利用星间测距的轨道计算方法

基于天基空间监测的技术背景,根据单位矢量法的基本原理,给出了一种在已知目标卫星轨道面的前提下仅利用星间测距对目标卫星进行轨道计算的算法,并对已知轨道面的不同误差大小对定轨精度的影响进行了分析。模拟计算表明,轨道倾角的误差对定轨的精度影响更大。     

月球探测卫星的轨道支持

主要讨论采用月球卫星的探测方式时，月球探测器对测控系统的轨道支持要求和实现手段。重点对月球卫星转移轨道段的轨道测量和确定方法进行研究，利用仿真的地面站的测距和测角资料进行了定轨误差分析。     

基于伪距信息的COMPASS-MEO导航卫星单星定轨分析

COMPASS-MEO导航卫星的伪距观测量包含星站距离、接收机钟差和卫星钟差以及各种噪声。本文首先分析了接收机钟差和卫星钟差在一定间隔内主要表现为线性变化的特性,可以考虑将接收机和卫星钟差作为测距的偏差和偏差变化率和轨道一起进行求解。其次,利用实测的MEO导航单星伪距数据,进行了数据预处理和定轨试验,分别对站间无时间同步信息和有时间同步信息两种情况进行定轨、残差分析和参数解算。使用重叠弧段、轨道预报和激光观测数据验证定轨结果的精度。结果表明,两种情况下的定轨结果无明显差别。该定轨方法可以运用于MEO导航单星精密轨道的计算。     

三向测量模式在嫦娥三号探测器中的应用

以嫦娥三号探测器的三向测量跟踪数据为依据,利用最小二乘方法分析站间钟差,在5阶拟合计算中实现了ns级的拟合精度;然后使用探测器精密星历对三向测轨数据进行标校,经过修正后的测距系统差达到10m量级,拟合噪声水平优于1m;最后将三向测量数据应用于探测器的定轨、着陆点定位和动力下降段的弹道计算,其中环月段100km×15km轨道计算结果与精密定轨相比较偏差百m级,120km×70km轨道计算结果与精密定轨相比较偏差10m量级,月面定位与双程测距加时延定位结果相比较偏差10m量级。     

TDRSS轨道确定方法的初步研究

本文针对TDRSS(跟踪和数据中继卫星系统)的中继卫星(地球赤道同步卫星)至用户星(被跟踪航天器)的测距、测速资料,给出了这种星-星跟踪定轨的条件方程。根据星-星跟踪定轨、星-星跟踪和星-地跟踪混合定轨的各种情况(是否同时确定中继卫星轨道,一颗或几颗中继卫星等),给出了不同的测轨流程和方法。为了进行仿真计算,本文针对TDRSS的具体情况,给出了生成仿真观测资料和相关数据的方法,分析了仿真计算的功能。初步的部分试算表明,星-星跟踪对提高我国用户星的测轨精度确实具有重要作用;努力提高地球赤道同步卫星(中继卫星)的测轨精度,可以大大简化TDRSS用户星的测轨流程,有利于用户星的轨道确定。     

基于精密星历的USB系统测距误差的标定与修正

我国高精度对地观测卫星HY-2A卫星搭载有SLR、DORIS等高精度测轨仪器,其径向定轨精度能达到10cm以内.针对载人航天任务要求,利用HY-2A卫星的精密星历进行USB设备测距误差标定与修正,为航天任务进行数据储备与技术储备.     

纳卫星激光反射器光机设计及激光测距分析

针对我国首个大气密度探测纳卫星高精度测轨应用需求,设计了重量约112g、有效反射面积大于1cm2、外形尺寸为Φ96mm×20mm的轻型八棱台结构被动型激光反射器,作为无功耗载荷应用于纳卫星激光精密测轨,解决了纳卫星高精度独立测轨和外部轨道精确标定问题。利用地面激光测距台站开展卫星跟踪和精密测量,提供亚厘米级精度的激光测量数据。根据激光雷达测距方程及地面测距系统参数,分析了纳卫星激光回波信号强度,以及激光观测数据精度。测量结果表明,纳卫星激光反射器设计结果与实测数据相符,测距数据精度达8~9mm,可以满足纳卫星高精度激光测距要求,并支持卫星精密定轨及大气密度探测科学任务。     

