Research on vacuum plume and its effects

In vacuum environment, the exhaust flow of attitude control thrusters would expand freely and produce the plume, which possibly causes undesirable contamination, aerodynamic force and heating effects to the spacecraft. Plume work station (PWS) is developed by Beihang University (BUAA) for numerically simulating the vacuum plume and its effects. An approach which combines the direct simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) method and difference solution of Navier-Stokes (N-S) equations is applied. The internal flows in nozzles are simulated by solving the NS equations. The flow parameters at nozzle exit are used as the inlet boundary condition for the DSMC calculation. Experimental studies are carried out in a supersonic low density wind tunnel which could simulate the 60-80 km altitude environment to investigate the plume and its effects. To demonstrate the capability of PWS, numerical simulations are performed for the vacuum plume of several typical attitude control thrusters. The research results are of great help for the engineering design.     

车模比例和风洞截面对轿车气动性能影响

采用三维不可压缩N-S(Navier-Stokes)方程和RNG k-ε(renormalization group k-ε)湍流模型仿真计算汽车流场特性.控制界面的物理量应用二阶迎风差分格式获得,并运用SIMPLEC压力修正法进行迭代.选用不同车模比例和风洞截面形状进行仿真计算,分析了车模比例和风洞截面形状对轿车气动性能的影响.结果表明:车模比例在一定范围内,汽车气动参数变化平缓;选用不同的车模比例在三种典型风洞模型中进行仿真计算,结果相差很大.      

半柔壁喷管初步实验研究

为了验证跨超声速风洞半柔壁喷管的气动设计结果,在试验平台上经过对喷管的动调,完成了半柔壁喷管的性能测试研究。得到如下初步结论：所使用的半柔壁喷管气动设计方法有效可行,马赫数调节范围及喷管流场均匀性指标达到设计要求;通过对喷管的动调,喷管第一菱形区的马赫数均方根偏差可降低30％～40％;在风洞吹风过程中,可实现喷管马赫数的连续变化功能,在喷管型面调节速度适当时,试验段流场均匀性指标与喷管固定型面时相当。     

2m×2m超声速风洞全挠性壁喷管气动设计及动态调试结果分析

中国空气动力研究与发展中心自行设计的2m×2m超声速风洞于2010年底建成,它是一座直流、暂冲式风洞,采用了全挠性壁喷管技术。喷管总长18m,具有马赫数1.5～4.0的十多个型面,每个型面通过24对撑杆的伸缩实施成型。该喷管的气动设计采用了具有连续曲率的Sivells设计方法,并用Maxwell方法对其进行了边界层修正。该喷管采用实验影响法进行了喷管型面的动态调试,个别型面还采用了二次修正。调试结果显示,在各设计马赫数下,试验段模型区流场指标均优于GJB先进指标,表明该喷管的气动设计是成功的。     

A numerical optimization of high altitude testing facility for wind tunnel experiments

High altitude test facilities are required to test the high area ratio nozzles operating at the upper stages of rocket in the nozzle full flow conditions.It is typically achieved by creating the ambient pressure equal or less than the nozzle exit pressure.On average,air/GN2is used as active gas for ejector system that is stored in the high pressure cylinders.The wind tunnel facilities are used for conducting aerodynamic simulation experiments at/under various flow velocities and operating conditions.However,constructing both of these facilities require more laboratory space and expensive instruments.Because of this demerit,a novel scheme is implemented for conducting wind tunnel experiments by using the existing infrastructure available in the high altitude testing(HAT)facility.This article presents the details about the methods implemented for suitably modifying the sub-scale HAT facility to conduct wind tunnel experiments.Hence,the design of nozzle for required area ratio A/A*,realization of test section and the optimized configuration are focused in the present analysis.Specific insights into various rocket models including high thrust cryogenic engines and their holding mechanisms to conduct wind tunnel experiments in the HAT facility are analyzed.A detailed CFD analysis is done to propose this conversion without affecting the existing functional requirements of the HAT facility.     

喷流落压比对高超飞行器尾喷管内外流干扰的实验

为了研究吸气式高超声速飞行器尾喷流对飞行器尾部区域气动性能的影响，在中国空气动力研究与发展中心05m高超声速风洞中，在来流马赫数为50和60条件下，开展了不同落压比条件下的尾喷流干扰测压实验研究，同时采用高清纹影观测了喷流干扰区域的流场结构。实验结果表明:不同喷流落压比时，飞行器尾部区域表面压力分布差别明显，高落压比时喷流干扰作用的区域更大，压强数值更高。纹影也显示高落压比时交叉干扰激波更强、剪切层扩张更明显。喷流干扰区域已影响到了飞行器水平翼区域的压力分布，将会对飞行器操纵特性产生影响。      

Transfer learning: A new aerodynamic force identification network based on adaptive EMD and soft thresholding in hypersonic wind tunnel

