InGaP/GaAs/InGaAs倒装结构三结太阳电池的辐照损伤仿真分析

为了保证倒装结构三结电池在空间辐射环境中使用的可靠性,揭示倒装工艺引入位错缺陷对电池辐射衰减的影响,文章基于泊松方程和载流子传输方程建立了倒装结构InGaP/GaAs/InGaAs三结太阳电池的物理模型,在地面等效实验验证的基础上,研究辐射以及电池内部位错缺陷对电池输出的影响。首先通过模型研究了微观载流子复合与电池电学性能之间的关联,发现当1 MeV电子入射注量达到1014 cm-2时,该电池中少数载流子复合由辐射复合起主要作用转变为由非辐射复合起主要作用。此外,文中还给出了InGaAs底电池的非辐射少数载流子寿命以及电池电学参数与穿透位错密度（TDD）的函数关系,发现随着TDD的增加,辐照对少子寿命和电池性能的影响均减弱。     

高效四结砷化镓太阳电池设计与在轨性能分析

对一种新型反向生长工艺四结砷化镓太阳电池(IMM四结电池)开展了设计和在轨性能试验分析。该电池所用半导体材料的禁带宽度分别为1.9、1.4、1.0、0.7 eV,材料特性的变化改善了4个P-N结与AM0太阳光谱的匹配关系。文章介绍了该电池在提高光电转换效率方面的结构和工艺设计,通过实施在轨真实应用环境试验,全面系统获取四结砷化镓太阳电池在轨运行期间的遥测数据并进行分析处理,结果显示电池开路电压3.321 V,短路电流密度15.76 mA/cm2,实际在轨转换效率在34.44%～34.79%之间,各项关键性能指标相较于三结砷化镓太阳电池有大幅度提高。     

砷化镓太阳电池技术的进展与前景

介绍了砷化镓(GaAs)太阳电池的特点，并比较了液相外延(LPE)和金属有机物化学气相沉积(MOCVD)两种外延生长技术。叙述了国外单结、双结与三结GaAs太阳电池的结构、性能、研制及生产情况，分析了GaAs太阳电池的发展方向。最后根据国内GaAs太阳电池的研制进展和空间试用情况，提出了发展我国GaAs太阳电池的设想和建议。     

空间柔性太阳电池阵发展现状及趋势

从3个方面分析空间柔性太阳电池阵的发展现状,包括折叠式、卷绕式柔性太阳电池阵总体构型的发展历程;铰接桁架式、折纸式、充气式、形状记忆材料、薄壁管状及圆周展开机构6种伸展机构的特点及应用情况;硅电池片、砷化镓电池片、柔性薄膜电池片及聚光太阳电池片等常用电池片材料性能的发展现状。指出面对未来空间柔性太阳电池阵大尺寸、高功率、模块化的发展需求,采用薄壁管状伸展臂及多结砷化镓薄膜电池片的卷绕式柔性太阳电池阵在质量、功率、收拢体积及成本上达成了较好的平衡,是未来的发展趋势,在此基础上,对未来空间柔性太阳电池阵重点研究方向进行了展望。     

三结砷化镓太阳电池真空连续激光损伤效应

采用1 315 nm波长连续激光,在真空环境下辐照三结砷化镓太阳电池,通过对比辐照前后电池IV、QE等表征数据,研究三结砷化镓太阳电池的损伤效应,并对其损伤机理进行分析。结果表明:当激光功率密度为8 W/cm~2、辐照时间为60 s时,三结砷化镓太阳电池辐照后电性能下降显著,转化效率衰降超过70%。损伤机理是在热损伤与应力损伤的综合作用下,引起电池串联电阻(R_s)、并联电阻(R_(sh))的恶化,且Rsh是衡量电池损坏的关键指标。该结果可以为三结砷化镓太阳电池在激光损伤机理与无线能量传输方面的研究提供一定的参考。     

四结砷化镓太阳电池电路可靠性设计及验证技术研究

四结砷化镓太阳电池在半刚性太阳翼上应用,需要满足长寿命高可靠要求,文章针对新型太阳电池片在轨应用的空间环境适应性考核验证问题,开展了四结砷化镓太阳电池小板试验验证,对试验方案及数据结果进行了分析说明.通过对热、静电放电、辐照的分析及试验,结果表明:四结砷化镓太阳电池可以满足半刚性太阳翼长寿命高可靠应用的要求,相关试验验证情况将为后续四结砷化镓太阳电池在卫星半刚性太阳翼大范围的工程应用提供参考.     

