手册对航空安全影响的初探

航空安全受到国际民航组织、各国政府及广大乘客的高度重视。随着科技的进步、航空技术的发展以及新技术新材料的应用,飞机自身和运行环境、软硬件的安全性、可靠性和经济性都日趋提高,但在解决由人为因素导致的事故方面进展缓慢,使得近20年来由于人为因素导致的飞行事故率仍居高不下。国内外对人为因素进行了大量的研究和分析,但是基于飞机手册原因造成飞行事故的研究和分析较少。拟从人为因素角度,通过对大量与手册有关的航空事故分类及对事故调查进行总结和分析,讨论手册对航空安全的影响,对手册在编制阶段的工作提出了相应的启示,旨在进一步提高手册的实用性以确保航空运营的安全。     

莱格赛 450/500 中型双发涡扇公务机

航空安全受到国际民航组织、各国政府及广大乘客的高度重视。随着科技的进步、航空技术的发展以及新技术新材料的应用,飞机自身和运行环境、软硬件的安全性、可靠性和经济性都日趋提高,但在解决由人为因素导致的事故方面进展缓慢,使得近20年来由于人为因素导致的飞行事故率仍居高不下。国内外对人为因素进行了大量的研究和分析,但是基于飞机手册原因造成飞行事故的研究和分析较少。拟从人为因素角度,通过对大量与手册有关的航空事故分类及对事故调查进行总结和分析,讨论手册对航空安全的影响,对手册在编制阶段的工作提出了相应的启示,旨在进一步提高手册的实用性以确保航空运营的安全。     

关于当量空速修正计算的讨论

本文指出了一些手册和教科书中关于当量空速修正计算存在的问题。在讨论了问题的原因后，本文导出了当量空速与校正空速之间的关系；并给出了相应的修正计算图表。     

PDF文档化IETM应用实例研究

现有的交互式电子技术手册(IETM)解决方案主要有光栅图、电子文档化和数据库三种,它们既有独特之处,又有各自的局限性。本文采用PDF文档化与XML检索功能相结合的方法,设计了某型飞机的IETM系统,降低了纸质资料的转化难度,还保证了高度的交互性和安全性。     

Aircraft Stores Interface Manual (ASIM) adopts paperlessinformation technology

During recent years, defense budgets have been cut across all services while the cost of maintaining current standards has risen. The Aircraft Stores Interface Manual (ASIM) Program Office found that maintaining a staff for paper updates was no longer feasible and was tasked by the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) Air Armament Working Party (AAWP) to digitize the ASIM manuals. Converting this information from paper to electronic media presented several challenges which are discussed. Adopting Paperless Information Technology and replacing “Snail Mail” with the World Wide Web is presented     

结合中国气温特点建立上升程序

 结合中国气温特点,用动态规划的方法,兼顾操作简便,建立了上升程序。经试飞证实,4种战斗机及三叉戟2E运输机上升到1万米高度,改进程序比飞行手册中的原程序省时约1min,省油占上升耗油5％左右。     

构件打磨深度对疲劳寿命的影响

按照飞机结构修理手册的规定,腐蚀损伤的允许打磨深度不超过构件厚度的10%。疲劳寿命计算和试验结果表明,从疲劳强度角度考虑,如果损伤部位修理不能利用原紧固件孔安装紧固件,并且又只能采用非对称铆接修理,则打磨深度在总厚度的10%～20%时,较合理的修理仍是通过打磨清除腐蚀,然后恢复涂层。     

Composite patch repairs for commercial aircraft: COMPRES

Conventional methods of repair for metallic aircraft structures usually include the use of bolted or riveted metallic reinforcement by introducing the cutting of damaged areas, which is not suggested in aging cases, due to the reduction of strength. Although today the bonded repairs are considered more efficient than the mechanically fastened, each repair is looked-upon as tailored made for each job. However, for the industrial engineering and maintenance production line, there is a lack of appropriate technical manuals - standards and specifications to control the implementation of the repair as integrated method - from the design phase, up to application and quality assurance.     

