六自由度飞行模拟器的运动学分析与结构参数优化

对六自由度飞行模拟器进行了运动学、动力学分析，并提出了六自由度飞行模拟器的结构参数优化方法。     

基于虚拟现实技术的飞行训练模拟器探讨

飞行训练模拟器是训练飞行员、航天员的基本地面训练设备，是经济、高效并且安全的训练方式。世界上各主要航空航天大国都研制了大量的飞行训练模拟器。现代先进的基于离心机的飞行训练模拟器均集加速度模拟、视景、舱内环境控制及闭环控制于一身，使地面模拟效果达到了以假乱真的程度。美国、俄罗斯前苏联均研制了各种不同种类和规模的训练模拟器，并取得良好的训练效果，保证了飞行任务的圆满完成。我国从２０世纪７０年代开始研制并使用模拟器进行训练工作。相继开发并投入使用的有各种型号的飞机、潜艇、坦克训练模拟器和汽车驾驶教学模…     

凯西瑞恩·海尔

早期经历：1981年担任海军军官，1982年获得海军飞行军官飞行胸章后，她随驻马里兰州帕塔森河美国海军航空试验站的第8海洋开发中队执行全世界范围的海洋学研究飞行任务，她在特殊配置的RP-3A和RP-3D“猎户座”飞机上担任海洋项目协调员，任务指令长和分遣队主官。而后指导海军飞行军官学员进行海军航空飞行训练模拟器训练。     

航天飞行训练模拟器研制中的质量管理

航天飞行训练模拟器因其风险小、效率高的优势而得到广泛应用。鉴于其具有技术状态复杂且不确定、进度紧、质量要求高等研制特点,给模拟器研制中的质量管理增加了难度。本文从策划、软件管理、评审控制、外协控制以及质量文化建设5个方面,探讨了模拟器研制中质量管理的一些可行方法。     

火箭飞行鉴定模拟器基准误差传递分析

根据单脉冲雷达及其它火箭飞行地面测控设备精度鉴定的需要，推导出单台和两台激光电影经纬仪基准在火箭飞行鉴定模拟器航路上的设备固有误差传递变化关系式，从而决定：1、基准是否可用？2、在两台经纬仪都有数据的情况下，何时用交汇基准，何时用单台基准才能使鉴定更准确？3、怎样才能鉴定速度？本文推导出了公式，给出院 便捷的计算方法和误差传递上机计算曲线，并进行了分析。模型已成功地应用于单脉冲雷达的精度鉴定，作为误差分析的一类典型应用。     

六自由度飞行模拟器台架系统的模态质量分析

对六自由度飞行模拟器台架系统进行了动力学分析，发现运动平台作用于各液压伺服缸上的模态质量是变量，提出采用结构不变性和复合控制的方法来补偿模态质量变化对系统的影响。实验结果表明，这些方法对提高系统的静态、动态品质有明显的效果。     

飞行模拟器加速了北极星导弹飞行试验

洛克希德导弹和宇航分部声称:一种三轴飞行模拟器对缩短北极星中程潜地弹道导弹飞行试验时间起了重要作用。公司的工程师们认为,模拟器能使飞行试验次数减到最少,从而节省了经费。三轴飞行模拟器能用来检查北极星导弹     

飞行控制系统大闭环半物理仿真研究

设计了实时飞行控制大闭环半物理系统,全系统由飞行控制、导航、动力学仿真、视景仿真和其他硬件子系统组成,通过反射内存实时网络相连,实现真正意义上的大闭环半物理仿真,具有较好的实时性、可靠性、通用性。通过大闭环半物理仿真系统的仿真测试,验证了飞控计算机、四轴惯性组件、导航计算机、电动作动器和负载模拟器等系统的有效性和可行性。最后,总结优点并提出该系统的改进方向。     

