北斗三频相位观测值线性组合研究

以北斗三频数据为基础,给出了北斗三频组合观测值的数学模型并系统分析了组合后的波长、电离层误差以及观测噪声误差;在保持整周模糊度整数特性的前提下,以整数线性变换法为基础,通过Matlab编程实现组合系数的优化选取。通过将不同组合系数应用于伪距相位法三频数据周跳探测中,发现组合系数之和不为0的组合周跳探测值均在0.5周以上,且组合系数之和越大,波动越大;通过将不同组合系数应用于无几何CIR法三频数据模糊度解算中,发现系数之和不为0,但波长较长的组合求得的模糊度残差值大致在0.6周,通过合适的模糊度搜索方法可以得到正确的模糊度固定解,在短基线模糊度解算中可以考虑使用。     

基于阈值的激光雷达K均值聚类算法

针对同一距离不同目标的激光雷达全波形回波数据聚类准确率低的问题，在分析K均值聚类算法原理的基础上，提出了一种基于阈值的K均值聚类算法。首先，利用强度信息对距离信息进行标定，使用强度信息作为特征进行聚类以区分同距离的不同目标。然后，利用阈值限定聚类中心间的最小距离，提高聚类准确率。最后，搭建了扫描验证平台进行平移和旋转成像，对算法有效性进行验证。通过不同颜色目标和模拟道路回波数据聚类实验表明，在不同阈值的情况下，提出的基于阈值的K均值聚类算法的聚类准确率均在90%以上，相比于无阈值的K均值聚类算法准确率提升10%以上，能够有效进行目标聚类和模拟道路提取。      

基于光谱特征的自适应子空间波段选择方法

针对现有波段选择方法无法依据感兴趣地物划分数据子空间及子空间划分容易受背景地物影响等问题,提出一种基于光谱特征的自适应子空间波段选择方法.利用感兴趣地物的光谱曲线,建立光谱自适应因子(SAF,Spectral Adaptive Factor);通过聚类划分子空间,在每个子空间内,利用J-M距离筛选类别可分性最大波段作为子空间最优波段,从而得到整个数据空间的最佳波段组合.利用AOTF (Acousto-Optic Tunable Filter)成像光谱仪数据与波段指数(BI,Band Index)和基于类间可分性最佳波段选择两种方法比较,SAF方法选择的最佳波段组合,包含信息量丰富,地物之间差异较大,且地物平均J-M距离大于另外两种方法.用最大似然法(maximum likelihood)对最佳波段组合进行分类,总体分类精度为96.8％,Kappa系数为0.894.结果验证了SAF方法的有效性和实用性.     

基于光谱特征的自适应子空间波段选择方法

针对现有波段选择方法无法依据感兴趣地物划分数据子空间及子空间划分容易受背景地物影响等问题,提出一种基于光谱特征的自适应子空间波段选择方法.利用感兴趣地物的光谱曲线,建立光谱自适应因子(SAF,Spectral Adaptive Factor);通过聚类划分子空间,在每个子空间内,利用J-M距离筛选类别可分性最大波段作为子空间最优波段,从而得到整个数据空间的最佳波段组合.利用AOTF (Acousto-Optic Tunable Filter)成像光谱仪数据与波段指数(BI,Band Index)和基于类间可分性最佳波段选择两种方法比较,SAF方法选择的最佳波段组合,包含信息量丰富,地物之间差异较大,且地物平均J-M距离大于另外两种方法.用最大似然法(maximum likelihood)对最佳波段组合进行分类,总体分类精度为96.8%,Kappa系数为0.894.结果验证了SAF方法的有效性和实用性.     

核空间聚类在图像纹理分类中的简化算法

模糊c均值聚类已广泛应用于模糊模式识别领域,但对于线性不可分数据并不适用.在核方法中通过将输入数据经过非线性映射投影到高维特征空间来解决非线性分类的问题.将传统的模糊c均值聚类算法应用于核空间中,对线性不可分的样本进行了核空间聚类的分类实验,得到了正确的分类结果.由于图像分类中分类样本(对应图像像素)数目庞大,造成了核空间聚类算法中特征距离的计算量过大.因此,在核空间聚类的基础上,提出了对图像先进行过分割,再对过分割的图像块进行核空间聚类的方法,大大降低了高维空间特征距离计算的运算成本,并取得了良好的分类效果.      

基于距离信息修正的自由段弹道预测法

雷达具有测距精度比测角精度高的特点,充分利用这种测量的不对称性,提出一种基于距离信息修正的自由段弹道预测法.该方法是在雷达观测的弹道导弹自由段运动数据的基础上,采用滑动窗口中点平滑法处理观测数据,再次利用距离信息对轨道根数进行动态微分修正,提高观测数据的利用率和弹道预测的精度.仿真试验表明,该方法明显优于基本椭圆弹道法,大大提高了弹道预测的精度.      

