基于数值定容弹方法的推力室阻尼特性研究

为确定推力室的声学振型频率及其阻尼特性,给出推力室最容易激发声学振型和最难衰减声学振型,建立了基于数值定容弹和半带宽法的推力室声学振型及其阻尼特性的数值模拟方法。对小推力姿轨控发动机推力室进行近圆周壁面的定容弹激励仿真,激发出了多模态的声学振型,其中,一阶切向振型为最容易激发振型,而一阶纵向振型为最难衰减振型。进一步讨论了推力室构型参数对其阻尼特性的影响,结果表明：随推力室内径增大,纵向振型得到抑制,而切向振型变得不易衰减;随推力室收缩比增加,一阶切向振型半带宽先增大后保持不变;随推力室圆柱段长度增加,各振型半带宽没有明显的变化趋势。     

基于数值定容弹方法的推力室阻尼特性研究

为确定推力室的声学振型频率及其阻尼特性,给出推力室最容易激发声学振型和最难衰减声学振型,建立了基于数值定容弹和半带宽法的推力室声学振型及其阻尼特性的数值模拟方法。对小推力姿轨控发动机推力室进行近圆周壁面的定容弹激励仿真,激发出了多模态的声学振型,其中,一阶切向振型为最容易激发振型,而一阶纵向振型为最难衰减振型。进一步讨论了推力室构型参数对其阻尼特性的影响,结果表明:随推力室内径增大,纵向振型得到抑制,而切向振型变得不易衰减;随推力室收缩比增加,一阶切向振型半带宽先增大后保持不变;随推力室圆柱段长度增加,各振型半带宽没有明显的变化趋势。     

推力室状态对其声学振型及其阻尼特性的影响

为确定工程中冷态条件下获得的推力室声学特性能否表征真实条件下的声学特性,研究了冷态无流动、热态气相流动和湍流两相燃烧三种状态下推力室声学振型及其阻尼特性。在推力室稳态流场中的有限区域施加数值定容弹,激发其具有多模态声学振型的大幅值压力振荡,采用衰减时间和半带宽来定量评价所激发的不同声学振型压力振荡衰减快慢,进而获得其阻尼特性。在相同过载比的数值定容弹激励下,在冷态条件下能激发包含更多声学振型压力振荡,且该振荡衰减时间更长,相同振型压力振荡衰减比热态条件下慢。在冷态条件下,一阶切向振型振幅最大,为最容易被激发声学振型;一阶纵向振型半带宽最小,为最难衰减的振型。在热态条件下,一阶纵向振型为最容易激发声学振型,也为最难衰减声学振型。从所激发的主要振型及其相对衰减的快慢来看,冷态条件下获得的声学特性能够表征真实条件下的推力室的声学特征。     

基于数值定容弹方法的燃烧室声学特性研究

为确定给定构型燃烧室最容易激发的声学振型,提出了能够实现大幅值非特定频率的"数值定容弹"模型。圆柱体内声学振型频率的预测值与理论结果偏差在7%以内。对姿轨控发动机推力室进行了数值定容弹激励,给出了推力室压力分布的时空演化,获得了多声学模态压力振荡及其最容易激发的声学振型。进一步研究了收缩比对推力室声学特性的影响。结果表明:随着收缩比增大,一阶和二阶切向声学振型的幅值增加,但对应的频率基本保持不变;而一阶纵向和一切-一纵声学振型的幅值减小,但对应的频率增大,当收缩比较大时,一阶纵向和一切-一纵声学振型消失。可见,与短粗构型相比,细长推力室构型有利于抑制切向声学振型。     

