跨声速轴流压气机径向涡现象与失稳机理

对NASA Rotor 37进行数值模拟并与实验结果对比,计算了堵塞点到失稳点的全部工况,详细探究了跨声速轴流压气机附面层分离规律与失稳机理.研究发现:激波后的吸力面附面层中存在一条径向涡,它增强了附面层分离,使部分靠近吸力面的主流向叶尖堆积.随着工况向失稳点推进,压气机转子叶尖出现两块堵塞区,由叶尖泄漏涡与激波作用引起的堵塞区位于压力面前端,由叶尖泄漏涡与径向附面层分离涡耦合作用引起的堵塞区位于吸力面50%弦长后,两块堵塞区的叠加作用最终引起压气机失稳.      

三面压缩高超进气道附面层抽吸研究

针对超燃冲压发动机中,三面压缩进气道激波/附面层干扰诱发的隔离段流向涡现象,探索了不同的附面层抽吸方式对隔离段流向涡的影响.结合附面层油流图谱及数值模拟考察了相应附面层流态,并分析了不同抽吸工况下的抽吸流量及其对出口截面总压恢复与流向涡的影响.发现隔离段流向涡气流主要源于侧壁附面层分离,相比于再附区抽吸,分离区抽吸大幅度抑制了侧壁附面层的分离流动,从源头上控制了隔离段流向涡的形成,大幅削弱了流向涡尺度,提高了进气道总压恢复.同时,抽吸面积越大,流动品质的改善作用就越明显,但是也伴随着流量损失.      

端壁附面层抽吸对大转角扩压叶栅旋涡影响的实验研究

为探明附面层抽吸技术对压气机叶栅气动性能的影响及其与栅内旋涡结构的关联,通过十个横截面的实验测量结果研究了高负荷压气机叶栅抽吸端壁附面层前后的主要旋涡结构以其对应损失的演变过程。研究对象为矩形低速扩压叶栅,来流马赫数约为0.23。研究结果表明,端壁附面层的变化对叶栅端区的主要旋涡发展过程影响显著。在原型方案中,壁面涡、尾缘脱落涡的演变过程对应着较高的流动损失,通道涡自身产生的损失较小,主要起到向远离端壁的方向输运低能流体的作用;在流向槽吸气方案中,壁面涡和尾缘脱落涡因端壁附面层径向迁移及角区分离受到抑制而被明显削弱;而来流附面层抽吸方案则最为有效地控制了通道涡的演变过程。      

尾迹对低压涡轮吸力面附面层流动的影响

为研究尾迹对低压涡轮叶片吸力面附面层流动特性与转捩过程的影响,利用商用CFX软件进行数值模拟,并辅以试验 校核。着眼于附面层瞬态分析,在1个尾迹扫掠周期内,对吸力面附面层内Klebanoff条纹、KH结构、涡等瞬态结构进行研究。结 果表明：在尾迹间歇期,尾迹诱导湍流区和抑制区仍在影响叶片尾缘附面层的发展,分离泡在抑制区上游重新生成;尾迹接触叶片 前缘后,产生尾迹放大Klebanoff条纹,其前缘以88%的主流速度向下游运动,随后尾迹接触附面层并与分离泡作用,触发剪切层 的KH不稳定性形成全展向KH卷起涡,而尾迹诱导转捩起到了抑制分离泡的作用;尾迹放大Klebanoff条纹将追赶并冲击全展向 KH卷起涡,使其崩溃为局部KH涡并最终破裂成全湍流。     

涡与涡以及涡与附面层之间相互作用的试验研究

涡由叠合式三角形涡流发生器产生。对涡与涡之间的相互作用研究表明,反向旋转涡之间相互作用使得相邻涡之间向上或向下速度增加。同向旋转涡之间相互作用造成相邻涡的干扰,使涡变弱。对涡与附面层之间的相互作用研究表明,涡改变了附面层的速度分布,使附面层内层速度分布饱满,减小了附面层形状因子。附面层对涡的作用使得涡的耗散大大加快,涡量减小,涡核半径变大,涡的有效作用距离减小。      

NACA4412翼型分离涡计算的混合网格策略研究

以NACA4412翼型为例,针对低速大攻角含有分离涡的复杂流动,提出了一种采用推高局部附面层网格的方法来改善分离涡模拟的新网格生成策略。数值算例表明,这种推高各向异性单元区域总层高的混合网格能够较合理地捕捉到分离流动涡区的位置和大小,数值实验和分析表明,这种网格生成策略是合理有效的。     

