气冷喷油杆隔热套高度对混合扩压器性能影响

针对一种带气冷喷油杆的混合扩压器,基于Navier-Stokes方程组建立了流场三维数值计算模型,研究了气冷喷油杆的隔热套高度对一体化混合扩压器流场、流阻特性和混合特性的气动热力性能影响规律。结果表明:隔热套高度对混合扩压器热混合效率影响不大,总体变化范围小于0.008;随着隔热套高度的增加,静压恢复系数逐渐减小,流阻系数和压力损失系数逐渐增大;在混合扩压器出口截面处,总压恢复系数随隔热套高度增加而逐渐减小,且总体变化范围较小,由0.991 1减小到0.990 7。      

二维扰动对下游圆盘压力分布的影响

通过测量阻力和表面压力,研究了干扰圆柱尾迹产生的二维扰动对下游圆盘气动特性的影响,得到圆盘迎风面压力分布的变化规律,并结合以往流场结构的研究,对其机理进行了分析.结果表明在圆盘与干扰圆柱间距比L/D较小时,圆盘迎风面低压区宽度随间距增大迅速增加;当L/D>0.7时,对于同一直径的干扰圆柱,圆盘迎风面低压区宽度基本保持不变;对于不同直径的干扰圆柱,在圆盘前产生低压区的宽度随圆柱直径的增加而变大.此外,利用这种干扰方法,可以降低圆盘阻力,实验得到圆盘阻力可减少约9%,相应的圆柱/圆盘系统的阻力可减小4%.      

翼伞系统纵向飞行性能分析

翼伞系统的飞行性能不仅取决于翼伞本身的气动特性,而且与安装角、伞绳长度、回收物阻力特征、翼载荷等系统参数密切相关。文章应用拉格朗日方程建立翼伞系统的纵向飞行力学模型,对翼伞系统进行飞行力学数值仿真,深入分析了系统参数以及开伞状态对翼伞系统纵向飞行性能的影响规律。结果表明：只有安装角在0°～20°时,翼伞系统才能达到稳定的滑翔状态,且安装角在4°～6°时对应两个稳定的滑翔状态,具体由开伞姿态和速度决定;伞绳特征长度的增加使系统的静稳定性增加;回收物的阻力特征增加6m2,翼伞系统的稳定滑翔角增加15°左右,而迎角减小不到1°;翼伞飞行速度随着翼载荷的增加而增加,其平方与回收物质量成正比。上述结论可为翼伞系统的工程实际应用提供参考。     

前体尾流对降落伞工作性能的影响

为研究前体尾流对降落伞工作性能的非定常影响，基于Realizablek-ε湍流模型采用PISO算法开展了物伞系统的非定常绕流数值计算，获得了精细的流场旋涡结构。在此基础上，研究了不同拖曳比下物伞系统的尾涡演变规律、流场分布规律以及伞衣气动特性变化。结果表明:前体尾涡导致伞衣入口处的涡量大小和方向时刻变化，随拖曳比增加，涡量黏性耗散增强，进入伞衣的旋涡强度逐渐减弱，伞衣入口形成稳定的负涡量区，伞衣尾涡脱离周期随之延长；拖曳比对尾涡区后端（伞衣入口处）流场压力的影响远大于前端，随拖曳比增加，流动形式逐渐由闭式转变为开式，流场的速度分布和压力分布更为对称，伞衣入口形成稳定的正压区，内外压差增加；当拖曳比大于9时，前体尾流对降落伞阻力系数和表面压强系数的影响减小。      

机翼后缘连续变弯度对客机气动特性影响

后缘连续变弯度机翼在提高民用客机气动特性方面有较大的潜力,近年来被广泛关注。基于建立的全局优化设计系统,研究了机翼后缘连续变弯度对宽体客机翼身组合体气动特性的影响。首先,采用自由型面变形(FFD)技术建立了后缘连续变弯度的参数化方法。然后,采用RANS方程作为流场评估方法,针对翼身组合体构型设计点附近升力系数开展了机翼后缘连续变弯度气动减阻优化设计。最后,探索了仅外翼段后缘连续变弯度和内外翼后缘均连续变弯度优化设计结果的异同。优化结果表明,升力系数小于设计升力系数时,在只考虑外翼段后缘连续变弯度的设计中,不易实现激波阻力和诱导阻力同时降低,考虑内翼段后缘连续变弯度后,减阻量较前者更为明显;升力系数大于设计升力系数时,外翼段和内外翼的后缘偏转均可实现诱导阻力和激波阻力的同时降低,且减阻量相差不大。     