具有气液同轴喷嘴的液体火箭发动机燃烧室压力振荡及其声学特性研究

为探究液氧/煤油液体火箭发动机气液同轴喷嘴模型燃烧室具有良好稳定性的原因,采用非稳态雷诺平均（URANS）方法数值研究了其燃烧不稳定性和声学特征。两相燃烧条件下,燃烧室压力振荡幅值约为室压的10%左右、最大不超过25%,且以纵向和横向振型为主。一周六径隔板对横向振型具有很强的抑制作用,但对纵向振型影响较小。与液-液撞击式液氧/煤油发动机模型燃烧室相比,本文研究的燃烧室中煤油液滴没有发生超临界蒸发现象,第三邓克尔数较小,诱发燃烧不稳定性的激励源较弱。进一步通过数值定容弹激发了燃烧室多模态声学特征压力振荡,并得到了其振荡特征频率、幅值和衰减率。结果表明,气喷嘴具有四分之一波长喷嘴特征,能显著减小目标振型的幅值,而集气腔对纵向振型具有很强的抑制作用,同时对其他振型也有程度不同的抑制效果。因此,较弱的燃烧不稳定性激发机制以及隔板、气喷嘴和集气腔对纵向和横向振型很强的抑制作用,使得该液氧/煤油发动机气液同轴燃烧室具有很好的稳定性。     

有声腔燃烧室的声学特性实验

为了掌握声腔对燃烧室声学特性的影响规律,采用冷态实验方法,研究了带有轴向直圆孔声腔的模拟燃烧室的声学特性,其中声腔长度、开口面积比（声腔横截面积除以燃烧室横截面积）和个数均可调节.研究结果表明:燃烧室固有频率随声腔长度的增加而逐渐减小;声腔存在最佳深度,能够抑制一阶切向振型,该最佳深度不受声腔开口面积比影响,略小于1/4一阶切向波长;对抑制一阶切向振型而言,声腔存在最佳开口面积比,在本研究中约为0.17;声腔的分布对燃烧室的声学特性影响较大,相同开口面积比下,声腔个数越多,声波衰减越快.      

发动机泵后管路-汽蚀管系统水力激振试验

为了研究火箭发动机泵后管路-汽蚀管系统动力学特性,开展水力激振试验。在汽蚀管下游引入水力激振信号,测量供应管路和推力室头腔的脉动压力,建立描述系统动力学特性的传递函数。结果表明:该系统主要表现出1阶谐振特征,高阶谐振峰不明显。在谐振频率下,汽蚀管出口至氧主阀之间管路上脉动压力的幅值整体较高,脉动压力幅值沿流向逐步增大;经过氧主阀后,压力振荡幅值沿流向快速降低。发现了压力脉动通过此汽蚀管向上游传播的现象:即使汽蚀管处于汽蚀状态,仍存在部分压力脉动通过汽蚀管逆向传播至上游管路;而汽蚀管对整个管路仍然起到了明显的隔振效果。在过大的汽蚀裕度下,汽蚀管出口由声学闭端边界逐渐向声学开端边界转变。      

基于燃烧室压力振荡的火焰筒结构优化

实验对比了双层与单层火焰筒的燃烧室压力振荡特性.实验结果表明:在相同的实验工况下,前者的压力振荡幅值要小.检验了基于叠加原理的多孔共振腔模型在分析上述压力振荡特性中的适用性.通过敏感性分析,探讨了在保证火焰筒冷却气分配不变的情况下,用于减小燃烧室压力振荡幅值的火焰筒结构改良方向.分析结果表明:火焰筒壁面的孔数量(孔直径)是用于减小燃烧室压力振荡工程优化的主要参数.      

气喷嘴和声腔对燃烧室声学特性的影响

为了掌握气喷嘴和声腔对燃烧室声学特性的影响规律以及解释声学实验中出现的切向频率分化现象的内在机理,采用声学有限元方法(FEM)并在单喷嘴声学模拟实验验证的基础上,从固有频率和声压分布角度分析了气喷嘴长度、声腔长度和节流嘴直径对燃烧室声学特性的影响规律,利用声压分布成功地解释了实验中出现的频率分化现象。结果表明:当燃烧室某阶切向振型频率与喷嘴1阶纵向振型频率相等时,喷嘴由于共振将切向振型声压幅值极值点附近的能量转移到喷嘴中,改变了燃烧室原切向振型的声压分布,因此在声学实验中产生切向频率分化现象;气喷嘴长度与节流嘴直径之间存在着耦合关系,在液氧煤油补燃发动机喷嘴设计阶段可进行组合参数匹配优化。      

