后燃对火箭发动机羽流红外特性的影响

为研究火箭发动机后燃羽流近场的红外辐射特性,建立了羽流红外传输的计算模型,通过在能量方程中引入辐射源项,实现了流场计算与辐射传输的耦合求解.计算中考虑了10种组分,使用有限速率化学反应模型对羽流后燃现象进行计算,分别使用有限体积法和离散坐标法求解羽流流场和辐射传输方程,得到了羽流红外辐射强度在1~15μm范围内随波长变化的曲线及辐射强度在近场内的分布云图,与试验数据符合较好.在羽流近场内能够捕捉到辐射特性随流场物性变化的情况,表明耦合求解能提高辐射计算精度.随着来流马赫数和飞行高度的增加,后燃引起的羽流红外辐射强度的增量均变小.     

液体火箭发动机尾焰复燃对红外辐射特性的影响

为深入研究液体火箭发动机尾焰复燃对红外辐射特性的影响,建立了一个适用于液体火箭尾焰复燃流场和红外辐射特性的计算模型。利用FLUENT软件计算液体火箭尾焰复燃流场,其中复燃反应采用有限速率化学反应模型;采用HITEMP数据库利用逐线积分法(LBL)计算尾焰气体的辐射气体参量;采用反向蒙特卡洛法(BMC)求解辐射传输方程,得到尾焰复燃流场的红外辐射特性。结果表明,复燃反应可大幅度改变尾焰流场特性,进而改变尾焰红外辐射特性。相比于冻结流,反应流流场温度和主要辐射气体含量最大增幅分别可达15.4%及47.5%,主要辐射波段内辐射强度最大增幅可达31.5%。随发动机飞行高度增加,复燃反应所引起的红外辐射强度增量随之降低。     

用可变扩散湍流模型研究轴对称排气系统红外辐射特性

为研究可变扩散湍流模型在排气系统红外辐射特性计算中的适用性,计算了轴对称亚声速喷管在3 ～5μm波段的空腔-喷流组合红外辐射特性.喷管流场及温度场采用有限体积法求解N-S方程,湍流模型采用标准k-ε模型和可变扩散模型.红外特性计算采用有限体积法求解吸收-发射性介质条件下的三维辐射传输方程,并考虑大气衰减作用.计算结果与试验对比表明,与标准k-ε模型相比,可变扩散湍流模型能够有效改善亚声速热喷流的核心区长度,从而获得与试验结果一致的红外辐射强度,说明可变扩散湍流模型适用于精确模拟轴对称排气系统的红外辐射特性.     

用温度修正的k-ε模型研究排气系统红外辐射特性

为研究温度修正的k-ε湍流模型对排气系统红外辐射特性计算精度的改善程度,计算了某轴对称收敛喷管在3~5μm波段的空腔-喷流组合红外辐射特性,并与试验结果对比.喷管流场及温度场采用有限体积法(FVM)求解Navier-Stokes(N-S)方程得到,湍流模型分别采用标准k-ε模型和温度修正的k-ε模型.红外辐射特性的计算采用有限体积法求解吸收-发射性介质条件下的三维辐射传输方程,并考虑大气衰减作用.计算结果表明:温度修正的k-ε模型可有效预测排气系统热喷流的核心区长度,从而获得与试验结果一致的红外辐射强度.与标准k-ε模型相比,采用温度修正的k-ε模型计算得到的红外辐射强度的最大相对误差由64%降至了4.3%,说明温度修正的k-ε模型适用于精确模拟排气系统的红外辐射特性.      

卫星姿控发动机混合物羽流场分区耦合计算研究

研究求解喷管内流场N-S方程数值计算方法,发展基于N-S方程物面边界滑移流理论计算技术。提出求解羽流核心区轴对称DSMC模拟方法与远场三维DSMC仿真方案,发展多组元混合物羽流DSMC仿真方法。研究求解卫星姿控发动机内外近场、远场、倒流区和物面相互作用影响区多流域流场分区耦合计算技术,建立了一套用于求解混合物燃气羽流及对太阳电池帆板与卫星体表面撞击污染影响数值模拟方法。通过对分别安装于某在轨卫星不同位置两个典型姿控发动机燃气五组元混合物羽流计算研究及相关结果对比分析,证实本文数值方法可靠性。     

热化学非平衡流动红外辐射计算分析

首先通过求解热化学非平衡N-S方程的数值模拟方法,获得高焓风洞钝锥体模型的绕流及近尾的高温流场参数.然后从辐射传输方程出发,采用带辐射模型,并利用所获得的流场参数,计算分析了高温流场在λ=3μm-6μm红外波段的辐射,计算和测量结果具有较好的一致性.该项研究为今后进一步研究高温非平衡气体辐射特性奠定了基础.     

