Technology development for a long duration,mid-cloud level Venus balloon

This paper describes the results of ongoing technology development activities for a Venus spherical superpressure balloon capable of flying for long durations (30 days) in the middle cloud layer at an altitude of 55.5 km. Data is presented from a successful aerial deployment and inflation flight experiment on a 5.5 m diameter prototype balloon conducted at a 2.5 km altitude above the Earth. Although the balloon in that test was not released for free flight, all other steps in the deployment and inflation process were successfully executed. Experimental and computational results are also presented from an investigation of the stress concentration phenomenon at the junction of the metal end fitting and fabric end cap of the prototype Venus balloon. Good agreement was found between the simulation and experimental results and a stress concentration factor of 1.55 determined for this end cap design compared to the expectations of thin membrane theory. Finally, results are presented for a new, second-generation Venus balloon material utilizing Aclar™ film instead of Teflon. Optical property and sulfuric acid tolerance data are presented for this material based on laboratory testing of samples.     

Prototype design and testing of a Venus long duration,high altitude balloon

This paper describes the design, fabrication and testing of a full scale prototype balloon intended for long duration flight in the upper atmosphere of Venus. The balloon is 5.5 m in diameter and is designed to carry a 45 kg payload at an altitude of 55 km. The balloon material is a 180 g/m² multi-component laminate comprised of the following layers bonded together from outside to inside: aluminized Teflon film, aluminized Mylar film, Vectran fabric and a polyurethane coating. This construction provides the required balloon functional characteristics of low gas permeability, sulfuric acid resistance and high strength for superpressure operation. The design burst superpressure is 39,200 Pa which is predicted to be 3.3 times the worst case value expected during flight at the highest solar irradiance in the mission profile. The prototype is constructed from 16 gores with bi-taped seams employing a sulfuric acid resistant adhesive on the outside. Material coupon tests were performed to evaluate the optical and mechanical characteristics of the laminate. These were followed by full prototype tests for inflation, leakage and sulfuric acid tolerance. The results confirmed the suitability of this balloon design for use at Venus in a long duration mission. The various data are presented and the implications for mission design and operation are discussed.     

零偏模式下太阳光压对轨迹保持控制影响分析

从某颗在轨卫星地面轨迹漂移“异常”出发,分析了该现象发生的内在机理,建立了零偏模式下（卫星姿态偏航角保持为零）光压摄动力沿迹方向累积效应解析模型,并基于历史观测数据通过轨道改进估计模型参数。最后,利用该卫星2018年真实地面轨迹对新模型预报精度进行验证。结果表明,采用新模型后,卫星地面轨迹漂移预报误差得到明显改善,为该卫星轨迹保持控制策略制定提供了技术支持。     

Analytical study on the inflated shape of a super pressure balloon covered with a diamond-shaped net

In the last two decades, extensive efforts have been made to develop a large super pressure balloon (SPB) capable of carrying heavy payloads for scientific observations of long durations. Due to recent achievements by the NASA Balloon Program Office, practical operations of large-scale lobed-pumpkin SPB will be realized in the near future. Meanwhile, the research team initiated the development of a lightweight SPB with an alternative design concept, in which the entire balloon is covered by a diamond-shaped net. In this work, the static structural response of the proposed SPB is analyzed by establishing a mathematical model to predict its inflated shape. This model is validated by comparing the generated results with those obtained from nonlinear finite element analysis. Excellent agreement between the analytical solutions and the corresponding finite element results was obtained. On the basis of the mathematical model, the inflated shape of the SPB is investigated and unique structural characteristics are deduced, i.e., the balloon inflates into a cylinder-like shape for a certain geometry of the cover net. This structural feature can be explained by considering the equilibrium of forces applied to the cover net.     