民航英语的文体与语言特征

为了清楚和得体地传达信息,需选用各种各样的文体交流.在航空英语中有许多文体及其语言特征,如飞行员与塔台之间的无线电通话、民航专业书籍、民航法律法规和操作手册.无线电通话属于口语文体,其他则属于书面文体.主要讨论这两类文体的语言特征,包括词法特征、句法特征和语义特征.通过讨论和分析,更好地理解语篇,避免发生歧义.     

Implementation of tactical maneuvers with maneuver libraries

This study creates and combines the general maneuver libraries for fixed-wing aircraft to implement tactical maneuvers. First, the generalized maneuver libraries are established by analyzing the characteristics of tactical maneuvers required in battlefields. The 7th order polynomial is applied to both the creation of the maneuver libraries and the generation of the trajectories or flight paths for modal inputs. To track the desired trajectory, we design the Attitude Command Attitude Hold (ACAH) system and the Rate Command Rate Hold (RCRH) system using Model Following Controller (MFC). Moreover, the Line-of-Sight (LOS) guidance law is designed. In particular, the CONDUIT® is employed to optimize the gains so that the control systems meet the aircraft Handling Qualities (HQ) criteria. Finally, flight simulations are performed for the longitudinal loop, immelmann-turn, and climb-slalom-descent maneuvers to verify that tactical aggressive maneuvers are realizable via the combination of maneuver libraries. This study can contribute to the development of flight techniques for aircraft tactical maneuvers and to the revision of air force operational manuals.     

基于S1000D规范的发动机技术出版物BOM架构研究

根据适航法规,以及参照S1000D等国际标准,民用航空发动机技术出版物应形成包括源数据及构型控制、编写及全寿命修订、出版物验证、发布及客户支援管理等覆盖民用航空发动机产品全生命周期的核心能力。在此过程中涉及到数量庞大的数据模块、各数据模块间复杂的关联关系,以及构型管理要求等。在工作伊始,合理规划,管理好数以万计的数据模块,是开展技术出版物编制工作的重要环节。通过梳理分析民用航空发动机技术出版物中主要维修类手册及其关联关系,引入构型管理工具,提出了建立技术出版物数据模块物料清单的建设路径,通过技术出版物数据模块物料清单的建设为数据模块全寿命周期的管理提供支撑,从而有效推进了民用航空发动机的取证工作,也保障了发动机的持续适航。     

受面内非均匀分布载荷的矩形板屈曲分析

薄板线性稳定性分析进行了很多年,发展得较为完善并且有手册可方便查阅。受非均匀面内分布载荷的板因为解析解不易求出,在分析中一般假设应力与边缘处的作用力分布规律相同。实际上此时板内的应力分布却与边缘处的不一样,而且还会产生另外两个应力分量,其影响取决于边界条件。采用有限元法分析非均匀载荷作用时薄板的稳定性问题,给出多种边界条件下的板的屈曲载荷,还给出了相应的基于受均匀载荷薄板屈曲载荷的当量因子。同时发现《飞机设计手册》中薄板受某线性载荷作用时的临界载荷因子不够精确。研究结果为承受非均匀面内分布载荷的板结构设计提供参考依据。     

Inspection processes must compliment systems inspected [aircraft maintenance]

If the goal is to improve either aviation or shuttle safety and systems reliability, then modern methods of wire systems diagnostics, prognostics, mediation, repair, and validation are a must. This requires using modern non-destructive evaluation (NDE) procedures and equipment which yields information that supports the operator's wire health management program and feeds into his aging aircraft or shuttle containment processes. Commonly used wire inspection processes do not compliment aircraft electrical systems making it difficult to diagnose wiring problems or manage wiring systems health. The wire inspection tools in common use today can be represented by the volt/ohm meter, the meg/ohm meter, and visual techniques. The two meters only measure conductivity, connectivity, and insulation breakdown strength. Visual techniques, mirror and flashlight methods only reach about 25% of the aircraft wiring and subjectively identify only physical faults of the insulation and simple damaged components. Little can be determined relative to the wire, insulation, bundle, connector, connector pins, backshell, wire supports, grounding, shielding, or intended electrical systems performance. All items where data is necessary to analyze and manage the health of the system. Guidance material is currently not available for the electrical repairman for even a simplified zonal inspection. The user community also reports gross shortcomings in the guidance supplied by the manufacture's maintenance and repair manuals.     