月球探测器发动机羽流辐射热流计算

火箭发动机羽流的辐射的计算需要求解气体介质的辐射传递方程(RTE).计算模型中基于单线组(SLG)模型考虑气体组分的光谱特性,并采用离散传递法(DTM)求解RTE,对波长积分得到辐射热流密度.通过对圆柱高温CO₂气团辐射热流计算来验证计算程序,然后在流场计算的基础上,计算了月球探测器主发动机和姿控发动机羽流对各部位和仪器的辐射热流密度,根据对不同工况计算结果的分析为探测器的设计提供参考.      

纳秒激光烧蚀铝靶羽流流场能量转化过程分析

为研究高能脉冲激光烧蚀铝靶材瞬态流动过程和形成的羽流流场能量转化过程,采用阴影法对纳秒激光烧蚀铝靶羽流膨胀及演化过程进行研究,得到烧蚀流场演化时序图;利用动量守恒方程,建立烧蚀羽流在环境气体中膨胀模型。由实验测量结果,通过对流场参数的无量纲化处理,分析得到烧蚀流场无量纲羽流动能、环境气体动能以及热能之间的能量转化过程。研究表明,初始时刻,由于烧蚀压要远大于环境气压,羽流膨胀与真空中的自由膨胀行为类似,此后,羽流动能逐渐转化为环境气体动能和热能;当无量纲激波半径为1时,羽流的无量纲动能等于被羽流推起的气体的动能,而热能约等于总能量的1/2,最终全部转化为羽流和环境气体热能。     

发动机高速排气系统红外辐射特性的数值计算和分析

本文以排气系统三维流场数值计算为基础,采用了封闭腔理论算法及波带透过率计算模型,通过求解耗散-发射性介质中的辐射传输方程的方法,对发动机高速排气系统的热空腔辐射、喷气流辐射及热空腔-喷气流组合辐射进行了数值计算,并将计算结果与发动机实测结果进行了分析比较。研究结果表明,红外辐射的计算值与实测值相比,误差不大于30%,且其空间分布基本一致。所开发的计算方法与程序可用于排气系统红外辐射特性的数值计算与分析,基本满足工程设计的需要。     

用Tam-Ganesan湍流模型研究排气系统红外辐射特性

通过三维流场、介质的质量浓度场与辐射场耦合求解方法,计算了1台有中心锥的轴对称喷管的空腔-喷流组合红外辐射特性.利用专门为自由剪切流动发展的Tam-Ganesan湍流模型,有效提高排气系统红外辐射模拟精度.采用有限体积法(FVM)结合窄带模型(NBM)计算了排气系统在3~5μm波段的辐射传输问题,并考虑大气衰减作用.对比了采用标准 k - ε 模型和Tam-Ganesan模型对排气系统核心区长度的影响,以及由此引起的排气系统红外辐射特性的变化.通过与试验数据对比证明了该结果的准确性,结果表明选择合适的湍流模型对计算排气系统红外辐射特性有重要的意义.      

IR radiation characteristics of rocket exhaust plumes under varying motor operating conditions

The infrared(IR) irradiance signature from rocket motor exhaust plumes is closely related to motor type,propellant composition,burn time,rocket geometry,chamber parameters and flight conditions.In this paper,an infrared signature analysis tool(IRSAT) was developed to understand the spectral characteristics of exhaust plumes in detail.Through a finite volume technique,flow field properties were obtained through the solution of axisymmetric Navier-Stokes equations with the Reynolds-averaged approach.A refined 13-species,30-reaction chemistry scheme was used for combustion effects and a k-e-Rtturbulence model for entrainment effects.Using flowfield properties as input data,the spectrum was integrated with a line of sight(LOS) method based on a single line group(SLG) model with Curtis-Godson approximation.The model correctly predicted spectral distribution in the wavelengths of 1.50–5.50 lm and had good agreement for its location with imaging spectrometer data.The IRSAT was then applied to discuss the effects of three operating conditions on IR signatures:(a) afterburning;(b) chamber pressure from ignition to cutoff;and(c) minor changes in the ratio of hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene(HTPB) binder to ammonium perchlorate(AP) oxidizer in propellant.Results show that afterburning effects can increase the size and shape of radiance images with enhancement of radiation intensity up to 40%.Also,the total IR irradiance in different bands can be characterized by a non-dimensional chamber pressure trace in which the maximum discrepancy is less than 13% during ignition and engine cutoff.An increase of chamber pressure can lead to more distinct diamonds,whose distance intervals are extended,and the position of the first diamond moving backwards.In addition,an increase in HTPB/AP causes a significant jump in spectral intensity.The incremental rates of radiance intensity integrated in each band are linear with the increase of HTPB,and the growth rates of radiance intensities in some bands reach up to 50% as HTPB weight increases by 3%.     