浅论飞行程序的优化

机场仪表飞行程序的目的是保证航空器在机场区域内按规定程序安全而有秩序地飞行，以避免在起飞离场和进近着陆的过程中，航空器与地面障碍物、航空器与航空器之间相撞。确保飞行安全，提高经济效益，便于指挥、调配和飞行操纵是建立每一个仪表飞行程序必须达到的要求。安全、经济和简便是机场仪表飞行程序设计应遵循的基本原则。     

一种用于航天器飞控演练的数管模拟器设计

飞控模拟器用于航天器飞控任务的演练,对确保飞控任务安全可靠起着关键作用.数管模拟器是飞控模拟器最重要的组成部分之一,用于模拟航天器的遥测、遥控、信息处理和传输等功能.文章介绍了一种航天器数管模拟器设计方案,它由通用工控机、通用和专用板卡、数管仿真软件几部分组成,具有真实性高、通用性高、灵活性高的特点,已在嫦娥一号和嫦娥...     

Iron-magnesium silicate bioweathering on Earth (and Mars?)

We examined the common, iron-magnesium silicate minerals olivine and pyroxene in basalt and in mantle rocks to determine if they exhibit textures similar to bioweathering textures found in glass. Our results show that weathering in olivine may occur as long, narrow tunnels (1-3 microm in diameter and up to 100 microm long) and as larger irregular galleries, both of which have distinctive characteristics consistent with biological activity. These weathering textures are associated with clay mineral by-products and nucleic acids. We also examined olivine and pyroxene in martian meteorites, some of which experienced preterrestrial aqueous alteration. Some olivines and pyroxenes in the martian meteorite Nakhla were found to contain tunnels that are similar in size and shape to tunnels in terrestrial iron-magnesium silicates that contain nucleic acids. Though the tunnels found in Nakhla are similar to the biosignatures found in terrestrial minerals, their presence cannot be used to prove that the martian alteration features had a biogenic origin. The abundance and wide distribution of olivine and pyroxene on Earth and in the Solar System make bioweathering features in these minerals potentially important new biosignatures that may play a significant role in evaluating whether life ever existed on Mars.     

军用飞机机载设备振动试验要求和有关问题的讨论(二):GJB 150.16/16A中军用直升机和各种军用飞机发动机设备的振动试验要求及对比分析

文章分为3部分:第1部分简单介绍振动类型、振动引起的失效模式和应用,特别是列表详细介绍了GJB 150.16和GJB 150.16A中规定或推荐的军用喷气式飞机和螺旋桨飞机设备及其外挂和外挂上的设备的振动试验要求、特点和两标准中相关内容的对比分析;第2部分则详细介绍了两标准中规定或推荐的军用直升机和各类飞机发动机设备的振动试验要求、特点以及相关内容的对比分析;第3部分介绍和分析了航空装备研制生产中这2个标准的应用情况和遇到的问题,对一些重大问题进行了分析概括并提出了一些看法和建议。此为第2部分。     

调温热沉设备的状态空间法仿真设计

调温热沉设备日益成为部组件热真空试验的首选,它具有经济性好、使用方便、对试件无遮挡等优点。文章通过状态空间描述的分布参数模型,对调温热沉设备进行仿真设计,得出氮气、热沉、试件三者温度的动态关系,对于进口氮气温度、流量的选择和控制方案的制定都进行了深入的分析。所获取的数据可为采用热沉调温方式的热真空试验提供参考。     

The enigma of small satellites for earth observation

Small satellites have captured a continuously increasing share of the market in the fields of science, technology and recently also in the telecommunications and Earth observation areas. User requirements and market opportunities for space based satellite systems for Earth observation products have grown substantially in the past decade. Criteria for the utilization of different classes of satellite systems (small and large) and analogies to developments in other areas, e.g. the telecommunications field are discussed. The end to end character of service and product oriented systems as key criteria for market success in the scientific, applications and commercial areas is underlined. Recent developments in the global change, the Earth observation applications and commercial sectors are reviewed and compared. Opportunities for small satellites in the field are related to technology advancements, cost reduction options, and progress in the state of the art in system design.     

