基于伴随技术的超音速反舰导弹末端机动突防的脱靶量分析

采用伴随技术,得到了确定性误差条件下反舰导弹末端机动突防的稳态脱靶量解析解。利用该解析解,得到了各种末端机动的脱靶量曲线。结果表明,两种非平面机动方式比平面机动方式有更大的脱靶量,从而有更好的突防效果。     

关于制导问题的闭合形式解

研究了系统惯性对制导问题闭合形式解的影响,并获得了解析形式的解。此解表明不考虑惯性问题的解只是本闭合形式解在大视线距条件下的一种特殊形式。本解也适合小视线距,视线角速度不稳以及造成脱靶的原因等,都得到了反映。分析结果可用来研究比例导引系数、系统惯性对脱靶量的影响。     

微分对策制导

介绍了微分策略制导的原理,在导弹和目标均为一阶时间延迟下应用伴随方法推导出微分对策制导的公式,通过与扩展比例导引、单边最优制导的仿真比较,考察脱靶量和控制能量两个指标,得出微分策略制导在理论上的先进性.     

导弹制导精度MATRIXx伴随分析系统

回顾了伴随方法在线性时变系统误差分析中的应用。结合MATRIXx的SystemBuild Access（SBA）功能，开发出了能够自动生成原系统的伴随系统的工具软件，并进一步将其应用于制导系统精度分析当中，使其能够在闪烁噪声、多目标以及蛇行目标机动等因素的影响下，对更真实的制导回路的脱靶量进行分析。     

符号运算在PID控制极点配置中的应用

利用符号运算,针对代数方程组求解的解析解功能和数值解功能,提出了1种对1阶被控对象和2阶被控对象模型进行PI控制器和PID控制器极点配置的设计方法,给出了相应控制器结构参数的解析解,并在算例中进行了数值仿真验证。     

过虚拟交班点的能量最优制导律

针对固定目标的导弹过虚拟交班点制导问题，在希尔伯特空间下，基于最优化理论设计了有无终端落角约束两种情况下的全局能量最优制导律。通过对模型进行线性化，将提出的最优制导模型转化为线性二次型最优控制问题，在此基础上利用零控脱靶量（ZEM）概念对系统模型进行降阶，并推导出解析解。设计的制导律可以使导弹准确经过虚拟交班点，并实现期望终端落角。仿真结果表明，与经典制导律对比，该制导律可以显著减少全局控制能量消耗。     

基于预测模型迭代优化的改进比例导引律

为了提高对加速度时变机动目标的制导精度,将预测决策理论与传统比例导引(PN)相结合,提出了一种通过泰勒级数预测模型迭代控制加速度修正项的改进比例导引律。首先,以预设的低阶泰勒级数预测模型预测特定时间的位移,并计算位移预测值与测量值的差值;然后,通过迭代方法逐阶增加泰勒级数预测模型阶数,直至满足精度要求;最后,计算泰勒级数预测模型的二阶导数,修正比例导引律的加速度指令。仿真结果表明,传统PN和APN的脱靶量分别约为195 m和95 m,提出的改进比例导引律的脱靶量约为8.3 m,极大地提高了制导精度。     

模态密集柔性空间结构二阶内平衡降阶

 给出一种针对二阶线性系统方程直接进行降阶的二阶系统内平衡降阶方法。大型柔性空间结构动力学方程采用二阶线性微分方程描述,采用传统的一阶内平衡降阶方法降阶后的状态方程是一阶形式,破坏了原系统的二阶结构和物理意义。采用新方法降阶后的系统可以保持原系统二阶结构,同时可以进一步保持原系统的对称和正定特性。柔性空间结构系统级降阶的柔性模态方程通常为对角形式,针对这种特殊形式,系统可控和可观Gramian矩阵存在闭合解析解,给出了闭合解的具体表达形式。数值仿真结果表明,二阶内平衡降阶方法可以达到一阶内平衡方法一样的降阶精度,Gramian矩阵的闭合解析解可以大幅度提高Lyapunov方程求解速度。     

攻击大机动目标的L2RG研究

针对目标作大机动时的导引问题,提出了一种类似Lyapunov法得出的L2增益性能指标的鲁棒导引律(L2RG),并运用遗传算法对其中的参数进行了优化。此导引律设计简单,避免了H∞制导律中求Hamilton-Jacobi偏微分不等式的解析解。通过仿真结果比较,验证了此导引律可以在相同时间内明显地减少追踪者的脱靶量。     

基于零控脱靶量的大气层外超远程拦截制导

考虑拦截器使用固体推进系统的情况,设计了基于零控脱靶量(ZEM)的大气层外超远程拦截制导方法。首先设计了考虑摄动影响的适用于超远程拦截的零控脱靶量计算方法;其次使用变分法结合Kepler轨道摄动方程推导了线性的ZEM动力学方程;最后考虑固体推进拦截器的可控性约束条件设计了ZEM控制律并结合动力学方程确定指令推力方向。本文给出的制导方法设计过程中没有对拦截器和目标的引力差进行简化,考虑了摄动因素对滑行段弹道的影响,制导精度对推进系统参数偏差的鲁棒性好。仿真结果表明使用本文制导方法拦截大气层外超远程目标,脱靶量可达公里量级,推进系统参数偏差对制导精度的影响很小。     

Optimal guidance of extended trajectory shaping

To control missile＇s miss distance as well as terminal impact angle, by involving the timeto-go-nth power in the cost function, an extended optimal guidance law against a constant maneuvering target or a stationary target is proposed using the linear quadratic optimal control theory.An extended trajectory shaping guidance（ETSG） law is then proposed under the assumption that the missile-target relative velocity is constant and the line of sight angle is small. For a lag-free ETSG system, closed-form solutions for the missile＇s acceleration command are derived by the method of Schwartz inequality and linear simulations are performed to verify the closed-form results. Normalized adjoint systems for miss distance and terminal impact angle error are presented independently for stationary targets and constant maneuvering targets, respectively. Detailed discussions about the terminal misses and impact angle errors induced by terminal impact angle constraint, initial heading error, seeker zero position errors and target maneuvering, are performed.     