积冰几何特性对翼型性能影响的神经网络预测

积冰几何形状对翼型气动系数的影响是复杂的.采用BP(Back Propagation)神经网络的LM(Levenberg-Marguardt)学习算法,建立明冰的典型几何特性(冰角前缘半径、冰角高度和冰角位置)对翼型气动系数影响的神经网络,得到该3种几何参数对气动系数影响的规律;建立了典型冰形参数对最大升力系数影响的神经网络,该网络能很好的预测冰形参数对应的最大升力系数值;此外,建立了冰型位置对舵面铰链力矩系数影响的神经网络.仿真结果表明,BP神经网络仿真结果与实验值具有高度一致性,并能预测非实验值条件下的气动系数;翼型表面积冰位置变化对气动系数影响最大;铰链力矩系数在失速迎角达到之前就发生突变,可以更安全地用来预测失速的发生.      

基于在线气动参数修正的预测制导方法

针对高超声速滑翔飞行器,提出了一种基于在线气动参数修正的预测制导方法.研究了再入过程中受到的各种飞行约束,给出了多约束下控制量设计的基本方案.分析了传统预测制导法在落点预测过程中存在的气动参数偏差影响,引入综合升力系数与综合阻力系数,并对其进行在线参数估计以及参数修正,以提高制导方法的适应性.基于气动参数修正方法,完成了纵向与横侧向制导律设计.设定较大的轴向力、法向力系数组合偏差对该方法进行了验证,并考虑再入初始条件和再入气动参数的不确定性,进行了蒙特卡洛仿真.结果表明:预测制导法中引入气动参数的在线估计与修正环节,可保证其制导精度,尤其对再入过程的气动扰动具有较强的适应能力.     

应用Lyapunov方法分析自旋导弹动态逆控制器鲁棒性

针对自旋导弹的强非线性特性,设计了二时间尺度分离非线性动态逆控制器.给出了带有气动系数不确定性的控制系统状态空间表达式,利用Lyapunov方法分析了控制器的鲁棒稳定性,并结合舵机性能限幅给出了使系统稳定的内回路时间常数完整边界.通过仿真给出了保证控制系统稳定的气动系数拉偏边界.结果表明:当气动系数向使弹体系统静稳定方向拉偏时,内回路时间常数可取范围较大,反之可取范围逐渐减小直至无法使系统稳定;当内、外回路时间常数比例增加时,控制器对气动系数不确定性的敏感度增加.与三回路控制器相比,动态逆控制器鲁棒性较差,但响应的稳定性较好.     

脉冲射流对环量控制翼型气动性能的影响

定常射流在大迎角下气动性能较差,借助脉冲射流能够有效改善大迎角下的气动性能,并减少射流所需质量流量。采用非定常数值模拟的方法进行了脉冲射流作用下的环量控制翼型气动特性计算和流场分析。总结了占空比和频率分别对时均升力和升力脉动幅值的影响趋势;分析了不同迎角下的脉冲射流流动机理;进一步指出了射流动量系数的影响规律,并借助脉冲射流和定常射流的叠加效应有效缓解了升力脉动现象。结果表明:低占空比、同等升力系数下,脉冲射流可大幅度减小质量流量,但升力脉动幅值较大;小迎角下随频率增大,升力系数先增大后减小,但整体变化幅度不大,大迎角下随频率增大,升力系数持续性增大;脉冲射流能够推迟失速迎角,扩宽环量控制技术的可用迎角,并且随动量系数增大,这种优势更加明显;借助脉冲射流与定常射流的叠加效应,能够有效缓解脉冲射流作用下的升力脉动现象,达到飞行使用条件。      

积冰对飞机纵向操稳特性的量化影响

提出了一种根据气象条件、飞机特征、飞行条件预测积冰对飞机飞行动力学特性影响的估算方法.采用热力学平衡分析方法完成了积冰增长过程的数学描述,利用逐步线性回归方法建立了结冰飞机的气动模型,计算得到了结冰飞机的气动参数,计算结果与试验结果吻合较好,表明这种方法具有一定的工程实用性.并在此基础上研究了不同部位积冰对飞机纵向操稳特性的影响,通过数值仿真计算得出,结冰飞机气动特性的急剧恶化会导致其纵向操稳特性显著降低,严重时会危及其飞行安全.      