"X"布局高超声速倒置进气道激波与附面层干扰

采用标准k-ω SST湍流模型数值计算方法,针对二元高超声速倒置进气道激波与附面层严重的干扰现象,采用分流楔抑制激波与附面层干扰方法,对有无分流楔的进气道性能及流动机理特征进行了详细的研究。结果表明:采用分流楔的流动控制方法,有效抑制了激波/附面层产生的分离包对进气道内流动的干扰;提高倒置进气道的气动性能,进气道的总压恢复系数和流量捕获系数均有提高,计算模型的壁面总阻力系数得到一定程度的减小。数值计算结果表明,在分流楔尾迹中强剪切流动在一定程度上缓解了激波与附面层干扰的强度;在分流楔后缘存在稳定的横向涡,由于气流进入尾迹驻涡是来自附面层外的总压较高的高能流体,提高了附面层的抗逆压能力;由于尾迹驻涡的存在使得分离涡没有向弹体周向扩散,减小了阻力。该方法实现了对高超声速倒置进气道激波/附面层干扰的抑制,揭示了其抑制的机理。     

叶型附面层分离流动控制技术研究进展

叶型附面层分离流动控制技术,通过流动控制方法减小和控制叶片吸力面附面层的分离气流和低能流团,提高压气机或涡轮的效率和工作稳定性。主要介绍了国外研发的涡流发生器、射流注入、附面层抽吸、叶片附面层转捩控制和等离子体气动激励等流动控制技术的特点、作用机理和实验验证结果,以及国内在叶型附面层分离流动控制技术方面的研究进展。     

高负荷压气机气弹效应对叶顶间隙流影响数值研究

以NASA Rotor 67跨声速压气机转子为研究对象,在刚性叶片条件下进行了内流场非定常流动分析,并以此为基础,应用双向流固耦合(FSI)方法分析了该压气机在近失速点工况下气弹效应对叶顶间隙区流场的影响。通过对比分析,研究了刚性叶片与柔性叶片条件下该压气机的宏观非定常波动特征,分析了气弹效应对宏观性能波动频率、叶尖附面层分离起始点与尾缘涡脱落频率的影响,给出了叶片振动对前缘处宏观性能波动频率的影响大于尾缘处的原因。研究了气弹效应对叶顶间隙泄漏涡运动轨迹、波动频率以及作用范围的影响。结果显示,气弹效应使得尾缘处宏观性能以及泄露涡的波动频率分别增大了33.2%、2.28%,叶尖附面层分离涡与尾缘脱落涡的波动频率分别降低5.75%、0.75%,同时使得叶尖附面层分离起始点前移。     

"X"布局高超声速倒置进气道激波与附面层干扰抑制研究

采用标准k-ωSST湍流模型数值计算方法,针对二元高超声速倒置进气道激波与附面层严重的干扰现象,采用分流楔抑制激波与附面层干扰方法,对有无分流楔的进气道性能及流动机理特征进行了详细的研究。结果表明:采用分流楔的流动控制方法,有效抑制了激波/附面层产生的分离包对进气道内流动的干扰;提高倒置进气道的气动性能,进气道的总压恢复系数和流量捕获系数均有提高,计算模型的壁面总阻力系数得到一定程度的减小。数值计算结果表明,在分流楔尾迹中强剪切流动在一定程度上缓解了激波与附面层干扰的强度;在分流楔后缘存在稳定的横向涡,由于气流进入尾迹驻涡是来自附面层外的总压较高的高能流体,提高了附面层的抗逆压能力;由于尾迹驻涡的存在使得分离涡没有向弹体周向扩散,减小了阻力。该方法实现了对高超声速倒置进气道激波/附面层干扰的抑制,揭示了其抑制的机理。     

