脉冲等离子体推力器放电波形设计评估仿真研究

运用磁流体动力学的方法,对脉冲等离子体推力器推力室工作过程开展三维双温MHD数值仿真,并开展对推力室的工作机理的分析研究。通过该模型计算得到的推进剂烧蚀质量和元冲量与实验结果相符,同时针对不同初始电压、电容以及两种特征波形的情况进行评估,为推力器的放电波形设计提供指导依据。结果显示在推力器波形设计的初期,是采用电流高变化率低能量水平,还是采用电流低变化率高能量水平,需要结合实际,进行优化评估。     

自激励式电磁铆接放电电流分析

电磁铆接是一种将电磁能转化为机械能的铆接工艺。传统感应式低电压电磁铆接存在能量利用率低、难以解决高强度大直径铆钉和难成形材料铆钉的铆接等问题。基于自激励式电磁铆接技术,建立放电电流分析模型,通过数值分析与工艺试验探讨自激励式电磁铆接进行大直径铆钉成形的可行性。研究结果表明建立的电磁铆接放电电流分析模型可实现传统感应式和自激励式电磁铆接放电电流分析,分析结果与试验吻合较好;放电能量相同时,自激励式电磁铆接的涡流斥力峰值要远大于感应式的涡流斥力,能有效提高能量利用率,是实现大直径铆钉成形的有效方式;在放电电压为320V时,自激励式电磁铆接可实现直径为10mm的45号钢铆钉的成形,其变形以绝热剪切的方式进行。     

分层去除微细电火花铣削加工的NC程序生成

利用简单电极,基于分层制造原理的微细电火花铣削加工技术是实现微三维结构加工的有效手段之一。本文研究了用该方法进行三维曲面加工时的NC程序生成方法,并给出了加工实例。     

纳秒脉冲等离子体激励器用于圆柱高速流动控制的数值模拟

利用数值模拟,研究了纳秒脉冲介质阻挡放电（NS-DBD）等离子体激励器在圆柱高速流动控制中的应用。首先,研究了单电极NS-DBD等离子体激励器在静止空气中放电后的流场特性。研究表明在介质阻挡放电形成的等离子体区域,有局部能量快速注入,放电结束5 μs后在上极板后端点位置形成了一个局部温度高达900 K的热点,由此引发很强的压力扰动,形成以上极板后端点位置为中心,扩散速度约为声速的半圆形压缩波。在此基础上,通过数值模拟研究了NS-DBD等离子体激励器布置在直径为6 mm的圆柱上,来流马赫数为Ma_∞=4.6时,对圆柱脱体激波的控制作用。研究表明介质阻挡放电形成的半圆形压缩波对于脱体激波有很强的干扰作用,激波距离增加了15.7%,激波强度也有相应的减弱,导致阻力减少了13%。     

两电极等离子体高能合成射流流场及其冲量实验研究

两电极等离子体高能合成射流激励器通过腔体内电极间的瞬时电弧放电加热腔内气体,在激励器出口产生压差并喷出高速射流,从而产生反作用力和冲量。针对两电极等离子体高能合成射流响应快、持续时间短的特点,设计了单丝扭摆式微冲量测量系统,并结合高速阴影系统,对两电极等离子体高能合成射流的流场发展过程及其单脉冲冲量特性进行了实验研究。实验结果表明,两电极等离子体高能合成射流响应时间小于10μs,射流持续时间约为1ms,射流前锋最大速度约为190m/s,射流流场发展过程中存在多道强压缩波,并以当地声速向下游传播。单丝扭摆式微冲量测量系统可实现μN·s量级冲量测量精度,单脉冲冲量约为32μN·s,并且在低频状态下射流总冲量随激励器放电频率成线性增加。     

Thermal damage analysis of aircraft composite laminate suffered from lightning swept stroke and arc propagation

Lightning strike is a complicated process involving multi-field coupling. In order to investigate the thermal damage mechanism of carbon fiber reinforced composites subject to lightning swept stroke, a complete numerical method is presented. Numerical model of lightning discharge is established based on Magneto Hydro Dynamics (MHD) and calculated by FLUENT secondary development technology. Considering aerodynamic flow effect, channel formation and evolution process during lightning discharge is analyzed for lightning current waveform A. Thermal-electric Coupling model is presented according to Radial Basis Function (RBF) interpolation theory, which is implemented by compiling program to make lightning current and heat energy inject into composite laminate. Consequently, damage mechanism of composite laminate under lightning swept stroke is studied based on the coupled numerical model and element deletion method. Ablation damage morphology of composite laminate is analyzed to understand plasma expansion and reattachment in arc root. The results show that aerodynamic flow makes the lightning channel move fast and composite laminate is deteriorated due to thermal damage.     