晨昏轨道卫星三结砷化镓太阳电池阵功率衰减估计

文章针对空间环境对于GaInP2/InGaAs/Ge太阳电池输出功率衰减影响，以运行轨道高度接近1000km的某晨昏轨道卫星为对象，在分析轨道半长轴与倾角摄动、光照角变化、降交点地方时漂移、日地距离波动等因素的基础上，首先讨论了电池工作温度和输出电流变化，建立太阳电池输出电流拟合模型；提出了发展拟合电流的归一化处理新方法，进行光照角、温度、地球反照归一化，重点减小太阳光源功率波动的影响；最后，利用实际在轨数据进行检验。结果表明，利用新方法得到的电流数据衰减特征明显，一致性较好；太阳电池功率衰减因子约为-1.02×10-5/d，年衰减率约为0.372%；在轨15.5年后，输出功率衰减预测约为6.6%；GaInP2/InGaAs/Ge太阳电池抗辐照性较好，适宜于近地空间长寿命应用场合。该方法可应用于在轨卫星长期测控与管理中的遥测诊断、能源估计与预测、器件健康状态评估等方面。     

《航天器环境工程》(2006)总目次

第1期月球探测工程中的月球环境问题叶培建,肖福根(1)空间摩擦学研究及其实验装置与数据库建设的思考孙晓军(12)二级轻气炮模拟空间碎片超高速碰撞试验技术杨继运(16)多维动力学环境模拟试验技术研究樊世超,冯咬齐(23)太阳模拟器复杂构型卫星稳态温度场的数值模拟刘阳,刘学,黄本诚(29)材料热膨胀系数对太阳电池板应力的影响王晓燕,耿洪滨,何世禹,等(34)航天器薄膜材料在原子氧环境中退化研究刘向鹏,童靖宇,李金洪(39)静电雾化(电子喷射)技术理论基础及实验验证杨宋(42)半导体激光准直仪设计范宁,杨林华,史瑞良(51)球面密封结构密封性能初步…     

LEO等离子体环境中HVSA的电弧放电研究

把高压太阳电池阵放入低地球轨道中就会发生电弧放电,造成航天器表面退化、电磁干扰、PN结破坏和其它负作用.文章在阐述电弧放电机理的基础上,介绍了在试验室模拟等离子体环境中进行的两次放电试验.其中一个试验使用的是太阳电池阵物理等效模拟试件,另一个则是真实的太阳电池阵样品.试验得出了两种样品在等离子体环境中的放电位置、放电阈值电压,并发现环境与太阳电池电压及放电率等相关参数的关系.比较两个试验可以看出,在相似的环境下,模拟试件的放电阈值比较大.文章最后对试验现象的发生原因进行了初步的分析.研究LEO等离子体环境与HVSA之间的相互作用,并采取相应的防护措施,是大型空间活动必须解决的关键技术之一.     

适用于更高温度环境卫星的复合材料太阳电池基板

介绍了美国J.霍普金斯大学应用物理实验室设计制造的适用于水星轨道卫星的复合材料太阳电池基板[1]。该项研究计划进行了很长时间,分别进行了设计分析、选材、工艺试验、产品试制和性能测试等工作。制成的沥青基碳纤维/氰酸酯复合材料太阳电池基板,可短期承受270℃高温,能够满足高温卫星空间环境的要求。     

聚光式空间太阳能电源系统

介绍了聚光式太阳能电源系统的分类、原理及国外的研究与应用进展,分析了反射式与折射式空间太阳能聚光系统的优点与不足,指出了高精度太阳指向控制、耐环境薄膜材料、薄膜太阳电池、高密度热流热控等技术难点及需要解决的关键技术,对我国开展空间太阳能聚光系统技术研究提出了建议。     

Space solar arrays and concentrators

This paper presents some research activities conducted at the Centre Spatial de Liege (CSL) in the field of space solar arrays and concentration.With the new generation of high efficiency solar cells, solar concentration brings new insights for future high power spacecrafts. A trade-off study is presented in this paper. Two different trough concentrators, and a linear Fresnel lens concentrator are compared to rigid arrays. Thermal and optical behaviors are included in the analysis.Several technical aspects are discussed:

• Off-pointing with concentrators induces collection loss and illumination non uniformity, reducing the PV efficiency.

• Concentrator deployment increases the mission risk.

• Reflective trough concentrators are attractive and already proven. Coating is made of VDA (Aluminum). A comprehensive analysis of PV conversion increase with protected silver is presented.