Separation control on NACA23012 using synthetic jet

A numerical study of separation control has been made to investigate aerodynamic characteristics of NACA23012 airfoil with synthetic jets. Computed results demonstrated that stall characteristics and control surface performance could be substantially improved by resizing separation vortices. The maximum lift was obtained when the separation point coincides with the synthetic jet location and the non-dimensional frequency is about 1. In addition, separation control effect was proportional to the peak velocity of the synthetic jet. It was observed that the actual flow control mechanism and flow structure is fundamentally different depending on the range of synthetic jet frequency. For low frequency range, small vortices due to synthetic jet penetrated to the large leading edge separation vortex, and as a result, the size of the leading edge vortex was remarkably reduced. For high frequency range, however, small vortex did not grow up enough to penetrate into the leading edge separation vortex. Instead, synthetic jet firmly attached the local flow and influenced the circulation of the virtual airfoil shape which is the combined shape of the main airfoil with the separation vortex. As a way to reduce the jet peak velocity, performance of a multi-array synthetic jet was investigated. Moreover, a high frequency multi-location synthetic jet was exploited to efficiently eliminate the unstable flow structure which was observed in low frequency range. Finally, by changing the phase angle in multi-location synthetic jets, highly controlled flow characteristics could be obtained with multi-array/multi-location synthetic jets. This shows efficiency of the current approach in separation control using synthetic jet.     

The effects of pulse frequency and duty cycle on the skin friction downstream of pulsed jet vortex generators in an adverse pressure gradient turbulent boundary layer

An investigation on the viability of pulsed jets as active vortex generator devices was conducted. The devices were installed and tested on an adverse pressure gradient turbulent boundary layer designed to simulate the suction side of a conventional aircraft wing. Both co-rotating and counter-rotating jet geometries were used. The duty cycle and frequency of pulsation were varied and their effects were investigated by measuring the skin friction gains at a predefined location (the location of the minimum skin friction for the un-actuated situation) on the adverse pressure gradient turbulent boundary layer. Pulsing the jets proved to be successful in increasing the wall skin friction and therefore potentially delaying separation. The improvements in wall shear stress were approximately proportional to the duty cycle. The frequency of jet pulsation was found to be important for attaining optimal gains, however no clear relationship between frequency and shear stress gain was observed. Phase averaged wall shear stress measurements far downstream of actuation indicate that quasi-steady structures are introduced by the vortex generators when actuating with a sufficiently high pulse frequency. In this situation interactions between successive structures produced by the jets were likely to be occurring.     

Control of a decelerating boundary layer. Part 3: Optimization of round jets vortex generators

In the previous two parts of this study [G. Godard, M. Stanislas, Control of a decelerating boundary layer. Part 1: Optimization of passive vortex generators, Aerospace Sci. Technol. 10 (3) (2006) 181–191; G. Godard, J.M. Foucaut, M. Stanislas, Control of a decelerating boundary layer. Part 2: Optimization of slotted jets vortex generators, Aerospace Sci. Technol. 10 (5) (2006) 394–400], two different types of vortex generators were characterized and optimized in an adverse pressure gradient boundary layer. The model used was a bump in a boundary layer wind tunnel, which mimics the adverse pressure gradient on the suction side of an airfoil at the verge of separation. The present contribution describes the results of a test campaign performed in the same facility to optimize round jets devices with continuous blowing. The optimization was done as previously with hot film shear stress probes. The results show that the optimized jet devices give performances comparable to standard passive vortex generators in terms of skin friction. They also allow a quantitative comparison between three different types of vortex generators: passive devices, slotted and round jets. This comparison is performed in both co- and counter-rotating configurations.     

喷流对飞机尾流涡影响的试验研究

飞机产生的尾流涡,特别是大尺度的翼尖涡,对尾随其后的飞行器是非常有害的,本文旨在探索利用飞机发动机产生的喷流加速尾流涡消亡的方法。试验采用简化的飞机模型(有尾翼),建立了包含一对翼尖涡及一对反向旋转的尾翼涡(通过以负迎角安装尾翼得到)的4涡尾流系统。在无外来扰动的情况下,不同的尾翼设置下得到的尾翼涡对翼尖涡的作用效果不同,有的能导致翼尖涡提前消亡,有的则不能。考察了不同强度的喷流对不同4涡尾流系统的影响,且作为对比,对无尾翼(2涡系统)及无喷流下的各种情况也分别作了观测。试验在拖曳水槽中进行,运用体视粒子图像测速(SPIV)技术,观测了与模型拖曳方向垂直的、从机翼后缘到下游约45翼展间均布的一系列切面。结果表明:当喷流直接作用于涡时,其效果主要取决于两者之间的初始距离及相对强度;而当喷流作用于整个4涡尾流系统时,其引入的扰动对不同的系统均能起到一定程度的改善作用,这种作用的关键在于利用喷流优化对翼尖涡进行扰动的机制,而不仅仅取决于喷流的强度。     