Compliant coatings for drag reduction

Compliant coating research is one of those areas which experienced its fair share of triumphs and debacles. For over forty years, the subject has fascinated, frustrated and occasionally gratified scientists and engineers searching for methods to delay laminar-to-turbulence transition, to reduce skin-friction drag in turbulent wall-bounded flows, to quell vibrations, and to suppress flow-induced noise. In its simplest form, the technique is passive, relatively easy to apply to an existing vehicle or device, and perhaps not too expensive. Through the years, however, claims for substantial drag and noise reductions were made, only to be later refuted when the results were more critically examined. There are several important issues with regard to the reliability of available analytical, numerical and experimental results. In this article, some of these issues, particularly as they relate to the search for drag-reducing compliant coatings, will be addressed with the objective of elucidating the potential pitfalls to newcomers to the field. Problem formulation with proper boundary conditions, impossibility of obtaining first-principles analytical solutions when the wall-bounded flow is turbulent, and limitations of existing numerical simulations will be elaborated. The effects of background turbulence in a wind or water tunnel, accurate drag measurements, compliant wall motion, and the geometry and properties of the coating used will be among the outstanding experimental issues discussed. Attempts will be made to explain some of the seemingly contradictory results available in the open literature.     

The Cassini Radio and Plasma Wave Investigation

The Cassini radio and plasma wave investigation is designed to study radio emissions, plasma waves, thermal plasma, and dust in the vicinity of Saturn. Three nearly orthogonal electric field antennas are used to detect electric fields over a frequency range from 1 Hz to 16 MHz, and three orthogonal search coil magnetic antennas are used to detect magnetic fields over a frequency range from 1 Hz to 12 kHz. A Langmuir probe is used to measure the electron density and temperature. Signals from the electric and magnetic antennas are processed by five receiver systems: a high frequency receiver that covers the frequency range from 3.5 kHz to 16 MHz, a medium frequency receiver that covers the frequency range from 24 Hz to 12 kHz, a low frequency receiver that covers the frequency range from 1 Hz to 26 Hz, a five-channel waveform receiver that covers the frequency range from 1 Hz to 2.5 kHz in two bands, 1 Hz to 26 Hz and 3 Hz to 2.5 kHz, and a wideband receiver that has two frequency bands, 60 Hz to 10.5 kHz and 800 Hz to 75 kHz. In addition, a sounder transmitter can be used to stimulate plasma resonances over a frequency range from 3.6 kHz to 115.2 kHz. Fluxes of micron-sized dust particles can be counted and approximate masses of the dust particles can be determined using the same techniques as Voyager. Compared to Voyagers 1 and 2, which are the only spacecraft that have made radio and plasma wave measurements in the vicinity of Saturn, the Cassini radio and plasma wave instrument has several new capabilities. These include (1) greatly improved sensitivity and dynamic range, (2) the ability to perform direction-finding measurements of remotely generated radio emissions and wave normal measurements of plasma waves, (3) both active and passive measurements of plasma resonances in order to give precise measurements of the local electron density, and (4) Langmuir probe measurements of the local electron density and temperature. With these new capabilities, it will be possible to perform a broad range of studies of radio emissions, wave-particle interactions, thermal plasmas and dust in the vicinity of Saturn.DeceasedThis revised version was published online in July 2005 with a corrected cover date.     

人力资源管理视角下的员工责任

知识经济时代,知识型员工是企业的核心资源。知识型员工正在成为员工主体,主动参与人力资源管理过程是他们诉求自我发展的一种方式。同时,由于人力资源管理职能向战略管理职能的转变,员工被视为企业的利益相关者和合作伙伴,客观上也要求员工承担起人力资源管理的责任。员工在人力资源管理过程中要承担的责任主要是合作、自我管理、适应变革、学习与发展、沟通与反馈。员工责任行使的效果受组织权力结构、信息和个人素质能力等因素的影响,只有建立支持型的组织机构、通畅的信息传递和反馈机制以及制定提高员工能力的培训和发展计划,才能有效保证员工责任的行使。     

