流星突发通信信道日变化预测模型

流星突发通信不同于传统的通信, 其是低速率通信, 具有突发、不连续、不定时的特性. 因此, 流星余迹通信的复杂性要求有必要对其通信信道进行建模. 在流星通信链路中, 流星的辐射分布、可用流星率和占空比是影响流星通信信道性能的重要参数. 流星辐射分布在不同季节不同时间都各不相同, 因此准确预测流星通信链路在不同时间的流星辐射分布, 从而改变大圆路径上天线的指向, 对提高通信速率显得非常重要. 同时, 准确预测流星突发通信链路上的可用流星率和占空比, 有助于准确预测并建立流星突发信道模型. 本文分析研究了偶发流星辐射分布建模的发展, 建立了偶发流星日心空间和地心空间的几何关系, 得到了流星突发通信信道参数预测模型. 并将预测模型应用于流星通信链路, 预测结果与通信链路观测结果比较一致, 为流星通信系统的建立提供了技术支持.      

用武汉流星雷达观测象限仪座流星雨期间的流星速度

利用武汉流星雷达,首次成功地观测了象限仪座流星雨及流星雨期间的流星速度,讨论了利用单站全天空流星雷达观测流星雨的相关问题.从观测结果可以发现此次象限仪座流星雨发生在2004年1月4日的0000-0800LT,其中流星峰值出现在0400LT,而且通过流星雷达观测到的流星雨期间的流星回波平面推测得到的流星雨辐射点也与该流星雨的理论辐射点位置对应非常好.利用流星回波振幅的Fresnel振荡方法计算了此次流星雨期间观测到的流星的速度,分析了该流星速度的分布,这次流星雨期间观测到的流星速度主要集中在10-30 km/s,可以看出这种速度分布是由流星雨进入地球大气的初始速度和流星在大气中的减速过程共同决定的.最后研究了流星速度随高度的变化,并且由此讨论了地球大气对于流星体的减速作用.      

全天空流星雷达相位差监测分析方法研究

介绍了一种直接利用流星观测数据, 根据流星的时空分布特性和天线的空间布阵关系建立数学模型, 对全天空流星雷达各天线通道的相位差进行监测分析和估算的新方法. 通过分析全天空流星雷达的流星观测数据, 获得了流星时空分布特性, 天线阵相位差变化对流星空间分布的影响, 特别是流星高度分布的标准差特性与各天线相位差的关系. 在此基础上, 模拟研究了利用流星高度分布的标准差来估算天线相位差的偏差, 并应用于中国三亚地区全天空流星雷达进行相位差监测分析和校正. 结果表明, 新方法无需任何附加硬件, 通过日常观测数据就能对某一通道的相位差变化或多个通道的相位差变化进行估算和分析,相位差监测精度优于2°. 对这些相位差变化进行校正, 可有效提高全天空流星雷达对流星的定位测量精度.      

太空问答

<正>流星雷达是干什么用的?地面观测台站中常有一种叫做"流星雷达"的仪器,24小时关注着天空的流星动态。流星划过天空时,其摩擦燃烧等过程影响了大气的电离,这些电离的等离子体又会对雷达发射的无线电波发生影响,也就是流星划过的轨迹能在雷达上有反应。这种观测方法主要是利用流星(电离)     

长时间流星不均匀体母体特征个例研究

流星体坠入地球大气烧蚀电离产生流星等离子体尾迹,在等离子体不稳定性过程作用下产生流星不均匀体.利用光学视频和无线电雷达在低纬三亚开展流星体烧蚀和流星不均匀体综合探测结果,发展了一种获取流星不均匀体母体（流星体）特征参数的方法,并对2015年12月双子座流星雨期间观测的一次长持续时间流星不均匀体事例进行了分析,得到了其母体速度、质量和轨道等特征,结果显示产生这次流星不均匀体的流星体速度和轨道等具有双子座流星特点.该方法可应用于流星不均匀体及其母体特征研究.      

廊坊中频雷达流星观测及初步结果

中频雷达用来开展夜间100km高度以上的流星观测,获得流星随时间、高度、方位的分布情况及流星体速度、流星辐射点、流星余迹径向速度等参数,其探测数据可用于流星天文学、中层大气动力学等领域的研究.利用2017年11月16日12:00UT-22:00UT期间廊坊观测站（39.4°N,116.7°E）的中频雷达数据,首次开展了中国中纬度地区夜间流星观测实验,共检测到94个流星回波信号,集中分布在97～115km高度范围内,平均高度为106.5km,计算得到了流星回波的双极扩散系数、方位分布等相关参数,并与国外中频雷达流星探测结果进行了初步比较.      

流星参数的数值分析和流星高度分布模型

流星余迹能够被后向散射雷达观测到, 利用观测结果, 可以分析和研究流星的空间分布和时间变化规律. 同时, 利用流星空间分布还可以进行空间碎片的研究. 基于标准理论, 对影响雷达回波功率的主要因素, 例如如双极扩散、余迹的初始半径、流星的有限速度, 以及雷达的脉冲重复频率在不同频率和速度下进行了数值分析和计算, 得到的流星衰减时间及双极扩散系数的观测结果与理论结果一致. 通过对昆明流星雷 达观测到的571632个流星进行统计分析, 得到了流星高度分布统计模型, 并利用该模型的分析结果与不同月份流星的观测数据进行对比, 结果比较一致.      

