果表明,所设计的自动着舰导引系统能满足着舰要求,并有效地提高了导引系统着舰轨迹跟踪精度及抗气流扰动的能力。     

侧向甲板运动补偿技术研究

 为提高着舰的安全性, 减小着舰误差, 研究了侧向甲板运动补偿机理, 设计了雷达测量轴跟踪滤波器, 导出了侧向甲板运动补偿指令模型, 建立了甲板运动补偿状态下侧向自动着舰导引系统结构配置, 仿真表明, 开发的甲板运动补偿技术可有效地补偿由海浪引起的着舰误差。