朝圣之旅第二十二站、二十三站

<正>会合点22:欢迎七鳃鳗和八目鳗类!时间:继续向后追溯7000万年,来到5.3亿年前的古生代寒武纪早期。地点:海洋中。加入者:41种七鳃鳗和43种八目鳗类!共同祖先22是我们2.4亿代前的曾祖。     

一种改进的基于双矢量观测的姿态确定算法

为了提高飞行器姿态确定的精度和姿态矩阵的解算速度,提出了一种改进的双矢量定姿算法.这种算法利用测量系统的方差对两个观测矢量进行加权处理,求得一个新的矢量,以两观测矢量夹角为判断依据选取加权系数;以新矢量为基准矢量,利用双矢量定姿算法求解姿态矩阵,并对求得的姿态矩阵进行修正.仿真结果表明:这种算法所需时间为优化算法的50%,当两个传感器测量误差不同、两矢量为任意夹角时,这种算法比优化的双矢量算法精度高;当两个传感器测量误差相同时,除了两矢量夹角为90°外,这种算法均比优化的双矢量算法精度高.     

基于未加权区域采样的直线反走样算法

直线作为组成图形的基本元素,其生成方法一直是计算机图形学研究的基础内容之一.针对非垂直且非水平直线在光栅图形显示器存在的走样现象,结合经典的Bresenham算法和未加权区域采样思想,提出一种新的反走样直线生成算法.相比于传统的未加权区域采样以及Wu算法,该算法主要利用整数加减运算完成直线的反走样,计算简单,利于FPGA(Field Programmable Gate Array)硬件实现.仿真结果表明:新算法的仿真速度约为传统未加权区域采样的3倍,与Wu算法仿真速度相当;利用Wu算法生成的直线平滑性较好,但是沿着直线方向的某些相邻像素灰度值相差较大,而新算法生成的直线不但平滑效果好,而且沿直线方向相邻像素灰度值相差不大,因此,相比于Wu算法,新算法反走样效果更佳.     

基于未加权区域采样的直线反走样算法

直线作为组成图形的基本元素,其生成方法一直是计算机图形学研究的基础内容之一.针对非垂直且非水平直线在光栅图形显示器存在的走样现象,结合经典的Bresenham算法和未加权区域采样思想,提出一种新的反走样直线生成算法.相比于传统的未加权区域采样以及Wu算法,该算法主要利用整数加减运算完成直线的反走样,计算简单,利于FPGA(Field Programmable Gate Array)硬件实现.仿真结果表明:新算法的仿真速度约为传统未加权区域采样的3倍,与Wu算法仿真速度相当;利用Wu算法生成的直线平滑性较好,但是沿着直线方向的某些相邻像素灰度值相差较大,而新算法生成的直线不但平滑效果好,而且沿直线方向相邻像素灰度值相差不大,因此,相比于Wu算法,新算法反走样效果更佳.     

基于地心坐标系的多传感器动态偏差估计算法

配准是多传感器系统进行数据融合必不可少的处理过程.使用一种新的基于地心地固(ECEF, Earth-Centered Earth-Fixed)坐标系的多传感器配准算法,能对传感器的动态偏差进行估计,同时充分考虑了地球曲率对配准算法本身的影响.首先利用多传感器的局部航迹数据来构造关于传感器偏差的伪测量模型,其噪声满足零均值高斯白噪声特性,协方差信息也易于计算,然后使用序贯卡尔曼滤波算法(SKF, Sequential Kalman Filter)对偏差进行动态估计.当传感器偏差恒定时,算法经过简单修改后依然适用.最后通过仿真试验对新算法的性能进行了评估,结果说明新算法能有效地进行传感器配准.      

一种地外天体路标图像的稀疏化表征方法

摘要： 针对用于地外天体着陆视觉导航的路标图像信息存在的计算量大和占用存储空间大等问题,提出一种路标图像的稀疏化表征方法.引入着陆路标图像的尺度估计和尺度变换,采用Harris 算法提取路标特征点,改进了FREAK特征描述子用以稀疏化表征天体路标信息;并针对图像旋转、尺度变化、图像噪声和尺度估计误差4种外界干扰,仿真对比改进算法与原FREAK算法、SURF算法的性能.仿真结果表明：提出的算法大幅减少计算量和特征描述子所占用的存储空间,同时能够正确匹配到更多的路标特征,鲁棒性更好,更适合地外天体着陆任务应用.     