局部及全叶高合成射流对高速压气机静叶栅流场结构的影响

数值研究了合成射流控制高速压气机静叶栅吸力面角区分离,对比分析了不同射流结构对叶栅内流场结构及气动性能的影响。研究结果表明:合成射流通过周期性地吹气和吸气推迟角区分离、降低总压损失,由于吹气和吸气阶段的作用效果不同,使得叶栅出口损失系数的改善效果呈现出周期性波动。合成射流对通道涡以及角区二次流的有效控制是其取得良好控制效果的关键,当冲角为2°时,局部、全叶高方案最大可使总压损失系数分别降低22.2%和23.8%。由于局部叶高方案无法控制叶展中部的流动,造成该区域的尾迹损失增大,从而导致其流动控制效果弱于全叶高方案。两种射流结构都具有良好的变工况适应特性,全叶高方案在大冲角时逐渐体现出其优势,当冲角为4°时,总压损失系数的改善幅度相比局部叶高方案提高了2.8%。      

Control of a decelerating boundary layer. Part 2: Optimization of slotted jets vortex generators

In the first part of this contribution [G. Godard, M. Stanislas, Control of a decelerating boundary layer. Part 1: Optimization of passive vortex generators, Aerospace Sci. Technol. 10 (3) (2006) 181–191], an optimization of passive vortex generators was performed in an adverse pressure gradient boundary layer. The model used was a bump in a boundary layer wind tunnel, which mimics the adverse pressure gradient on the suction side of an airfoil at the verge of separation. The present contribution describes the next step of the study: a test campaign was performed in the same facility to optimize slotted jets devices with both continuous and pulsed blowing. The optimization was done using hot film shear stress probes. The results show quantitatively the improvement brought by the slotted jets devices in terms of skin friction increase. They also show that the tested devices are less effective than equivalent passive devices.     

射流式旋涡发生器对弯曲扩压叶栅流场的影响

数值模拟了射流式旋涡发生器对于大折转角弯曲扩压叶栅端壁流场性能的影响.结果表明:该研究的几种具有不同参数的射流式旋涡发生器都能使弯曲叶片损失降低,正弯和反弯叶片损失减小程度最大分别达2.5%和8.8%.射流除了可为端壁附近边界层中的低能流体提供动量之外,还可以在流道中产生与通道涡旋向相反、强度相当的流向旋涡挤压通道涡,使其向远离吸力面的方向偏转,该流向旋涡在距离叶片前缘0.6倍轴线弦长附近消失.对正弯叶片,吸力面上的流动分离现象基本消失,对于反弯叶片,极大程度上降低了吸力面集中脱落涡的强度.此外,射流作用使得弯曲叶片的负荷和折转能力均增加.      

自耦合射流激励同向气流掺混的数值研究

针对同向两股气流掺混的某一特定物理模型,对自耦合射流作用下的气流掺混过程进行了数值模拟研究以揭示激励参数对于同向两股气流掺混的影响.与未施加自耦合射流激励的掺混过程相比,自耦合射流周期性的吹/吸诱导流场内产生复杂的大尺度涡系结构,使得同向两股气流形成对流型混合,有效缩减了主流核心区长度;随着自耦合激励器驱动频率和驱动振幅的增大,自耦合射流出口附近的涡强度增强,同向两股气流掺混效果得到有效改善.      

利用横向槽改善气膜冷却效率的数值研究

为了获得横向槽对气膜冷却效率的影响规律,采用数值模拟方法分别研究了横向槽出口有无斜坡两种冷却结构形式在不同吹风比条件下的流动过程和冷却效率分布情况,并与常规气膜孔冷却结构形式进行了对比,以揭示横向槽对改善气膜冷却效率的机理。研究表明:在横向槽的作用下,射流向主流的垂直扩散受到抑制,二次流在流出横向槽后能更好的贴覆绝热壁面,提高了气膜冷却效率,并且横向槽出口有斜坡的气膜冷却结构在气膜孔中心线上的冷却效率最好。