嵌入式软件测试开发环境的框架设计

采用软件设计上的复用思想,对嵌入式软件仿真测试环境进行框架的设计,可以使测试环境在不做大幅度修改的情况下适应不同的被测软件,节省设计的时间和费用.论述了由框架开发软件的过程,并把此过程应用于测试环境;对嵌入式软件仿真测试环境进行总体分析,确定了它的3个主要组成部分;归纳出作为测试环境重要组成部分的测试开发环境的基本功能,并使用专门针对框架开发的UML-F建模语言设计了一个框架;对已开发成功的测试开发环境框架,提出了具体的框架适配方案.本设计已在实际工程中得到了应用.     

Progress of super-pressure balloon development: A new “tawara” concept with improved stability

The super-pressure balloon (SPB) has been expected to be a flight vehicle that can provide a long flight duration to science. Since 1997, we have developed the SPB. Now we are at the phase of developing an SPB of a practical size. In 2009, we carried out a test flight of a pumpkin-shaped SPB with a 60,000 m³ volume. The undesirable result of this flight aroused us to resolve the deployment instability of the pumpkin-shaped SPB, which has been known as one of the most challenging issues confronting SPB development. To explore this deployment issue, in 2010, we carried out a series of ground tests. From results of these tests, we found that an SPB design modified from pumpkin, named “tawara”, can be a good candidate to greatly improve the deployment stability of the lobed SPB.     

The pGAPS experiment: An engineering balloon flight of prototype GAPS

The General Anti-Particle Spectrometer (GAPS) project is being carried out to search for primary cosmic-ray antiparticles especially for antideuterons produced by cold dark matter. GAPS plans to realize the science observation by Antarctic long duration balloon flights in the late 2010s. In preparation for the Antarctic science flights, an engineering balloon flight using a prototype of the GAPS instrument, “pGAPS”, was successfully carried out in June 2012 in Japan to verify the basic performance of each GAPS subsystem. The outline of the pGAPS flight campaign is briefly reported.     

The university of wyoming's small scientific balloon program

Over 500 small scientific balloons have been launched by the University of Wyoming's Atmospheric physics Group from 26 locations over the globe in a study of stratospheric aerosol physics and chemistry which began in 1971. These flights have led to a basic understanding of the evolution of sulfurous gases, injected into the stratosphere by major volcanic eruptions, into sulfuric acid aerosol droplets. The recent use of new, thin film balloon technology, to reduce cost and simplify launch techniques, has been a major advantage to the program.     

三坐标测量机的现状、发展与未来

叙述了三坐标测量机的基本构成、国内外上产现状、发展与未来。包括测量机的准确度、分类及丰富的软件。尤其对测量机的发展作了较详细的介绍。最后，预测厂测量机的未来。     

The observation of the galactic anticenter region by the balloon borne gamma-ray telescope Natalya-I

This paper presents the results of measurements of gamma radiation with energies above 5 MeV, from the galactic anticenter region. The balloon-borne gamma ray telescope “Natalya-I”, was launched on 6 November, 1980 from the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research's Balloon Facility (Hyderabad, India) and reached ceiling altitude of 35 km. The results on the accelerator calibration of the telescope, using a “tagged” gamma ray beam are also presented.     

一种工业热电阻检定系统的设计

为实现对工业热电阻的自动检定,提高检定工作效率及量值传递的准确性,设计了一种工业热电阻自动检定系统。根据热电阻检定工作原理和实现自动检定的思想,论述了系统的硬件结构组成和检定系统操作步骤。系统采用测温电桥与低电势扫描开关配合,在工业三线铂电阻的检定中,可以实现二线接法和三线接法的自动转换。系统操作软件以VB作为开发平台,实现自动控温、采集数据和输出word报表等。实际使用表明,系统设计结构合理,软件操作方便,量值传递准确可靠。     

一种新型的通用计数器的设计

介绍一种以大规模集成电路为核心组成的通用计数器的设计。该通用计数器具有输出标准信号、测量频率、测量周期、累加计数和自校等多种功能。     

论精大贵稀仪器仪表潜在功能的开发

精大贵稀仪器仪表潜在功能的开发,充分利用了现有资源,节省大量的更新经费,产生了巨大的技术、经济效益.在市场经济机制下,开展共用协作,极大地改善了精大贵稀仪器利用率低的状况,且有一定的推广应用前景,为培养、锻炼年轻的技术人员,以点带面地推动人员技术素质的全面提高起了积极的作用.     