Drag coefficient modeling for grace using Direct Simulation Monte Carlo

Drag coefficient is a major source of uncertainty in predicting the orbit of a satellite in low Earth orbit (LEO). Computational methods like the Test Particle Monte Carlo (TPMC) and Direct Simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) are important tools in accurately computing physical drag coefficients. However, the methods are computationally expensive and cannot be employed real time. Therefore, modeling of the physical drag coefficient is required. This work presents a technique of developing parameterized drag coefficients models using the DSMC method. The technique is validated by developing a model for the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellite. Results show that drag coefficients computed using the developed model for GRACE agree to within 1% with those computed using DSMC.     

Drag and energy accommodation coefficients during sunspot maximum

Conditions appropriate to gas-surface interactions on satellite surfaces in orbit have not been successfully duplicated in the laboratory. However, measurements by pressure gauges and mass spectrometers in orbit have revealed enough of the basic physical chemistry that realistic theoretical models of the gas-surface interaction can now be used to calculate physical drag coefficients. The dependence of these drag coefficients on conditions in space can be inferred by comparing the physical drag coefficient of a satellite with a drag coefficient fitted to its observed orbital decay. This study takes advantage of recent data on spheres and attitude stabilized satellites to compare physical drag coefficients with the histories of the orbital decay of several satellites during the recent sunspot maximum. The orbital decay was obtained by fitting, in a least squares sense, the semi-major axis decay inferred from the historical two-line elements acquired by the US Space Surveillance Network. All the principal orbital perturbations were included, namely geopotential harmonics up to the 16th degree and order, third body attraction of the Moon and the Sun, direct solar radiation pressure (with eclipses), and aerodynamic drag, using the Jacchia-Bowman 2006 (JB2006) model to describe the atmospheric density. After adjusting for density model bias, a comparison of the fitted drag coefficient with the physical drag coefficient has yielded values for the energy accommodation coefficient as well as for the physical drag coefficient as a function of altitude during solar maximum conditions. The results are consistent with the altitude and solar cycle variation of atomic oxygen, which is known to be adsorbed on satellite surfaces, affecting both the energy accommodation and angular distribution of the reemitted molecules.     

分离式飞机应急数据记录跟踪系统设计与试验

分离式飞机应急数据记录跟踪系统具备智能弹射与分离、拖曳式跟踪拍摄、缓降与应急漂浮和数据传输等功能，针对弹射和缓降等过程进行了系统设计和无人机试验验证。同时，针对伞-囊组合体的特点，分析了气囊尾流区中伞衣阻力系数的变化规律。结果表明:气囊半径和伞衣名义直径是影响伞衣阻力系数的主要因素；伞衣阻力系数随气囊半径增大而下降，随伞衣名义直径增大而上升；在气动力分析和数值模拟的基础上，确定了伞衣阻力系数的计算公式。无人机试验完成各项设计功能，系统整体方案合理可行，为后续工程应用提供了重要参考。      

几何和流动参数对上翘后体阻力系数的影响

利用N-S方程对9个上翘后体模型进行了气动力计算,主要研究后体几何参数和流动参数对上翘后体阻力系数的影响.研究结果表明, 后体的压差阻力系数分别随上翘角、收缩比的增加及迎角的减小而明显增加;后体摩擦阻力系数分别随后体的长细比的增加和雷诺数的减小而增加;后体越扁平,其压差阻力系数越大;在跨音速时,波阻系数也与上翘角有关,上翘角增加会导致波阻系数进一步加大.     

基于会切场推力器无拖曳系统建模及参数优化

随着卫星重力测量技术的突破性进展,对航天器试验环境要求也在不断提高,航天器受到的残余扰动必须尽可能减小。作为中国将来重力场测量卫星备选主推力器的会切场推力器,其推力器的控制精度直接决定了测量的准确性。文章首先通过PID方法设计了位移模式下的无拖曳控制器,该控制器在预估阻力系数、参考质量与卫星本体的位移差、速度差等性能方面有良好的表现,在应对卫星运行时的突发情况时表现出很强的稳定性。但PID参数没有达到最优解,在此基础上对于该模型的控制精度进行优化,用遗传算法对PID控制的参数进行筛选。结果分析表明,会切场推力器的控制精度有所改善,NTW方向上的速度和位移误差均减小;推力阻力和显著减少;控制精度提高,更好地满足使用需求。     

GOCE star tracker attitude quaternion calibration and combination

We analyse the inter-boresight angles (IBA) measured by the star trackers on board the GOCE satellite and find that they exhibit small offsets of 7–9″ with respect to the ones calculated from the rotation of the star tracker reference frames to the satellite reference frame. Further, we find small variations in the offsets with a peak-to-peak amplitude of up to 8″, which correlate with variations of the star trackers’ temperatures. Motivated by these findings, we present a method for combining the attitude quaternions measured by two or more star trackers that includes an estimation of relative attitude offsets between star trackers as a linear function of temperature. The method was used to correct and combine the star tracker attitude quaternions within the reprocessing of GOCE data performed in 2018. We demonstrate that the IBA calculated from the corrected star tracker attitude quaternions show no significant offsets with respect to the reference frame information. Finally, we show that neglecting the star tracker attitude offsets in the processing would result in perturbations in the gravity gradients that are visible at frequencies below 2?mHz and have a magnitude of up to 90?mE. The presented method avoids such perturbations to a large extent.     