利用能量/动量飞轮的偏置动量姿态控制系统

研究偏置动量姿态控制系统中的集成能量与姿态控制问题。利用一对正 反转飞轮提供偏置角动量并同时储 /放能以满足星载设备的能源需求。滚动 /偏航运动由俯仰轴磁矩控制。设计了力矩形式的飞轮的控制律 ,使之提供期望的俯仰控制力矩 ,并以给定的功率储 /放能。保持两只飞轮正 反转可以完全避免飞轮控制律中的系统奇异。提出了利用动能反馈的飞轮储能功率规划方案 ,以使系统维持能量平衡 ,避免由于能量过剩引起的飞轮饱和。飞轮的最小转动惯量受最大偏置角动量和最小能量的限制 ,结合几何方法对这种限制条件进行了分析。数值仿真结果证明了控制方案的有效性。     

飞机雷电防护

雷电是一种危险现象,但是到目前为止还没有一种技术能够防止飞机遭受雷击。本文分析了雷电造成的危害,并论述了飞机结构设计应该为雷电流提供低阻抗的通路。对于对雷击放电敏感的部位和部件,必须根据其自身的重要性采取适当的雷电防护措施,以尽可能减少雷电对飞机的损害。最后介绍了为确保雷电防护措施的可靠性而进行的验证试验方法。     

Simulation of discharge impulses in GTE capacitance ignition systems

A possibility of enhancing the energy efficiency of the capacitance ignition system by realizing the batch mode of discharge impulse generation is substantiated. Using the numerical simulation methods, a problem is solved to study the voltage-current characteristics of such discharge units as a spark discharger and a spark plug and peculiarities of discharge formation in them; the batch mode is simulated with proper account for the influence of discharge-recurrence rate upon dynamics of electric strength recovery in the discharge units. A possibility of optimizing the capacitance ignition system parameters is theoretically evaluated to provide the maximum possible quantity of discharge impulse packet energy as well as the value of their peak capacity at the specified values of supply source power, discharge-recurrence rate, and total voltage of the entire ignition system.     

具有复合角的多斜孔板流量系数研究

试验研究了多种结构多斜孔板的流量系数,分析了孔倾角、孔偏角、板厚等几何结构参数,和孔内流动雷诺数、主次流温比、主流马赫数等气动参数对具有复合角的多斜孔板流量系数的影响。研究结果表明：①孔内流动雷诺数小于4000时,流量系数与雷诺数呈线性关系,大于5000时流量系数变化不大;②孔偏角小于40。时,流量系数随孔偏角的增大而...     

金属壁面红外辐射能的测试技术研究

本文介绍了金属壁面红外辐射能的测试方法、测试原理和测试设备, 并对铁板和不锈钢板的红外辐射特性进行了初步的实验研究, 研究加热温度对材料辐射率的影响。试验结果表明该测试方法是可行的, 测试设备是可靠的。      

重合网格法在复合材料分层问题中的应用

使用重合网格法(S-FEM)分析了混合模态下CFRP层合板分层问题。首先将虚裂纹闭合技术集成到S-FEM程序中,求解了复合材料分层尖端处的应变能释放率。然后把重合网格法数值结果与基于梁理论的计算结果及实验数据进行了比较。结果表明,对于单方向及多方向CFRP复合材料层合板,重合网格法都能够得到更精确的数值,是一种有效的计算复合材料裂纹尖端应变能释放率的方法。     

Choice of a turbulence grid and model to calculate the discharge coefficient of the standard orifice plate

The results of analyzing a flow in the measuring pipeline with a standard orifice plate within the range of 5×10⁴ ≤ Re ≤ 10⁸ using the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) methods are presented. A deviation of the design value of the discharge coefficient from the value indicated in the standard served as a criterion for choosing a turbulence model and grid. The calculation data for the discharge coefficient obtained with the use of RANS turbulence models are given and it is shown that the CFD methods make it possible to calculate the discharge coefficient of a variable-pressure drop flowmeter with a precision that meets the standard requirements.     

放电电阻对等离子合成射流激励器特性的影响

设计了一种射流出口为竖直圆孔的等离子体合成射流激励器(PSJA),旨在研究在不同放电电阻时激励器的特性。实验中通过电参数测量、高速纹影观察获得了放电电阻为300、200、100 Ω的激励器放电特性及瞬态流场特性。结果表明:放电过程由于限流电阻的存在,可分为两个阶段,即急剧放电阶段和缓慢放电阶段。这一模式在满足较高初始能量注入的同时可以持续为激励器提供能量,有效提高了稳定性。同时,观察到较小的放电电阻,可以获得较大的射流速度,流动控制能力更强。但减小放电电阻,会导致放电电流增大,射流速度不稳定,工作稳定性变差。在实际应用中,需要综合考虑并确定最终的电阻值,确保两个放电阶段能量的合理分配。      

火花型合成射流激励器流动特性及其激励参数数值研究

利用能量方程中的源项模拟电火花能量的输入,数值模拟了火花型合成射流激励器的流场,获得了激励器的能量蓄积、喷射和吸入过程.结果表明:电火花瞬间能量的输入产生了腔体内的高温、高压环境,从而诱发合成射流的形成;在周期性激励下,合成射流在3个周期后稳定,喷口处的速度呈现非正弦的周期性变化,射流喷射过程时间极短,吸入外界环境气体...     