多频GNSS电离层折射误差修正方法CSCD

针对电离层折射误差较大的特点,分别对GPS(Global Positioning System)和BDS(Bei Dou Navigation Satellite System)的单一频率的电离层折射误差进行了分析,并将不同频率进行线性组合,计算出组合后的电离层折射误差。此方法修正了双频一阶项、三频一阶项和三频二阶项电离层折射误差。由于电离层延迟修正的同时会放大观测噪声,为此分析比较了不同频率组合修正后的观测噪声,为最佳频率组合的选取提供了理论方法。     

四元数UKF超紧密组合导航滤波方法

针对GPS/SINS(Global Positioning System/Strapdown Inertial Navigation Sys-tem)超紧密组合导航系统线性化滤波在高动态、弱GPS信号等环境下性能下降严重的问题,提出了一种以四元数UKF(Unscented Kalman Filter)为基础的GPS/SINS超紧密组合导航系统非线性滤波方法.通过分析GPS与SINS在超紧密组合导航系统中的关系,提出了一种利用SINS信息来估计、修正GPS载波信号的方法,在此基础上建立了组合导航滤波的状态方程和量测方程;以四元数乘性误差模型为基础,提出了一种可应用于UKF滤波的求解四元数加权均值的方法;提出了基于四元数UKF的GPS/SINS超紧密组合导航滤波方法.仿真实验表明:在高动态环境下,四元数UKF滤波方法增强了GPS/SINS超紧密组合导航系统的定位精度和抗干扰能力.     

基于信息理论的网络文本组合聚类

尽管近年来针对文本聚类问题进行了大量研究,其仍然是数据挖掘领域的一个富有挑战性的问题,特别在弱相关特征乃至噪声特征的处理上,仍然存在诸多挑战。针对这一问题提出了文本聚类的分解-组合算法框架——DIAS。该方法首先通过简单随机特征抽样将高维文本数据进行分解得到多样化的结构知识,其优点是能够较好地避免产生大量的噪声特征。然后采用基于信息理论的一致性聚类（ICC）将多视角基础聚类知识组合起来,得到高质量的一致性划分。最后通过在8个真实文本数据集上的实验,证明DIAS算法相较于其他被广泛使用的算法具有明显优势,特别在处理弱基础聚类上具有突出效果。由于在分布式计算上的天然优势,DIAS有望成为大规模文本聚类的主流算法。      

基于核方法的聚类算法及其应用

在分析核方法的核心概念基础上,提出了一种基于核方法的聚类算法.通常,传统聚类算法只在数据特征差异较大时才有效,当数据特征差异较小时,很难取得较好的聚类效果.引入核函数,将原始数据由数据空间映射到特征空间,在特征空间中进行聚类.核函数的非线性映射使得原始数据的特征更完整地显现出来,从而能够更客观准确地聚类.与传统聚类方法相比,该方法聚类结果更客观有效.以16组实际数据为例,将该方法应用于数据分类研究中,聚类结果表明了该方法的可行性和有效性,从而为数据分类提供了一种新的可行方法.      

Learning in an immersive digital theater

The Houston Museum of Natural Science, in collaboration with Rice University has an outreach program taking portable digital theaters to schools and community sites for over five years and has conducted research on student learning in this immersive environment. By using an external independent evaluator, the effectiveness of NASA-funded Education and Public Outreach (EPO) projects can be assessed. This paper documents interactive techniques and learning strategies in full-dome digital theaters. The presentation is divided into Evaluation Strategies and Results and Interactivity Strategies and Results. All learners from grades 3–12 showed statistically significant short-term increase in knowledge of basic Earth science concepts after a single 22-min show. Improvements were more significant on items that were taught using more than one modality of instruction: hearing, seeing, discussion, and immersion. Thus immersive theater can be an effective as well as engaging teaching method for Earth and Space science concepts, particularly those that are intrinsically three-dimensional and thus most effectively taught in an immersive environment. The portable system allows taking the educational experience to rural and tribal sites where the underserved students could not afford the time or expense to travel to museums.     