轴承供气压力对静压气体轴承-转子系统动力学特性影响的实验

为了研究轴承供气压力对气体轴承-转子系统动力学特性的影响,在静压气体轴承支承的压气机与透平同轴结构的涡轮膨胀制冷机试验台上,开展了相应的试验研究。采用分岔图、轴心轨迹、频谱分析等振动测试分析方法,分析了供气压力对临界转速和低频特性的影响。实验结果表明:轴承供气压力为0.80MPa,转子在26000r/min时未出现半速涡动;轴承供气压力为0.75MPa,转子在50000r/min时的低频振动幅值仅为工频振动幅值的5%,远小于相同转速时0.80MPa下的相对值(低频振动幅值与工频振动幅值的比值为34.89%)。因此,供气压力的增大带来气膜直接刚度的增加,能够消除气膜的半速涡动;供气压力的降低带来气膜阻尼比的增加,能够抑制气膜振荡的幅值。     

Numerical evaluation of acoustic characteristics and their damping of a thrust chamber using a constant-volume bomb model

In order to numerically evaluate the acoustic characteristics of liquid rocket engine thrust chambers by means of a computational fluid dynamics method, a mathematical model of an artificial constant-volume bomb is proposed in this paper. A localized pressure pulse with a very high amplitude can be imposed on specified regions in a combustion chamber, the numerical procedure of which is described. Pressure oscillations actuated by the released constant-volume bomb can then be analyzed via Fast Fourier Transformation (FFT), and their modes can be identified according to the theoretical acoustic eigenfrequencies of the thrust chamber. The damping performances of the corresponding acoustic modes are evaluated by the half-power bandwidth method. The predicted acoustic characteristics and their damping for a special engine combustor agree well with the experimental data, validating the mathematical model and its numerical procedures. A small-thrust liquid rocket engine chamber is then analyzed by the present model. The First Longitudinal (1L) acoustic mode can be excited easily and is hard to be damped. The axial position of the central constant-volume bomb has little influence on the amplitude and damping capacity of the First Radial (1R) and 1L acoustic modes. Tangential acoustic modes can only be triggered by an off-centered constant-volume bomb, among which the First Tangential (1T) mode is the strongest and regarded as the most harmful one. The amplitude of the 1L acoustic mode is smaller, but its damping factor is larger, as a constant-volume bomb is imposed approaching the injector face. These results are contributed to evaluate the acoustic characteristics and their damping of the combustion chamber.     

A comparative study on acoustic damping induced by half-wave, quarter-wave, and Helmholtz resonators

The damping characteristics of three-type resonators, a half-wave, a quarter-wave, and a Helmholtz resonator are studied experimentally by adopting linear acoustic test. A quantitative acoustic property of sound absorption coefficient in a model enclosure with the resonators is measured and thereby, the acoustic-damping capacity of a resonator is characterized. For a comparative study on acoustic damping, the damping capacity of a half-wave resonator is compared with that of the other resonators. A half-wave and a quarter-wave resonators have the same damping mechanism, but a quarter-wave resonator has much larger damping capacity than a half-wave resonator with the same diameter of a single resonator. It is found that shorter length of a resonator has the advantage of longer one with respect to the damping capacity. The damping capacity of a Helmholtz resonator increases with cavity volume and does as the orifice length decreases. A Helmholtz resonator has the highest damping capacity of three-type resonators and a half-wave resonator has the lowest. Besides, a Helmholtz resonator requires the smallest number of resonators for optimal damping. The design criterion of each resonator on the optimal damping is provided by the normalized parameter of open-area ratio and the similarity behavior for the optimal damping is observed for various enclosure diameters.     

Influence of thermal inhibitor position and temperature on vortex-shedding-driven pressure oscillations