鑫诺地面站对DFH—3卫星进行测距时出现2公里偏差的分析

鑫诺卫星测控管理站建成后,利用DFH-3卫星进行了测距定轨试验。鑫诺站定轨结果和西安卫星测控中心利用渭南站和厦门站对DFH-3卫星定轨的结果进行比较时,发现鑫诺站定出的轨道报数中,长半轴差2公里左右。本文对产生这个2公里左右偏差的原因进行了详细分析。发现原来研制单位提供的地面设备的零值是错误的,其中存在180°倒相。同时发现法国人提供的模拟应答机(TCR)的零值也是错误的。     

空间飞行器的多普勒实时自主定轨精度分析

空间飞行器需要实时的高精度轨道信息来完成对栽荷的指令操作和遥感数据的实时处理。除了星栽GPS技术,星载多普勒无线电定轨定位系统（DORIS,Doppler Orbitography and Radio—positioning Intergrated by Satellite）是仅有的有能力提供分米级精度的实时在轨轨道确定技术,它可通过测量星地相对多普勒频移,在星上完成实时定轨和预报,目前该技术已在国外多个卫星上实现,达到了较好的效果,而我国还没有建立这样实时自主定轨系统。为此,结合我国高分辨率空间对地观测系统的建设需求和我国航天器对实时自主定轨及其精度的要求,利用扩展卡尔曼滤波算法对多普勒测量进行了实时自主定轨仿真计算,分析了频率偏差估计与否、初轨误差、地面信标站地理分布以及观测精度等对实时自主定轨的滤波收敛时间和定轨精度的影响,为我国利用DORIS技术进行实时在轨轨道确定提供方案和软件原型。仿真计算表明,基于28个全球分布的地面站,对于高度为800km的卫星,在忽略其动力学模型误差的假设下,若初轨三维位置、速度误差分别为100m（或差至1km）、1m／S（1d）,2h后滤波可以达到稳定收敛,收敛后的实时定轨误差可以达到0．1m（1d）。滤波估计参数除了6个卫星轨道状态参数,还估计了地面信标相对于卫星超稳定振荡器的频率偏差;     

影响奔月飞行器定轨精度的误差源分析

以探月工程为背景,讨论在现有测控网分布、观测弧段以及尽可能接近真实情况的误差源等前提下,利用仿真模拟方法对影响奔月飞行器定轨精度的误差源进行分析。重点考察了观测量精度、初始时刻先验轨道误差、测量船点位误差以及观测资料类型等对奔月飞行器定轨精度的影响。结果表明提高观测量精度和减小测量船点位误差将有助于提高定轨精度,以及采用USB测距、测速和VLBI时延、时延率联合定轨能够提高定轨和轨道预报精度。     

双星定位系统及其备份星在近地卫星联合定轨建模中的应用

建立了基于双星定位系统距离和观测数据的近地卫星联合定轨模型,设计了相应的数值融合联合定轨算法;为进一步提高近地卫星定轨精度,考虑融合双星及备份星距离和观测数据,建立了基于双星和备份星的近地卫星联合定轨模型及实现算法,并针对不同仿真条件进行了联合定轨仿真实验。仿真计算结果表明,联合定轨方式较传统近地卫星精密定轨方式可以更好地抑制双星星历误差对近地卫星定轨精度的影响,近地卫星和双星的定轨精度均得到了一定程度的提高;同时,融合备份星观测数据的近地卫星联合定轨精度得到进一步改善,达到5.17m。     

Basic performance of BeiDou-2 navigation satellite system used in LEO satellites precise orbit determination

The visibility for low earth orbit（LEO） satellites provided by the BeiDou-2 system is analyzed and compared with the global positioning system（GPS）. In addition, the spaceborne receivers＇ observations are simulated by the BeiDou satellites broadcast ephemeris and LEO satellites orbits. The precise orbit determination（POD） results show that the along-track component accuracy is much better over the service area than the non-service area, while the accuracy of the other two directions keeps at the same level over different areas. However, the 3-dimensional（3D） accuracy over the two areas shows almost no difference. Only taking into consideration the observation noise and navigation satellite ephemeris errors, the 3D accuracy of the POD is about30 cm. As for the precise relative orbit determination（PROD）, the 3D accuracy is much better over the eastern hemisphere than that of the western hemisphere. The baseline length accuracy is 3.4 mm over the service area, and it is still better than 1 cm over the non-service area. This paper demonstrates that the BeiDou regional constellation could provide global service to LEO satellites for the POD and the PROD. Finally, the benefit of geostationary earth orbit（GEO） satellites is illustrated for POD.     