基于粒子群优化的光伏阵列最大功率点跟踪法研究

光伏阵列在局部阴影条件下,出现反向雪崩效应,导致输出功率出现多个局部极大值点,此时常规的最大功率点跟踪（MPPT）失效。基于比较完善的光伏电池遮挡模型,对光伏阵列进行建模,验证其输出功率的多峰特性。提出一种基于粒子群优化算法（PSO）的多峰最大功率点跟踪方法,并积累粒子个体搜索经验,提高跟踪速度。仿真表明,当外界条件变化时,此方法可以快速跟踪光伏模块的最大功率,从而有效地利用能源。     

分布式虚拟人预测显示技术

在分布式虚拟环境中人的仿真与交通工具仿真有所不同,人体具有较多关节,如果要虚拟人与环境的交互具有实时性,势必要提高其行为在网络中广播信息的数量,随着加入网络中虚拟人数量的增加,网络负荷将急剧增大.对此,在虚拟人仿真中对人体运动部位进行有机划分,使得那些经常与外界实现交互的身体部位按关节描述,其它部位按行为信息描述,同时运用DR(Dead Reckoning)算法来降低维持虚拟人逼真运动所需要的信息传送数量.实验表明,采用预测显示技术可以有效减小网络负荷,提高虚拟人的交互性.      

一种干涉SAR复图像数据的快速仿真方法

为了给干涉测高算法提供具有先验知识的干涉数据,进行算法的定量可控误差分析,以完成算法性能的定量评估,针对干涉SAR(合成孔径雷达)数据仿真进行了深入的研究.考虑多种因素,推导出用于干涉SAR仿真的一种仿真模型,能快速完成干涉SAR面目标复图像的仿真;并提出迭代插值算法反推雷达斜距,既很好地去除了干涉SAR仿真中的奇异点效应,又提高了仿真速度.能够为图像配准、相位解缠产生数据源,也可进行基线估计.计算机仿真结果表明,新仿真模型具有快捷、灵活、多功能性,迭代插值算法也具有快速准确性.     

利用Toeplitz特性改善来波方向估计性能

提出一种利用协方差矩阵的Toeplitz特性,使估计的协方差矩阵成为Toeplitz矩阵的方法,在低信噪比短数据流情况下,改善来波方向(DOA)估计的性能,且不需增加乘法运算量.对MUSIC算法和PRO-ESPRIT算法进行了分析并作了计算机仿真,仿真结果表明:利用Toeplitz特性后,MUSIC算法谱峰幅度增大,波谷相对波峰的深度增加,这将有利于目标的分辨;并可减小低信噪比情况下MUSIC算法和PRO-ESPRIT算法DOA估计的方差.     

Learning in an immersive digital theater

The Houston Museum of Natural Science, in collaboration with Rice University has an outreach program taking portable digital theaters to schools and community sites for over five years and has conducted research on student learning in this immersive environment. By using an external independent evaluator, the effectiveness of NASA-funded Education and Public Outreach (EPO) projects can be assessed. This paper documents interactive techniques and learning strategies in full-dome digital theaters. The presentation is divided into Evaluation Strategies and Results and Interactivity Strategies and Results. All learners from grades 3–12 showed statistically significant short-term increase in knowledge of basic Earth science concepts after a single 22-min show. Improvements were more significant on items that were taught using more than one modality of instruction: hearing, seeing, discussion, and immersion. Thus immersive theater can be an effective as well as engaging teaching method for Earth and Space science concepts, particularly those that are intrinsically three-dimensional and thus most effectively taught in an immersive environment. The portable system allows taking the educational experience to rural and tribal sites where the underserved students could not afford the time or expense to travel to museums.     

Scaling analysis and model estimation of solar corona index

A monthly average solar green coronal index time series for the period from January 1939 to December 2008 collected from NOAA (The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) has been analysed in this paper in perspective of scaling analysis and modelling. Smoothed and de-noising have been done using suitable mother wavelet as a pre-requisite. The Finite Variance Scaling Method (FVSM), Higuchi method, rescaled range (R/S) and a generalized method have been applied to calculate the scaling exponents and fractal dimensions of the time series. Autocorrelation function (ACF) is used to find autoregressive (AR) process and Partial autocorrelation function (PACF) has been used to get the order of AR model. Finally a best fit model has been proposed using Yule-Walker Method with supporting results of goodness of fit and wavelet spectrum. The results reveal an anti-persistent, Short Range Dependent (SRD), self-similar property with signatures of non-causality, non-stationarity and nonlinearity in the data series. The model shows the best fit to the data under observation.     