军用飞机机载设备振动试验要求和有关问题的讨论(三):GJB 150.16和GJB 150.16A在飞机研制中的应用情况分析

文章分为3部分:第1部分简单介绍振动类型、振动引起的失效模式和应用,特别是列表详细介绍了GJB 150.16和GJB 150.16A中规定或推荐的军用喷气式飞机和螺旋桨飞机设备及其外挂和外挂上的设备的振动试验要求、特点和两标准中相关内容的对比分析;第2部分则详细介绍了两标准中规定或推荐的军用直升机和各类飞机发动机设备的振动试验要求、特点以及相关内容的对比分析;第3部分介绍和分析了航空装备研制生产中这2个标准的应用情况和遇到的问题,对一些重大问题进行了分析概括并提出了一些看法和建议。     

Mechanisms of spinal motoneurons survival in rats under simulated hypogravity on earth

It was previously shown that different cell types in vivo and in vitro may die via apoptosis under weightlessness conditions in space as well as in simulated hypogravity on the Earth. We assessed survivability of spinal motoneurons of rats after 35-day antiorthostatic hind limb suspension. Following weight bearing, unloading the total protein content in lumbar spinal cord is dropped by 21%. The electrophysiological studies of m. gastrocnemius revealed an elevated motoneurons’ reflex excitability and conduction disturbances in the sciatic nerve axons. The number of myelinated fibers in the ventral root of experimental animals was insignificantly increased by 35-day of antiorthostatic hind limb suspension, although the retrograde axonal transport was significantly decreased during the first week of simulated hypogravity. The results of the immunohistochemical assay with antibodies against proapoptotic protein caspase 9 and cytotoxicity marker neuron specific nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) and the TUNEL staining did not reveal any signs of apoptosis in motoneurons of suspended and control animals. To examine the possible adaptation mechanisms activated in motoneurons in response to simulated hypogravity we investigated immunoexpression of Hsp25 and Hsp70 in lumbar spinal cord of the rats after 35-day antiorthostatic hind limb suspension. Comparative analysis of the immunohistochemical reaction with anti-Hsp25 antibodies revealed differential staining of motoneurons in intact and experimental animals. The density of immunoprecipitate with anti-Hsp25 antibodies was substantially higher in motoneurons of the 35-day suspended than control rats and the more intensive precipitate in this reaction was observed in motoneuron neuritis. Quantitative analysis of Hsp25 expression demonstrated an increase in the Hsp25 level by 95% in experimental rats compared to the control. The immunoexpression of Hsp70 found no qualitative and quantitative differences in control and experimental lumbar spinal cords. Taken together our results show that (1) rat motoneurons survived after 35-day antiorthostatic hind limb suspension and the changes in neurons had a mostly functional character, and (2) the increased immunoexpression of Hsp25 can be considered as the anti-apoptotic factor.     

军用飞机机载设备振动试验要求和有关问题的讨论(一):GJB 150.16/16A军用喷气式飞机和螺旋桨式飞机机载设备和外挂的振动试验要求及对比分析

文章分为3部分:第1部分简单介绍振动类型、振动引起的失效模式和应用,特别是列表详细介绍了GJB 150.16和GJB 150.16A中规定或推荐的军用喷气式飞机和螺旋桨飞机设备及其外挂与外挂上的设备的振动试验要求、特点和两标准相关内容的对比分析;第2部分则详细介绍了两标准中规定或推荐的军用直升机和各类飞机发动机设备的振动试验要求、特点以及相关内容的对比分析;第3部分介绍和分析了航空装备研制生产中这2个标准的应用情况和遇到的问题,并就一些重大问题进行了分析概括并提出了一些看法和建议。此为第1部分。     