流星雷达系统相位差偏差的估计和校正

介绍了一种新的流星雷达系统的相位偏差估计和校正方法.利用流星回波的观测数据,用回波信号在各个接收通道之间的相位差,结合干涉式接收天线阵的几何关系,建立了各天线相位差测量值与偏差值之间的线性方程组,利用最小二乘法求解方程组,得到了流星雷达系统各个接收通道之间的相位差偏差估计值及校正后的流星回波到达角.与已有的流星雷达相位偏差估计和校正的方法相比,这种方法可以通过流星雷达的观测数据来计破算雷达系统各个接收天线通道之间的相位差偏差量,而不需要增加额外的硬件,实现了对观测数据的事后处理,可以方便地对已有数据进行校正.以2004年4-6月的武汉流星雷达观测数据为例,计算了流星雷达系统的偏差估计量,并用校正后的数据来计算流星回波的空间位置.结果表明,校正后流星回波数在各个方向上随高度的分布比校正前更符合统计分布.      

微流星消融对中高层区域金属层的影响

采用连续的微流星体消融模型,对小微粒的流星颗粒(半径＜100μm)消融过程进行分析,并估计对中高层区域(80～110 km)金属层的影响．无线电流星雷达与激光雷达的探测结果表明,半径在100μm以上的流星颗粒的消融物并不是金属层主要的源．本文从流星颗粒的动量方程和能量方程出发,计算不同半径下的流星微粒在不同的注入速度下的消融剖面,并分析了流星消融截止高度的变化趋势．结合长期的激光雷达观测,计算表明,10～4μ半径的流星微粒是普通金属层的主要影响因素．     

试验

<正>BAE系统公司完成流星导弹飞行试验BAE系统公司成功在台风战机上进行了流星超视距空空导弹的飞行试验。本次试验为台风战机阶段2增强(P2E)项目的一部分,试验中流星导弹在发射后与战机保持数据链通信,成功瞄准了预先设定的真实目标。本次飞行试验是2014年12月进行的流星导弹飞行试验的后续部分,旨在测试流星导弹的性能,导弹与台风战机的集成性能以及导弹与雷达系统的相互作用。BAE系统公司表示,这些试验是台风战机P2E项目的第一阶段试验,该公司计划于2016年底实现流星导弹与台风战机的完全集成。     

Shoemaker－Levy9彗星撞击木星的流星物理学

本文从流星物理学的基本方程出发,导出Shoemaker-Levy9慧星撞击木星时的速度、质量损失、电子线密度、能量释放率随高度的分布公式;采用合理的参数,作了一系列计算,并与观测资料比较,进行一些讨论。      

中层顶附近Fe和Na层变化的特征时间比较

采用特征分析方法计算中层大气Fe和Na层的化学特征时间,同时计算了它们被流星烟粒吸附和被垂直输运的特征时间.结果表明,(1)在Fe层数密度峰值高度附近,其EA化学特征时间为数日,远大于传统定义的数分钟;(2)比较Fe的输运特征时间(w=1 m/s)和化学特征时间,得出在84 km以下化学过程占优势,而在84km以上,垂直输运过程占主导地位,与Na层结果相同;(3)通过将各自化学特征时间与垂直输运和流星烟粒吸附的特征时间比较,以及考察流星金属注入率对Fe和Na原子分布的影响,发现最有可能使Fe和Na层下边沿截止高度重合的原因是流星烟粒的吸附效应.      

Ablation and chemistry of meteoric materials in the atmosphere of Titan

We compute the input of meteoric materials expected on Titan, and integrate this dust model with an ablation model and a comprehensive chemical model, investigating the effects on the atmosphere and surface. We find that a water deposition of 10-100 times the expected interplanetary dust flux /7/, or a recent large impact, is required to produce the observed CO₂ abundance /2/. Ionisation due to meteoric activity is not likely to be higher than that due to other sources.     

Modeling the meteoric dust effect on the equatorial electrojet

Dust particles of meteoric origin in the lower E-region can affect the conductivity parameters by varying the effective collision frequency and by causing electron bite outs through the capture of ambient electrons. In magnetized plasma, neutral dust particles can alter the effective collision frequency parameters and thus affect the Pedersen and Hall conductivities in the electrojet region. The Cowling conductivity profile is determined by the height profiles of the Hall and Pedersen conductivities. The collision parameters altered by the neutral dust particles can be considerably different from those estimated from atmospheric models, in the lower E-region heights where dust particles of meteoric origin are known to exist in large numbers. A significant fraction of these dust particles may capture free electrons from the ambient medium and get charged negatively. This can result in reduction in the number density of free electrons especially below the electrojet peak where the dust particles can be present in large numbers, at least on days of large meteor showers. This, in turn, can once again alter the vertical profile of the east–west Hall current driven by the vertical Hall polarization field and under favorable conditions, can even account for the reversal of the electrojet currents below the current peak. Assuming a realistic model for the distribution of neutral dust particles, the conductivity parameters are estimated here. Conditions under which the dust particles can cause partial reversals in the electrojet currents are critically examined here.     