Stochastic particle acceleration by the forced interaction of relativistic current sheets

We address the problem of interacting relativistic current sheets in self-consistent kinetic plasma simulations within the framework of the Particle-In-Cell model. The interaction is enforced in head-on collisions of up to 10 current sheets at relativistic bulk speeds. The simulations are motivated by the general problem of Poynting flux dissipation in ‘striped wind’ configurations presumably governing the relativistic outflows pervasive in pulsar winds and gamma-ray bursts. We identify the generation of non-thermal particles and formation of a stable power-law shape in the particle energy distributions f(γ) dγ ∝ γ^−s dγ. In 1D, a spectral index s ∼ 2 is observed and attributed to a stochastic Fermi-type acceleration mechanism. In 2D, the generic index of s ∼ 3–4 is retained as in previous simulations of individual current sheets. Whereas in 2D the high energy cut-off is constrained by the limited dissipation of magnetic energy, in 1D the process converts the bulk motion of current sheets towards directed particle momentum of an exclusive class of non-thermal particles.     

Development of a gas chromatography compatible Sample Processing System (SPS) for the in-situ analysis of refractory organic matter in martian soil: preliminary results

In the frame of the 2009 Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) mission a new sample preparation system (SPS) compatible with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) has been developed for the in situ analysis of complex organic molecules in the Martian soil. The goal is to detect, if they exist, some of the key compounds that play an important role in life on Earth including carboxylic acids, amino acids and nucleobases.     

基于LuGre模型的电液加载系统摩擦补偿

为了提高电液加载系统控制精度,针对摩擦问题提出了基于LuGre摩擦模型的前馈补偿方法.建立了用于摩擦仿真分析和补偿器设计的电液加载系统数学模型;通过实验获取并分析了相关的摩擦数据;基于实验数据进行LuGre模型参数辨识,把LuGre模型和辨识结果引入电液加载系统数学模型,并进行仿真结果与实际摩擦数据的对照,证明了LuGre摩擦模型的准确性.设计前馈补偿器,进行了实验对比,实验结果表明前馈补偿器可将摩擦产生的控制误差有效地降至未补偿时的30%左右.      

Concept options for the aerial survey of Titan

Various aerial platforms intended for long endurance survey of the Titan surface are presented. A few novel concepts are introduced, including a heated methane balloon and a balloon with a tethered wind turbine. All the concept options are predicted to have lower scientific payload fractions than the Huygens probe. It is concluded that the selection of the best aerial platform option depends on more accurate mass estimates and a clear decision on whether, or not, in situ surface composition measurements are required in conjunction with aerial remote sensing.     

Heterogeneous solid/gas chemistry of organic compounds related to comets,meteorites, Titan,and Mars: Laboratory and in lower Earth orbit experiments

To understand the evolution of organic molecules involved in extraterrestrial environments and with exobiological implications, many experimental programs in the laboratory are devoted to photochemical studies in the gaseous phase as well as in the solid state. The validity of such studies and their applications to extraterrestrial environments can be questioned as long as experiments conducted in space conditions, with the full solar spectrum, especially in the short wavelength domain, have not been implemented. The experiments that are described here will be carried out on a FOTON capsule, using the BIOPAN facility, and on the International Space Station, using the EXPOSE facility. Vented and sealed exposition cells will be used, which will allow us to study the chemical evolution in the gaseous phase as well as heterogeneous processes, such as the degradation of solid compounds and the release of gaseous fragments.     

CoRoT and Kepler results: Solar-like oscillators

The space-borne observatories CoRoT (Convection Rotation and planetary Transits) and Kepler have provided photometric time series data of unprecedented precision for large numbers of stars. These data have revolutionized the fields of transiting exoplanets and asteroseismology. In this review some important asteroseismic results obtained using data from the CoRoT and Kepler space missions concerning stars that show solar-like oscillations are discussed. These results comprise, among others, measurements of the location of the base of the convection zone and helium second-ionization zone in main-sequence stars, the presence (or not) of core-helium burning in red-giant stars, as well as differential rotation in these stars.     

Return to Europa: Overview of the Jupiter Europa orbiter mission

Missions to explore Europa have been imagined ever since the Voyager mission first suggested that Europa was geologically very young. Subsequently, the Galileo spacecraft supplied fascinating new insights into this satellite of Jupiter. Now, an international team is proposing a return to the Jupiter system and Europa with the Europa Jupiter System Mission (EJSM). Currently, NASA and ESA are designing two orbiters that would explore the Jovian system and then each would settle into orbit around one of Jupiter’s icy satellites, Europa and Ganymede. In addition, the Japanese Aerospace eXploration Agency (JAXA) is considering a Jupiter magnetospheric orbiter and the Russian Space Agency is investigating a Europa lander.     

HELIO: The Heliophysics Integrated Observatory

Heliophysics is a new research field that explores the Sun–Solar System Connection; it requires the joint exploitation of solar, heliospheric, magnetospheric and ionospheric observations.