An analysis of modern versus classical homing guidance

Three terminal guidance laws incorporated in a generic interceptor are compared: first- and second-order modern guidance laws (MGLs), that are matched to the second-order autopilot of the interceptor, and proportional navigation (PN). The sensitivity of miss distance (MD) between the interceptor and a target to autopilot time constant, damping ratio, and update rate is shown. For the chosen interceptor-target scenario, the second-order MGL achieves significantly improved MD over the other two guidance laws     

Finite time L1 Approach for Missile Overload Requirement Analysis in Terminal Guidance

This article analyzes the problem about the missile overload requirement in a homing terminal guidance under various engagement scenarios. An augmented proportional navigation guidance (APNG) model is introduced on the basis of linear kinematics. To analyze the peak-to-peak performance of the terminal guidance system, a new finite time L₁ performance measure for a linear time-varying (LTV) continuous system is proposed. Then, according to the idea of the adjoint system, a novel method for computing the L₁ norm of a linear continuous system is first derived. Within the finite time L₁ framework, the quantitative relation between the guidance loop dynamics and the maximum missile-target maneuver ratio is offered. This relation is expressed in the form of graphs and formulas that can be used to synthesize some of the major subsystem specifications for the missile guidance system. The illustrative examples show that a significant performance improvement is achieved with the proposed guidance loop dynamics.     

The proportional navigation dilemma-pure or true?

Two generic classes of proportional navigation (PN) laws are compared in detail. One class consists of pursuer-velocity-referenced systems, which include pure proportional navigation (PPN) and its variants; the second category consists of line-of-sight- (LOS-) referenced systems such as true proportional navigation (TPN), generalized true proportional navigation (GTPN), and generalized guidance laws. The existing closed-form solutions are discussed in detail, and the classical linear and quasilinear analytical solutions are summarized. A critical comparison is then made with regard to the definition, implementation, and analytical aspects of the guidance laws, including the method, the nature of solution, and an appraisal of the behavior of the pursuer motion resulting from the laws. It is established that, in spite of some restricted advantages in the solvability of the equations of motion, the LOS-referenced PN schemes suffer from serious limitations in terms of implementation and trajectory behavior. Among the major drawbacks are forward velocity variation requirement, relatively large control effort requirement, restrictions on initial engagement conditions to ensure intercept, lack of robustness, and possibility of unbounded acceleration. It is concluded that PPN is a better guidance law in a practical sense than TPN and its generalizations     

大气层外动能拦截器末制导分析

以大气层外动能拦截器拦截战术导弹弹头为研究目的，建立了拦截器的六自由度运动学，动力模型，以及拦截器的轨控和资控发动机推力特性和控制模型。提出了修正比例导引律的实现方案，进行了末制导过程的仿真，并分析了影响脱靶量的一些因素。仿真结果表明，在轨控和姿控发动机的作用下，拦截器可以直接命中目标。     

最优策略的导引特性分析

 本文从微分对策理论出发,在考虑了导弹与目标的响应频宽及纵向加速度下,导出了飞行器的三维最优追逃策略;并以此进行了较全面的导引特性分析。分析表明,最优策略实质上是以零控脱靶作为误差信号的反馈控制,在每一采样时刻近似地以平行接近法作为理想运动状态,是一种修正的比例导引方法。当不计飞行器的响应时间、纵向加速度和控制溢出时,蜕化为常规比例导引。本文还定义了飞行器对对局的可控能力,讨论了相应的影响因素;通过对最优增益系数的计算和分析,加深了对最优策略的认识。     

Stochastic optimal control guidance law with bounded acceleration

A novel stochastic optimal control guidance law is presented for a missile with bounded acceleration. The nonlinear optimal guidance law (NOGL) is obtained by numerically solving the stochastic optimization problem. Since the certainty equivalence principle is not valid in the investigated problem, the resulting NOGL depends on the conditional probability density function of the estimated states. It is shown that the NOGL is also nonlinear in the estimated zero effort miss distance, and that the probability density function of the miss distance is non-Gaussian. The dependence of the new guidance law on the acceleration limit is investigated and it is shown that only for an extremely large acceleration limit does the proposed guidance law degenerate to the classical optimal linear one     

基于Lyapunov稳定性的扩展比例导引律研究

利用虚拟目标概念和三维空间追逃模型,提出了一种基于Lyapunov稳定性的扩展比例导引律。该导引律能同时满足脱靶量要求和末端落角要求,保证了大空域变轨弹道的各段弹道平滑衔接。利用该导引律引导反舰导弹实现了各种形式的大空域变轨弹道。采用大空域变轨弹道有利于提高反舰导弹的机动能力和突防能力。仿真结果证明了所提出的基于Lyapunov稳定性的扩展比例导引律是很有效的。     

一种大气层内拦截弹自适应滑模制导律研究

针对大气层低空动能拦截弹,结合导引头测量信息特点,设计了一种对付机动目标的自适应滑模制导律,并利用模糊控制理论,给出了消除抖动的方法。在此基础上,通过仿真计算研究了对螺旋机动弹道目标的拦截能力,结果表明该制导律能较好地抑制相对视线转率,同时可以基本消除由于目标机动所引起的制导律抖动现象,脱靶量满足直接碰撞的要求。