数值模拟喷焰2.7微米红外辐射特性

以固体火箭发动机尾喷焰的红外探测为主要应用背景,利用反向蒙特卡罗法和有限体积法计算了火箭尾喷焰红外辐射特性,获得了尾喷焰在探测波长为2.7μm下的红外辐射的空间、光谱分布特性,两种方法的计算结果也非常接近,具有重要的理论意义和实际应用背景。     

Numerical study on similarity of plume infrared radiation between reduced-scale solid rocket motors

This study seeks to determine the similarities in plume radiation between reduced and full-scale solid rocket models in ground test conditions through investigation of flow and radiation for a series of scale ratios ranging from 0.1 to 1. The radiative transfer equation(RTE) considering gas and particle radiation in a non-uniform plume has been adopted and solved by the finite volume method(FVM) to compute the three dimensional, spectral and directional radiation of a plume in the infrared waveband 2–6 μm. Conditions at wavelengths 2.7 μm and 4.3 μm are discussed in detail, and ratios of plume radiation for reduced-scale through full-scale models are examined. This work shows that, with increasing scale ratio of a computed rocket motor, area of the hightemperature core increases as a 2 power function of the scale ratio, and the radiation intensity of the plume increases with 2–2.5 power of the scale ratio. The infrared radiation of plume gases shows a strong spectral dependency, while that of Al_2O_3 particles shows spectral continuity of gray media.Spectral radiation intensity of a computed solid rocket plume's high temperature core increases significantly in peak radiation spectra of plume gases CO and CO_2. Al_2O_3 particles are the major radiation component in a rocket plume. There is good similarity between contours of plume spectral radiance from different scale models of computed rockets, and there are two peak spectra of radiation intensity at wavebands 2.7–3.0 μm and 4.2–4.6 μm. Directed radiation intensity of the entire plume volume will rise with increasing elevation angle.     

Infrared radiation signature of exhaust plume from solid propellants with different energy characteristics

The infrared radiation signature of the plume from solid propellants with different energy characteristics is not the same. Three kinds of double-base propellants of different energy characteristics are chosen to measure the infrared spectral radiance from 1000 cm 1 to 4500 cm 1 of their plumes. The radiative spectrum is obtained in the tests. The experimental results indicate that the infrared radiation of the plume is determined by the energy characteristics of the propellant. The radiative transfer calculation models of the exhaust plume for the solid propellants are established. By including the chemical reaction source term and the radiation source term into the energy equation, the plume field and the radiative transfer are solved in a coupled way. The calculated results are consistent with the experimental data, so the reliability of the models is confirmed. The temperature distribution and the extent of the afterburning of the plume are distinct for the propellants of different energy characteristics, therefore the plume radiation varies for different propellants. The temperature of the fluid cell in the plume will increase or decrease to some extent by the influence of the radiation term.     

发动机排气系统及尾喷流的流场和红外特征数值模拟

建立了发动机排气系统及尾喷流的内外流一体化流场数值模拟计算模型,得到了发动机排气系统及尾喷流的流场.然后采用辐射传递方程(RTE)积分法研究了发动机排气系统及尾喷流的红外辐射特征,开发了相应的红外辐射特征计算源程序.程序可以计算加力和非加力两种状态下的红外光谱辐射特征,在加力状态下主要增加考虑了soot粒子的光谱吸收与发射.气体介质考虑了水蒸气、二氧化碳、一氧化碳和一氧化氮的红外光谱吸收与发射.最后给出了在光谱3～5 μm范围内,某发动机在高空飞行时其排气系统及尾喷流在加力和非加力状态下的红外辐射特征的模拟结果.      

A new model to simulate infrared radiation from an aircraft exhaust system

A multi-scale narrow band correlated-k distribution(MSNBCK) model is developed to simulate infrared radiation(IR) from an exhaust system of a typical aircraft engine.In this model,an approximate approach instead of statistically uncorrelated assumption is used to treat overlapping bands in gas mixture.It significantly reduces the requirement for computing power through converting the exponential increase of computing power consumption with the increase of participating gas species to linear increase.Besides,MSNBCK model has a great advantage compared with conventional methods which can estimate each species' contribution to the total gas mixture radiation intensity.Line by line(LBL) results,experimental data and other results in the references are used to evaluate this new model,which demonstrates its advantage in terms of accuracy and computing efficiency.By coupling this model and finite volume method(FVM) into radiative transfer equation(RTE),a comparative study is conducted to simulate IR signature from the exhaust system.The results indicate that wall's IR emission should be considered in both 3-5 μm and8-14 μm bands while gases' IR emission plays an important role only in 3-5 μm band.For plume IR radiation,carbon dioxide's emission is much more significant than that of water vapor in both3-5μm and 8-14 μm bands.Especially in 3-5 μm band,the water vapor's IR signal can even be neglected compared with that of carbon dioxide.