Zonal mean temperature, pressure, zonal wind and geopotential height as functions of latitude

The new zonal mean COSPAR International Reference Atmosphere (CIRA-86) of temperature, zonal wind, and geopotential/geometric height is presented. This data can be used as a function of altitude or pressure and has nearly pole-to-pole coverage (80°S-80°N) extending from the ground to approximately 120 km. Data sources and methods of computation are described; in general, hydrostatic and thermal wind balance are maintained at all levels and latitudes. As shown by a series of cross sectional plots, the new CIRA accurately reproduces most of the characteristic features of the atmosphere such as the equatorial wind and the general structure of the tropopause, stratopause, and mesopause.     

铠装标准铂电阻温度计的研制

铠装标准铂电阻温度计是将敏感元件、中间引线、绝缘粉料、不锈钢外保护管组装后,再经模具拉制成的坚实整体。它除具有石英外管标准铂电阻精度高和稳定性好的优点外,还具有抗振、可挠、耐用、使用方便等优点。该温度计的测温范围为-200～-450℃。根据抽样试验分析,可作一般或精密测试之用。     

The motion of an artificial satellite under the terrestrial radiation pressure

The terrestrial infrared radiation pressure effects on the motion of an artificial satellite are investigated. The radiative field is described by a series of spherical harmonics. The equations for the changes of the elements are found and numerical examples for the case of the satellite D-5-B (1975 39 B) are given.     

Directional solidification of complex-forming eutectic melt of the PbCl2-AgCl dielectric system under conditions of zero, normal and increased gravity

First results in the area of studying the influence of gravity field on the degree of ordering of directionally solified eutectict are presented. As the model complex-forming melts, PbCl₂ and its eutectic with AgCl was chosen. Directional solidification of the mentioned eutectic was realised under conditions of zero, normal and increased gravity. It was shown that increasing level of gravity results in a marked improvement of the degree of spacial ordering of the lamelar structure.     

The development of focusing optics for the hard-X-ray region

Grazing-incidence optics has revolutionized soft-X-ray astronomy yet the scientifically important hard-X-ray region has gone relatively unexplored at high sensitivity and fine angular scales. This situation is now changing with several flight-ready balloon-borne focusing telescopes and planned satellite-borne observatories. This review discusses some of the developments in mirror and focal plane technologies that are making these payloads possible.     

STS2111A模块式DC＼DC转换器测试仪的研制

介绍了主要适用于各种直流电源变换器的STSZllIA测试仪的硬件、软件组成以及系统测试的主要性能技术指标，并着重讨论了参数测试时的两个关键问题的解决。该测试仪性能优良、操作简单、使用方便、适用范围广，具有较好的准确度和稳定性，是保证DC／DC电路产品质量的重要检测手段。     

飞机复合材料构件设计、分析和制造数据集成

实施复合材料构件数字化定义是实现复合材料构件设计、分析和制造数据集成的基础.复合材料构件数字化定义包括几何建模和材料结构建模.总结了材料结构建模过程和材料铺放数据的组成,指出当前复合材料构件分析无法基于最终的真实纤维路径进行,采用离散三角形单元的真实纤维路径来近似铺层纤维的最终状态,并利用可扩展标记语言(XML,Extensive Markup Language)文件对材料铺放数据进行了描述,探讨了通过纤维路径数据到有限元网格的自动映射实现材料铺放数据的自动传递.最后,研究了设计数据到排样下料系统和激光投影系统的集成和接口数据组织方法.