Vortex-acoustic coupling is one of the most important potential sources of combustion instability in solid rocket motors (SRMs). Based on the Von Karman Institute for Fluid Dynamics (VKI) experimental motor, the influence of the thermal inhibitor position and temperature on vortex-shedding-driven pressure oscillations is numerically studied via the large eddy simulation (LES) method. The simulation results demonstrate that vortex shedding is a periodic process and its accurate frequency can be numerically obtained. Acoustic modes could be easily excited by vortex shedding. The vortex shedding frequency and second acoustic frequency dominate the pressure oscillation characteristics in the chamber. Thermal inhibitor position and gas temperature have little effect on vortex shedding frequency, but have great impact on pressure oscillation amplitude. Pressure amplitude is much higher when the thermal inhibitor locates at the acoustic velocity anti-nodes. The farther the thermal inhibitor is to the nozzle head, the more vortex energy would be dissipated by the turbulence. Therefore, the vortex shedding amplitude at the second acoustic velocity antinode near 3/4L (L is chamber length) is larger than those of others. Besides, the natural acoustic frequencies increase with the gas temperature. As the vortex shedding frequency departs from the natural acoustic frequency, the vortex-acoustic feedback loop is decoupled. Consequently, both the vortex shedding and acoustic amplitudes decrease rapidly.     

某固体火箭发动机工作末期不稳定燃烧

针对某固体火箭发动机工作末期出现的压力振荡现象开展了数值研究与线性预估.通过有限元方法得到了燃烧室空腔的声模态及固有声振频率,轴向1阶与2阶声振频率随燃面退移先减小后增大;利用大涡模拟方法分析了燃烧室内的流场特性及压力振荡特性,振荡频率与试验结果一致,判定该发动机出现了以轴向1阶声振频率为主导的不稳定燃烧;其次分析了发动机内阻尼特性,其阻尼随燃面退移不断减小;最后通过不稳定燃烧线性理论解释了该发动机工作末期出现压力振荡的机理,表明燃面退移过程中喉通比下降是导致发动机由线性稳定转向线性不稳定状态的关键因素.      

火箭发动机泵后供应系统水力激振试验

为了研究某型发动机泵后供应系统的动力学特性,对全尺寸的氧泵后供应系统在中、高频范围内开展了水力激振试验。试验数据表明:供应系统的谐振特性被激发起来。在试验条件下,可以清晰地辨识出泵后供应系统的前4阶谐振频率和振型。第1阶谐振频率响应幅值最高,第2阶和第3阶相当,响应幅值次之,第4阶响应幅值再次之。在外界扰动下,该发动机泵后供应系统能够较容易地达到流体谐振状态,当外界扰动频率接近其谐振频率时,供应系统沿程脉动压力出现了明显的共振波形。在不同的谐振频率下,喷前腔位置均为压力振荡的波节位置,也即为流量振荡的波腹位置。      

某型航空发动机环形燃烧室火焰筒声学模态分析

燃烧不稳定不仅影响航空发动机的工作稳定性,而且还是造成燃烧室火焰筒薄壁结构声振耦合疲劳破坏的重要原因.燃烧不稳定性的非稳态运动与燃烧室火焰筒的固有声学振型密切相关,因此对燃烧室火焰筒进行声学特性分析具有重要意义.为此建立了航空发动机环形燃烧室火焰筒声学有限元模型,分析了燃烧室火焰筒的声学特性.分别对常温常压下和高温高压下燃烧室火焰筒的声学模态进行了分析,获得了相应的声学固有频率和振型,为发动机燃烧室结构抗疲劳设计提供了参考.     

Experimental of combustion instability in NTO/MMH impinging combustion chambers

This paper presents an experimental study into dynamics of chamber pressure and heat release rate during self-excited spinning and standing azimuthal mode in NTO/MMH (nitrogen tetroxide/monomethylhydrazine) impinging combustion chambers. Nine cases including two combustion chamber configurations were conducted. The operating conditions of all unstable cases were located in the instability region according to Hewitt empirical correlation. The results show that chamber pressure oscillations keep pace with the corresponding OH* chemiluminescence intensity over the whole combustion region in the spinning and standing modes. It is indicated that the Rayleigh index is positive over the whole combustion area in all the unstable cases. A significant supersonic flame front structure of the first-order spinning mode was found in a cylindrical chamber, which means that a detonation wave could exist in the cylindrical chamber without a center body. The pressure and heat release rate oscillations at the pressure node are nonnegligible although their amplitudes are lower than those at the pressure antinode in the first-order standing mode with an annular chamber. Besides, the dominant frequency of pressure and heat release rate oscillations at the pressure node is twice as high as that at the pressure antinode.