• Solar concentration increases the heat load on solar cells, while the conversion efficiency is significantly decreasing at warm temperatures.

To conclude, this paper will point out the new trends and the key factors to be addressed for the next generation of solar generators.     

MHD Simulations of the Dynamics of Sharp Disturbances of the Interplanetary Medium and Comparison with Spacecraft Observations

One-dimensional MHD simulations of solitary sharp and strong disturbances (impulses) of the interplanetary magnetic field and plasma of the homogeneous solar wind were performed. The characteristics of a disturbance of this type, recorded onboard the WIND spacecraft (SC) rather far from the Earth, were taken as initial conditions. The results of numerical experiments simulating the evolution of this disturbance in the moving interplanetary plasma, whose parameters correspond to observations of the WIND and INTERBALL-1 SC, show the efficiency of the computer code developed with the special purpose of investigating low-frequency wave events in the space environment. The calculated characteristics of the impulse resulting from the evolution are in good agreement with parameters of the disturbance recorded by the INTERBALL-1 SC closer to the Earth. In particular, the impulse expands due to imbalance of thermal and magnetic pressures, but keeps its abrupt boundaries. It was demonstrated that stable plasma objects, corresponding to stationary MHD solutions, could really exist in the solar wind plasma for a long time.     

Orbit lifetime for microparticles in highly elliptical orbits with low perigee

On the basis of numerical experiments, we have shown the principal possibility of long (more than 1 month) and extremely long (more than 1 year) orbit lifetime of technogenic microparticles with radii from 1 to 100 μm injected into the near-Earth space in highly elliptical orbits with low perigee, including the case of an orbit with parameters corresponding to the orbital parameters of the Molniya satellite. Calculations are performed taking into account the perturbing effect on the orbital microparticle motion in the near-Earth space of gravitational perturbation caused by the Earth’s polar oblateness, the solar pressure force (calculated using methods of the Mie theory), and the drag force of neutral component of the background gas under conditions of low, medium, and high levels of solar and geomagnetic activities.     

Statistical Relationships between Solar, Interplanetary, and Geomagnetospheric Disturbances, 1976–2000

Within the framework of the Space Weather program, 25-year data sets for solar X-ray observations, measurements of plasma and magnetic field parameters in the solar wind, and D _st index variations are analyzed to reveal the factors that have had the greatest influence on the development of magnetospheric storms. The correlation between solar flares and magnetic storms practically does not exceed a level of correlation for random processes. In particular, no relation was found between the importance of solar flares and the minimum of the D _st index for storms that could be connected with considered flares by their time delay. The coronal mass ejections (CME; data on these phenomena cover a small part of the interval) result in storms with D _st < –60 nT only in half of the cases. The most geoeffective interplanetary phenomena are the magnetic clouds (MC), which many believe to be interplanetary manifestations of CMEs, and compressions in the region of interaction of slow and fast streams in the solar wind (the so-called Corotating Interaction Region, CIR). They correspond to about two-thirds of all observed magnetic storms. For storms with –100 < D _st < –60 nT, the frequencies of storms from MC and CIR being approximately equal. For strong storms with D _st < – 100 nT, the fraction of storms from MC is considerably higher. The problems of reliable prediction of geomagnetic disturbances from observations of the Sun and conditions in interplanetary space are discussed.     

天宫一号目标飞行器电源分系统设计

介绍了天宫一号（TG1）目标飞行器电源分系统的组成和主要技术指标。分析了国内在低轨飞行器上采用100V高压母线、大批量使用国产氢镍电池、三结砷化镓太阳电池片和半刚性基板等关键技术。回顾了电源分系统研制过程中高电压元器件体系建立、半刚性帆板力学及空间环境设计与验证、氢镍电池在轨寿命和可靠性研究,以及高压电源系统可靠性及安...     

太阳电池在平流层中的工作性能分析

近年来,临近空间受到广泛关注,多种平流层飞行器被提出,它们大多以太阳电池为 主要的能源获取装置。研究平流层的太阳电池的性能,对平流层的开发和利用具有重要意义 。首先建立了平流层中太阳电池的热环境模型,并结合硅太阳电池的电学模型,得到了 平流层中硅太阳电池的热电耦合分析模型,进而用数值模拟方法对太阳能电池的热学、电学 性能进行了分析和讨论。研究结果表明,平流层热环境的变化对太阳能电池的温度、输出功 率以及电效率都有影响。讨论了风速对太阳电池性能的影响,结果表明随着风速的增 加,太阳电池温度降低、内部温差先增加后减小、发电效率和输出功率都增加。