Report on the Kiso cometary dust trail survey

Cometary dust trails were first observed by IRAS; they are widely known to be the origins of meteoric showers. A new window has been opened for the study of dust trails, using ground-based observations. We succeeded in obtaining direct images of the 22P/Kopff dust trail with the Kiso 1.05-m Schmidt telescope. Following this initial success, we have continued to perform a dust trail survey at Kiso. As a result of this survey, we have detected dust trails along the orbit of six periodic comets, between February 2002 and March 2004. The optical depth of these dust trails are 10⁻⁹ to 10⁻⁸, which is consistent with IRAS measurements. In this paper, we describe the observations and data reduction procedures, and report the brief result obtained between February 2002 and March 2004.     

Reduced meteoric smoke particle density at the summer pole – Implications for mesospheric ice particle nucleation

Noctilucent clouds (NLC) and polar mesospheric summer echoes (PMSE) are phenomena that occur in the summertime polar regions due to the presence of ice particles around the mesopause. That ice particles are able to form in a region with such low water vapour concentration as the mesopause is noteworthy. Even though the summer mesopause is the coldest region on Earth, temperatures are generally not low enough for homogeneous nucleation to occur, which necessitates the presence of pre-existing condensation nuclei. The nature of these nuclei has long puzzled the scientific community and many candidates have been suggested, such as particles of meteoric origin, ion clusters, sodium bi-carbonate, sulfate aerosols and soot particles. Out of these the so-called “smoke particles”, i.e. particles re-condensed from ablated meteoritic material, have long been considered the most likely. Generally, it has been believed that these particles exist in numbers of the order of thousands per cubic centimetre at the mesopause. This belief is based on 1-dimensional studies of meteoric material. A recent 2-dimensional model study, which includes the atmospheric circulation from summer to winter pole however, suggests much lower number densities at the summer mesopause. We here investigate the implications of low number densities for the formation of ice particles. We find that even though resulting ice particle distribution may produce typical NLC brightness, the number density of ice particles is not consistent with what is expected for NLC and PMSE. In particular, it is much lower than the ice particle concentration (>1000 cm⁻³) typically expected to explain the “electron bite-outs” that are frequently observed in the vicinity of PMSE’s. We therefore re-examine the assumptions and parameters that determine the smoke distribution. We show that even though the number of condensation nuclei at the polar summer mesopause can be increased within the uncertainties, the results in most scenarios remain insufficient. We show that charged particles, perhaps in combination with significant deviations from the mean mesospheric state, may be necessary for condensation of ice particles in the polar summer mesosphere. Hence, we raise the question whether the conventional ideas of nucleation on meteoric smoke, which are used in current mesospheric ice models, are correct.     

Features of the occurrence of the additional stratification on the bottom-side F region over the equatorial location of Trivandrum

The general features of occurrence of an additional layer on the bottom side of F region, referred to as F0.5 layer in the pre noon period, over the magnetic equatorial location of Trivandrum (8.5° N; 77° E; dip lat of 0.5° N) in India during the period from 2004 to 2007 are presented using ionosonde observations. The F0.5 layer has a June (northern summer) solsticial maximum probability of occurrence with secondary maxima during December (northern winter) solstice. The seasonal as well as the day-to-day variability in the occurrence of F0.5 layer as mentioned in this paper seems to be a result of the variations in the amplitude and phases of the tides and gravity waves, and inventory of the metallic ions of meteoric origin. This study brings out an important manifestation of morning time F layer base region dynamics.     

Succession in a microbial mat community: A gaian perspective

The Gaia hypothesis originally proposed by James E. Lovelock states that the composition, oxidation-reduction state and temperature of the troposphere are actively regulated by the activities of the biota. The gaian concept has been extrapolated to include the composition of surface sediments through the process of biomineralization. The stratified microbial community dominated by the cyanobacterium Microcoleus chthonoplastes is actively involved in the deposition of laminated sediments at Laguna Figueroa, Baja California, Mexico. Unusually heavy rains in the winters of 1979 and 1980 flooded the evaporite flat with up to 3 meters of meteoric water and deposited 5 – 10 cm of allocthonous sediment. The composition of the microbial community changed as a succession of dominating microbial species ensued, ultimately leading to the recolonization of the surface sediment by the original Microcoleus-dominated community. The resiliency of bacterial communities is suggested to be an important mechanism of gaian control systems.     

放射性物质沾染检测仪的研制

介绍了一种放射性物质沾染检测仪的结构和功能,该仪器具有探测灵敏,结构简单,便携灵活等特点,可以在现场迅速对人身上的放射性物质沾染情况进行检测,对保护现场工作人员的身体安全,防止放射性物资污染扩散有着十分重要的意义。