Stochastic particle acceleration by the forced interaction of relativistic current sheets

We address the problem of interacting relativistic current sheets in self-consistent kinetic plasma simulations within the framework of the Particle-In-Cell model. The interaction is enforced in head-on collisions of up to 10 current sheets at relativistic bulk speeds. The simulations are motivated by the general problem of Poynting flux dissipation in ‘striped wind’ configurations presumably governing the relativistic outflows pervasive in pulsar winds and gamma-ray bursts. We identify the generation of non-thermal particles and formation of a stable power-law shape in the particle energy distributions f(γ) dγ ∝ γ^−s dγ. In 1D, a spectral index s ∼ 2 is observed and attributed to a stochastic Fermi-type acceleration mechanism. In 2D, the generic index of s ∼ 3–4 is retained as in previous simulations of individual current sheets. Whereas in 2D the high energy cut-off is constrained by the limited dissipation of magnetic energy, in 1D the process converts the bulk motion of current sheets towards directed particle momentum of an exclusive class of non-thermal particles.     

Concept options for the aerial survey of Titan

Various aerial platforms intended for long endurance survey of the Titan surface are presented. A few novel concepts are introduced, including a heated methane balloon and a balloon with a tethered wind turbine. All the concept options are predicted to have lower scientific payload fractions than the Huygens probe. It is concluded that the selection of the best aerial platform option depends on more accurate mass estimates and a clear decision on whether, or not, in situ surface composition measurements are required in conjunction with aerial remote sensing.     

Heterogeneous solid/gas chemistry of organic compounds related to comets,meteorites, Titan,and Mars: Laboratory and in lower Earth orbit experiments

To understand the evolution of organic molecules involved in extraterrestrial environments and with exobiological implications, many experimental programs in the laboratory are devoted to photochemical studies in the gaseous phase as well as in the solid state. The validity of such studies and their applications to extraterrestrial environments can be questioned as long as experiments conducted in space conditions, with the full solar spectrum, especially in the short wavelength domain, have not been implemented. The experiments that are described here will be carried out on a FOTON capsule, using the BIOPAN facility, and on the International Space Station, using the EXPOSE facility. Vented and sealed exposition cells will be used, which will allow us to study the chemical evolution in the gaseous phase as well as heterogeneous processes, such as the degradation of solid compounds and the release of gaseous fragments.     

基于LuGre模型的电液加载系统摩擦补偿

为了提高电液加载系统控制精度,针对摩擦问题提出了基于LuGre摩擦模型的前馈补偿方法.建立了用于摩擦仿真分析和补偿器设计的电液加载系统数学模型;通过实验获取并分析了相关的摩擦数据;基于实验数据进行LuGre模型参数辨识,把LuGre模型和辨识结果引入电液加载系统数学模型,并进行仿真结果与实际摩擦数据的对照,证明了LuGre摩擦模型的准确性.设计前馈补偿器,进行了实验对比,实验结果表明前馈补偿器可将摩擦产生的控制误差有效地降至未补偿时的30%左右.      

CoRoT and Kepler results: Solar-like oscillators

The space-borne observatories CoRoT (Convection Rotation and planetary Transits) and Kepler have provided photometric time series data of unprecedented precision for large numbers of stars. These data have revolutionized the fields of transiting exoplanets and asteroseismology. In this review some important asteroseismic results obtained using data from the CoRoT and Kepler space missions concerning stars that show solar-like oscillations are discussed. These results comprise, among others, measurements of the location of the base of the convection zone and helium second-ionization zone in main-sequence stars, the presence (or not) of core-helium burning in red-giant stars, as well as differential rotation in these stars.     

The ESA scientific programme

The ESA scientific programme has, so far, provided several significant astrophysics experiments and further important missions are scheduled for execution during the next decade. These missions are briefly summarised together with several astrophysics investigations presently under study.     

HELIO: The Heliophysics Integrated Observatory

Heliophysics is a new research field that explores the Sun–Solar System Connection; it requires the joint exploitation of solar, heliospheric, magnetospheric and ionospheric observations.     

Radioactivity of the Moon and planets

In this report the main results of the study of radioactivity of the solar sistem bodies are considered. The radioactivity of the Moon and planets was measured by means of vehicles in situ. The radioactivity of the lunar samples, brought to the Earth was studied with laboratory equipment.     

应用于毫米波反射计的多项式校准方法

为了在毫米波波段准确测量波导器件的反射系数,提出了一种应用在反射系数测试前端(反射计)中的校准方法.该校准方法采用基于多项式的误差模型,使得每一个误差项的求解都转化成一个求解轨迹圆圆心的问题,同时不影响求解精度.采用一个滑动负载、一个滑动短路和一个短路器,在毫米波波段降低了对标准件理想程度的要求.实验中搭建了一个Ka波段的反射计,图解误差项的求解过程,分析了误差项的物理意义.把校准后的测量结果与商用矢量网络分析仪(VNA,Vector Network Analyzer)进行比较,吻合较好.同样比较了一组W波段反射计对波纹喇叭的测量结果,进一步验证了方法的合理性.