Modeling satellite drag coefficients with response surfaces

Satellite drag coefficients are a major source of uncertainty in predicting the drag force on satellites in low Earth orbit. Among other things, accurately predicting the orbit requires detailed knowledge of the satellite drag coefficient. Computational methods are an important tool in computing the drag coefficient but are too intensive for real-time and predictive applications. Therefore, analytic or empirical models that can accurately predict drag coefficients are desired. This work uses response surfaces to model drag coefficients. The response surface methodology is validated by developing a response surface model for the drag coefficient of a sphere where the closed-form solution is known. The response surface model performs well in predicting the drag coefficient of a sphere with a root mean square percentage error less than 0.3% over the entire parameter space. For more complex geometries, such as the GRACE satellite, the Hubble Space Telescope, and the International Space Station, the model errors are only slightly larger at about 0.9%, 0.6%, and 1.0%, respectively.     

Analysis of the orbit lifetime of CubeSats in low Earth orbits including periodic variation in drag due to attitude motion

It is estimated that more than 22,300 human-made objects are in orbit around the Earth, with a total mass above 8,400,000 kg. Around 89% of these objects are non-operational and without control, which makes them to be considered orbital debris. These numbers consider only objects with dimensions larger than 10 cm. Besides those numbers, there are also about 2000 operational satellites in orbit nowadays. The space debris represents a hazard to operational satellites and to the space operations. A major concern is that this number is growing, due to new launches and particles generated by collisions. Another important point is that the development of CubeSats has increased exponentially in the last years, increasing the number of objects in space, mainly in the Low Earth Orbits (LEO). Due to the short operational time, CubeSats boost the debris population. One of the requirements for space debris mitigation in LEO is the limitation of the orbital lifetime of the satellites, which needs to be lower than 25 years. However, there are space debris with longer estimated decay time. In LEÓs, the influence of the atmospheric drag is the main orbital perturbation, and is used in maneuvers to increment the losses in the satellite orbital energy, to locate satellites in constellations and to accelerate the decay.The goal of the present research is to study the influence of aerodynamic rotational maneuver in the CubeSat?s orbital lifetime. The rotational axis is orthogonal to the orbital plane of the CubeSat, which generates variations in the ballistic coefficient along the trajectory. The maneuver is proposed to accelerate the decay and to mitigate orbital debris generated by non-operational CubeSats. The panel method is selected to determine the drag coefficient as a function of the flow incident angle and the spinning rate. The pressure distribution is integrated from the satellite faces at hypersonic rarefied flow to calculate the drag coefficient. The mathematical model considers the gravitational potential of the Earth and the deceleration due to drag. To analyze the effects of the rotation during the decay, multiple trajectories were propagated, comparing the results obtained assuming a constant drag coefficient with trajectories where the drag coefficient changes periodically. The initial perigees selected were lower than 400 km of altitude with eccentricities ranging from 0.00 to 0.02. Six values for the angular velocity were applied in the maneuver. The technique of rotating the spacecraft is an interesting solution to increase the orbit decay of a CubeSat without implementing additional de-orbit devices. Significant changes in the decay time are presented due to the increase of the mean drag coefficient calculated by the panel method, when the maneuver is applied, reducing the orbital lifetime, however the results are independent of the angular velocity of the satellite.     

外流对塞式喷管流场和性能的影响

在四个不同高度上选择有代表性的外流马赫数,计算和对比了不同外流下塞式喷管性能的降低和塞锥表面的压强分布,数值模拟研究了外流对塞式喷管流场和性能的影响.结果表明,外流造成的性能损失主要体现在运载器底部阻力增加和塞锥表面压强降低两方面.在中低空以下,运载器底部推力和塞锥推力均随外流马赫数的增加而减小,飞行中外流对性能的影响随高度的增加而减弱,从低于设计点的某一高度开始塞锥推力不再受外流影响.低马赫数亚声速外流时,性能损失随外流马赫数的增加成近似线性增加;跨声速外流时,性能损失突然出现较大幅度增加;在继续的超声速范围内,性能损失随外流马赫数增加只有小幅增长.