Effect of assisted transverse magnetic field on distortion behavior of thin-walled components in WEDM process

Machining performance of thin-walled components made by aeronautical difficult-toprocess materials is a significant issue in the aviation manufacturing industry. Although wire electric discharge machining-low speed(WEDM-LS) is one of typical non-contact machining processes without macro cutting force, which does well in removing hardness and brittleness materials via pulsed discharge at high temperature, but few researchers have studied the thermal distortion behavior leading to a considerable g...     

Stochastic battery discharge in portable communication devices

The objective of this work is to explore ways in which performance of battery systems can be enhanced through the use of energy-efficient battery management techniques. The phenomenon of charge recovery that takes place under pulsed discharge conditions is identified as a mechanism that can be exploited to enhance the capacity of a cell in a portable communication device. The bursty nature of many data traffic sources suggests that data transmissions in communication devices may provide natural opportunities for charge recovery. We model the data source as a stochastic process and let the cell discharge be driven by such a process. We use a model of a dual lithium ion insertion cell to identify the improvement to cell capacity that results from the stochastic discharge. The insight from this study leads us to propose discharge shaping techniques that tradeoff energy efficiency with delay in the required current supply     

Energy management onboard the Space Station-a rule-based approach

The logic and the schedule for a rule-based optimization technique useful for energy management onboard the Space Station are presented. A diverse array of experiments is scheduled within the constraints of limited solar energy and battery storage availability, taking into account the uneven energy supply between the sunshine and eclipse periods and the occasional need to serve a peak load and the full battery charging load simultaneously. In addition, the noninterruptible and nonrestartable nature of many experiments has to be accounted for in the schedule. These factors have been accounted for by using various time intervals and priority weighting factors. Supply/demand windows of various durations are tested for the typical load profile. This shows under what circumstances fewer scheduling tasks are needed and how a closer match between the supply and demand can be obtained. The optimal supply/demand is expressed in terms of the excess and shortage of electricity, the peak load, and the time displacement of the individual payloads. This technique is implemented using Prolog and Fortran     

MHD Flow Control of Oblique Shock Waves Around Ramps in Low-temperature Supersonic Flows

This article is devoted to experimental study on the control of the oblique shock wave around the ramp in a low-temperature supersonic flow by means of the magnetohydrodynamic(MHD) flow control technique. The purpose of the experiments is to take advantage of MHD interaction to weaken the oblique shock wave strength by changing the boundary flow characteristics around the ramp. Plasma columns are generated by pulsed direct current(DC) discharge, the magnetic fields are generated by Nd-Fe-B rare-earth permanent magnets and the oblique shock waves in supersonic flow are generated by the ramp. The Lorentz body force effect of MHD interaction on the plasma-induced airflow velocity is verified through particle image velocimetry(PIV) measurements. The experimental results from the supersonic wind tunnel indicate that the MHD flow control can drastically change the flow characteristics of the airflow around the ramp and decrease the ratio of the Pitot pressure after shock wave to that before it by up to 19. 66%, which leads to the decline in oblique shock wave strength. The oblique shock waves in front of the ramp move upstream by the action of the Lorentz body force. The discharge characteristics are analyzed and the MHD interaction time and consumed energy are determined with the help of the pulsed DC discharge images. The interaction parameter corresponding to the boundary layer velocity can reach 1. 3 from the momentum conservation equation. The velocity of the plasma column in the magnetic field is much faster than that in the absence of magnetic field force. The plasma can strike the neutral gas molecules to transfer momentum and accelerate the flow around the ramp.     

Physical Processes Related to Discharges in Planetary Atmospheres

This paper focuses on the rudimentary principles of discharge physics. The kinetic theory of electron transport in gases relevant to planetary atmospheres is examined and results of detailed Boltzmann kinetic calculations are presented for a range of applied electric fields. Comparisons against experimental swarm data are made. Both conventional breakdown and runaway breakdown are covered in detail. The phenomena of transient luminous events (TLEs), particularly sprites, and terrestrial gamma-ray flashes (TGFs) are discussed briefly as examples of discharges that occur in the terrestrial environment. The observations of terrestrial lightning that exist across the electromagnetic spectrum and presented throughout this volume fit well with the broader understanding of discharge physics that we present in this paper. We hope that this material provides the foundation on which explorations in search of discharge processes on other planets can be based and previous evidence confirmed or refuted.