An endogenous growth pattern of roots is revealed in seedlings grown in microgravity

In plants, sensitive and selective mechanisms have evolved to perceive and respond to light and gravity. We investigated the effects of microgravity on the growth and development of Arabidopsis thaliana (ecotype Landsberg) in a spaceflight experiment. These studies were performed with the Biological Research in Canisters (BRIC) hardware system in the middeck region of the space shuttle during mission STS-131 in April 2010. Seedlings were grown on nutrient agar in Petri dishes in BRIC hardware under dark conditions and then fixed in flight with paraformaldehyde, glutaraldehyde, or RNAlater. Although the long-term objective was to study the role of the actin cytoskeleton in gravity perception, in this article we focus on the analysis of morphology of seedlings that developed in microgravity. While previous spaceflight studies noted deleterious morphological effects due to the accumulation of ethylene gas, no such effects were observed in seedlings grown with the BRIC system. Seed germination was 89% in the spaceflight experiment and 91% in the ground control, and seedlings grew equally well in both conditions. However, roots of space-grown seedlings exhibited a significant difference (compared to the ground controls) in overall growth patterns in that they skewed to one direction. In addition, a greater number of adventitious roots formed from the axis of the hypocotyls in the flight-grown plants. Our hypothesis is that an endogenous response in plants causes the roots to skew and that this default growth response is largely masked by the normal 1?g conditions on Earth.     

在地面上用磁性液体制造流体的超重、失重和微重力环境

磁力和重力均为非接触的力，当作用于磁性液体上的磁力和重力方向相同时，磁性液体处于超重状态；当作用于磁性液体上的磁力和重力方向相反时，磁性液体处于失重状态；当作用于磁性液体上磁力和重力相互抵消，磁性液体呈饱和磁化状态且处在均匀梯度磁场区域中时，磁性液体被表面张力约束成球体，磁性液体处于微重力状态。这一发现使我们在地面上能经济的、方便的、长时间的制造流体的小区域微重力环境，为研究微重力状态下的流体科学、生命科学，材料加工和器件开发等提供了新的方法。     

The Swedish Interplanetary Society (1950–1969) and the formation of IAF and IAA

With a growing interest for rocket technology and space travel after WW II a number of new “space societies” were formed in the period 1948–1951 in addition to the ones already existing in Germany, the UK and the US since before WW II. Soon came the need for a common international platform for exchange of information and experience, and the concept of an international federation of astronautical societies emerged.Sweden was one of the 8 countries to sign the original declaration to create an International Astronautical Federation on October 2, 1950 in Paris at the 1st International Astronautical Congress. The Swedish Society for Space Research (Svenska Sällskapet för Rymdforskning) was formed a few days after the historical event in Paris. The name was soon to be changed to the Swedish Interplanetary Society (Svenska Interplanetariska Sällskapet, SIS). Sweden was one of the 10 countries to sign the IAF foundation in 1951 in London and in the following year the first Constitution of IAF in Stuttgart.The SIS quickly grow to a membership of several hundred persons and its membership in IAF promoted an intensive exchange of journals, and the annual participation at the IAC gave growth to start study projects on spacecraft and sounding rockets, and the publication of astronautical journals in Swedish. In 1957 the first Swede was elected vice-president of IAF.Not too long after the IAF foundation the idea of an international body of distinguished individuals emerged, in addition to the body of "member societies" (IAF). Upon the initiative of Theodor von Karman, Eugen Sänger and Andrew Haley the IAF council approval of an International Academy of Astronautical was given on August 15, 1960 during the 11th IAC in Stockholm. This IAC in Stockholm gave a large publicity to space research and astronautics in Sweden, and put the activities of the SIS in the focus of the general public.This paper presents the Swedish involvement in the foundation of IAF and IAA. It also gives an overview on the positive influence of these two organisations on the work and progress of the Swedish Interplanetary Society and the diffusion of astronautics to the general public in Sweden.