天/地基多平台空间目标光电观测时效性分析

针对如何部署光学探测设备才能更好实现对空间目标的高精度高频度监视问题,考虑光照条件、相对关系及探测性能,构建了天/地基空间目标探测与成像仿真模型;按照轨道特征选取了94颗LEO（Low Earth Orbit,低地球轨道）卫星、63颗GEO（Geosynchronous Earth Orbit,地球同步轨道）卫星和18颗大椭圆轨道卫星,选用春夏秋冬典型季节的特定时间长度,仿真分析了国内地基、南北极科考站、LEO卫星、准GEO卫星等多平台光电手段的位置探测和成像观测能力;比对分析地基平台纬度和季节、天基平台轨道高度和倾角对探测能力的影响得出：南北极科考站相比于国内站点可提高重点季节的探测时效性,98°倾角LEO平台对低轨目标成像时效性方面更具优势,等.在此基础上,提出了我国空间目标光电观测设备天地一体的布局构想.     

HOI延迟对LEO卫星简化动力学POD的影响

通常使用无电离层(IF)线性组合(LC)消除低地球轨道(LEO)卫星简化动力学精密定轨(POD)一阶电离层延迟误差,忽略了高阶电离层(HOI)延迟误差。随着LEO卫星POD技术的发展,计算不同轨道高度的HOI延迟并探索其变化已成为进一步提高POD精度的重要手段。首先,使用国际参考电离层-2016(IRI-2016)和国际地磁参考场第13代(IGRF-13)模型,计算电离层穿刺点(IPP)位置和地磁场强度。其次,使用平滑星载GNSS数据计算电离层斜路径总电子含量(STEC)。然后,分别计算GOCE、GRACE-A和SWARM-A/B卫星的二阶和三阶电离层延迟。最后,评估了HOI延迟对LEO卫星重叠轨道分析、卫星激光测距(SLR)检核和精密科学轨道(PSO)比较结果的影响。实验结果表明：HOI延迟对LEO卫星简化动力学POD的影响大约在毫米至厘米的数量级上;HOI延迟对LEO卫星简化动力学POD外符合精度的影响分别达到0.92,0.22,0.21和0.18 mm;随着LEO卫星轨道高度的增加,HOI延迟对LEO卫星简化动力学POD的影响减小。     

Integrating BDS and GPS for precise relative orbit determination of LEO formation flying

Low-Earth-Orbit(LEO) formation-flying satellites have been widely applied in many kinds of space geodesy. Precise Relative Orbit Determination(PROD) is an essential prerequisite for the LEO formation-flying satellites to complete their mission in space. The contribution of the BeiDou Navigation Satellite System(BDS) to the accuracy and reliability of PROD of LEO formation-flying satellites based on a Global Positioning System(GPS) is studied using a simulation method. Firstly, when BDS is added to GPS, the mean number of visible satellites increases from9.71 to 21.58. Secondly, the results show that the 3-Dimensional(3 D) accuracy of PROD, based on BDS-only, GPS-only and BDS + GPS, is 0.74 mm, 0.66 mm and 0.52 mm, respectively. When BDS co-works with GPS, the accuracy increases by 29.73%. Geostationary-Earth-Orbit(GEO) satellites and Inclined Geosynchronous-Orbit(IGSO) satellites are only distributed over the Asia-Pacific region; however, they could provide a global improvement to PROD. The difference in PROD results between the Asia-Pacific region and the non-Asia-Pacific region is not apparent. Furthermore, the value of the Ambiguity Dilution Of Precision(ADOP), based on BDS + GPS, decreases by 7.50% and 8.26%, respectively, compared with BDS-only and GPS-only. Finally, if the relative position between satellites is only a few kilometres, the effect of ephemeris errors on PROD could be ignored. However, for a several-hundred-kilometre separation of the LEO satellites, the SingleDifference(SD) ephemeris errors of GEO satellites would be on the order of centimetres. The experimental results show that when IGSO satellites and Medium-Earth-Orbit(MEO) satellites co-work with GEO satellites, the accuracy decreases by 17.02%.     