Cockpits for 2010 and Beyond

Truly optimal weapon system performance is highly dependent on the level of man-machine cockpit integration resulting from the intelligent application of crew station technologies. Future cockpits will incorporate a wide range of enhancements. Heavy application of artificial intelligence techniques can be expected to encompass the entire spectrum of crew station technologies; from data fusion, to optimized display resource management, to real-time onboard maintenance and fault reporting, and even to the optimization of pilot physiological needs. Emphasis on exploiting applications of the ultimate human resource, the mind, can be expected through the use of biocybernetics; initially to control previously manual and/or automated cockpit functions, and eventually to allow bidirectional communications. Future enhancements can also be expected to improve aircrew performance by allowing the pilot to take full advantage of aircraft maneuvering capability, and to operate effectively in hostile chemical, biological and radiological environments. New high resolution, full color, three dimensional crew station display devices will complement enlarged sensor suites and enhance aircrew situational awareness. Does the pilot really need to see the outside world to fly and fight effectively? Or, can panoramic display techniques, in an encapsulated environment, coupled with 4? steradian sensor coverage, increase performance? This paper strives to illustrate some ``no holds barred' approaches to making future fighter cockpits an ``in-tune' extension of the operator, based on current and projected tactical needs.     

对等性权利义务下的我国农业补贴法律制度研究

农业、农村经济的发展以及农民收入的增长是关系国家和社会利益的一件大事。在当前我国社会经济发展前提下，根据权利与义务的对等性理念，分析农业的特性，得出农业具有先义务性，存在权利与义务非对等性的现象，以此揭示农业补贴得以存在的本质内涵，即弥补这种先义务性，寻求权利与义务的数量等值。最后得出必须通过建立完善的农业补贴法律制度，达到权利与义务的对等，保证正当权利的实现，使其获得正当利益，最终使社会正义得以体现。     

Post: Polar stratospheric telescope

The tropopause, typically at 16 to 18 km altitude at the lower latitudes, dips to 8 km in the polar regions. This makes the cold, dry and nonturbulent lower stratosphere accessible to tethered aerostats. Tethered aerostats can fly as high as 12 km and are extremely reliable, lasting for many years. In contrast to free-flying balloons, they can stay on station for weeks at a time, and payloads can be safely recovered for maintenance and adjustment and relaunched in a matter of hours. We propose to use such a platform, located first in the Arctic (near Fairbanks, Alaska) and, potentially, later in the Antarctic, to operate a new technology 6-meter, diluted aperture telescope with diffraction-limited performance in the near infrared. Thanks to the low ambient temperature (220 K), thermal emission from the optics is of the same order as that of the zodiacal light in the 2 to 3 micron band. Since this wavelength interval is the darkest part of the zodiacal light spectrum from optical wavelengths to 100 microns, the combination of high resolution images and a very dark sky make it the spectral region of choice for observing the redshifted light from galaxies and clusters of galaxies at moderate to high redshifts.Affiliated to the Astrophysics Division, Space Science Department, European Space Agency     

脉冲介质阻挡放电等离子体热效应实验

为了研究介质阻挡放电的热效应,将介质阻挡放电等离子体激励器(DBDPA)安装在一个小型量热风洞中,采用微秒级脉冲等离子体电源驱动DBDPA产生放电等离子体。分别应用Lissajous图形分析方法和量热学原理获得了DBDPA的放电功率特性和热功率特性。结果表明:①脉冲介质阻挡放等离子体的放电功率、热功率和热效率均随着激励电压峰-峰值和激励频率的升高而逐渐增大;②脉冲介质阻挡放电等离子体的放电功率和热功率与激励电压和激励频率之间均存在幂函数关系,即脉冲式介质阻挡放电等离子的放电功率正比于激励电压峰-峰值的1.75次方,正比于激励频率的1次方,其热功率正比于激励电压峰-峰值的5.0次方,正比于激励频率的1.5次方;③在激励电压和激励频率这两个参数中,优先选择提高激励电压峰-峰值更有利于提高热效率,也可更快地提升介质阻挡放电等离子热功率中气体加热功率的比例。