平经度与偏心率联合偏置双星共位技术

针对在偏心率隔离情况下,由于共位双星半长轴并不完全相同,导致双星平经度差不断增加的情况,讨论了平经度与偏心率联合偏置情况下的双星共位控制策略.该策略通过计算得到双星允许的最大平经度差,控制双星漂移过程中的平经度差保持在允许的范围,确保在偏心率偏置条件下实现双星的安全隔离.理论和算例表明,双星共位的控制周期与卫星的测控精度有关,随着测控精度的提高,双星共位的控制周期可以等于每颗星的东西位置保持周期.     

Optical Calibration of Geostationary Satellite Tracking Systems

A precise calibration method for range and angle observation has been developed for eliminating the systematic error of tracking systems, thus improving the accuracy of orbit determination for geostationary satellites. The principle of calibration is based on an orbit determination employing a point of optical angle observation in addition to radio tracking observation, in which we estimate observation bias parameters simultaneously with orbital elements, including the effects of geodetic mismodelings. As shown by an actual calibration experiment in our ground station, orbit determinations is sufficiently accurate that the error of predicting satellite range falls within a few meters at four days after the day of orbit determination.     

Quick position determination using 1 or 2 LEO satellites

We describe an approach for a medium accuracy position determination of a user terminal (UT) on the Earth surface, using one or two low Earth orbit (LEO) satellites. The positioning approach is intended to meet the requirements of a worldwide personal communications system using LEO satellites. The basic two requirements are: (1) immediate positioning, and (2) horizontal position accuracy of the order of 10 km. Those requirements stem from the need of the system to know the user's approximate location before it connects his call. The approach makes use of the two-way communication with the UT, which can receive, transmit, and make its own measurements. Delay and Doppler measurements are used in order to enable instantaneous positioning with one satellite, and in order to achieve unambiguous positioning with two satellites. A simplified Globalstar satellite constellation and the expected Globalstar delay and frequency measurement accuracy are used to demonstrate the concept and to evaluate its performances     

基于地基CEI技术的空间飞行器相对位置测量技术研究

讨论了差分CEI的基本原理,分析了差分CEI的相对位置确定的误差。通过分析得出结论：在CEI基线长度为1000m时,相对角度测量精度可以达到16urad,如果增加基线距离或者结合SBI技术,测量精度会进一步提高,测量精度能够满足交会过程中相对导航、编队卫星相对位置测量、高轨卫星共位等要求。     

Aiming at a 1-cm Orbit for Low Earth Orbiters: Reduced-Dynamic and Kinematic Precise Orbit Determination

The computation of high-accuracy orbits is a prerequisite for the success of Low Earth Orbiter (LEO) missions such as CHAMP, GRACE and GOCE. The mission objectives of these satellites cannot be reached without computing orbits with an accuracy at the few cm level. Such a level of accuracy might be achieved with the techniques of reduced-dynamic and kinematic precise orbit determination (POD) assuming continuous Satellite-to-Satellite Tracking (SST) by the Global Positioning System (GPS). Both techniques have reached a high level of maturity and have been successfully applied to missions in the past, for example to TOPEX/POSEIDON (T/P), leading to (sub-)decimeter orbit accuracy. New LEO gravity missions are (to be) equipped with advanced GPS receivers promising to provide very high quality SST observations thereby opening the possibility for computing cm-level accuracy orbits. The computation of orbits at this accuracy level does not only require high-quality GPS receivers, but also advanced and demanding observation preprocessing and correction algorithms. Moreover, sophisticated parameter estimation schemes need to be adapted and extended to allow the computation of such orbits. Finally, reliable methods need to be employed for assessing the orbit quality and providing feedback to the different processing steps in the orbit computation process. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.