The aerodynamic test in the pulse combustion wind tunnel is very important for the design, evaluation and optimization of aerodynamic characteristics of the hypersonic aircraft. The test accuracy even affects the success or failure of hypersonic aircraft development. In the aerodynamic test of pulse combustion wind tunnel, the aerodynamic signal is disturbed by the inertial force signal, which seriously affects the test accuracy of aerodynamic force. Aiming at the above problems, this paper innovatively proposes an aerodynamic intelligent identification method, that is the transfer learning network based on adaptive Empirical Modal Decomposition (EMD) and Soft Thresholding (TLN-AE&ST). Compared with the existing aerodynamic intelligent identification model based on deep learning technology, this study introduces the transfer learning idea into the aerodynamic intelligent identification model for the first time. The TLN-AE&ST effectively alleviates the problem of scarcity of training samples for intelligent models due to the high cost of wind tunnel tests, and provides a new idea for further implementation of deep learning technology in the field of wind tunnel aerodynamic testing. And this study designed residual attention block with soft threshold and dense block with adaptive EMD in TLN-AE&ST model. Residual attention block with soft threshold module can more effectively suppress the influence of instrument noise signal on model training effect. Dense block with adaptive EMD makes the deep learning model no longer a black box to a certain extent, and has certain physical significance. Finally, a series of wind tunnel tests were carried out in the Φ = 2.4 m pulse combustion wind tunnel of China Aerodynamic Research and Development Center to verify the effectiveness of TLN-AE&ST.     

升力体飞行器尾喷流模拟气动力试验方法研究

尾喷流对升力体高超声速飞行器的气动特性影响显著,风洞喷流模拟测力试验是研究升力体飞行器尾喷流干扰效应的重要手段。在尾喷流模拟气动力试验中,选取恰当的喷流模拟参数,以及克服喷流供气管路对天平测力的干扰以提高测量精准度,是需要解决的关键技术。在 CARDC 的Ф1米高超声速风洞中,研究了采用冷喷流模拟、飞行器整体模型测力的升力体飞行器尾喷流模拟测力试验方法。通过优化模型结构设计、选用小干扰的喷管分断缝隙密封措施,解决了带尾喷流模拟条件下的升力体飞行器气动力精确测量问题,提高了带喷流气动力试验数据精度,接近常规气动力试验的水平。     

大展弦比机翼模型设计对翼型流场气动特性的影响

采用SST两方程湍流模型,通过求解非定常Navier-Stokes方程,模拟了大展弦比机翼风洞模型振动条件下的翼型流场,总结了翼型不同振动状况下的流场和气动力特点,分析了模型设计中的不同振动情况对风洞试验结果的影响。研究结果表明：在大展弦比机翼风洞模型的设计中,将翼型的重心设计在机翼的弹性轴之后,对风洞试验的精度较为有利。此结论对大展弦比机翼的风洞实验模型设计有指导意义。     

超声速喷管性能优化研究与应用

基于重启全局最优化方法和高斯过程（GP）模型，以模型区流场指标为优化目标，对超声速喷管型面进行优化设计。给出0.6m连续式跨声速风洞流场测试结果，提出优化问题并验证了CFD计算的有效性。利用拥挤距离来控制重启局部优化算法的位置，实现更高效的重启全局最优化算法；利用高斯过程模型对喷管设计参数与模型区流场性能指标的关系进行建模，构造替代数学模型来执行优化搜索，以减少实际的CFD评估次数。结果表明:该方法能以较小的代价实现对喷管性能的优化，模型区马赫数方均根偏差由0.012降到0.001，马赫数梯度由0.049降到0。      

基于工程和数值方法的导弹气动特性计算

导弹气动特性对导弹设计及使用具有重大意义,气动特性的确定是弹道计算、控制参数的选择和结构强度设计的原始依据,其优劣直接影响导弹的飞行性能。针对某型导弹风洞模型,采用一般工程计算方法及FLUENT软件,分别从工程与数值两个方面对其在亚声速条件下的气动特性进行研究,然后将计算所得的主要气动力系数与风洞实验结果进行对比,从而对不同计算方法的精度进行评价。结果表明,二者所计算的气动参数在一定范围内满足工程设计的精度要求,能较为准确地反映导弹的气动特性。     

估计飞行器羽流影响的点源流动模型和计算机程序

目前和今后使用火箭发动机进行轨道和姿态控制的空间飞行器都要遇到发动机排气羽流影响问题.本文讨论了一种迅速估算轴对称的羽流远流场对飞行器影响的近似分析方法和相应的计算机程序.这种点源分析方法考虑了排气气体和喷管的特性.通过计算发动机排气羽流场,计算排气羽流干扰力矩和推力损失,这些影响在飞行器设计中必须给予考虑和控制.利用该方法和计算机程序对一个卫星模型进行了羽流影响的计算.     

基于预估校正和嵌套网格的虚拟飞行数值模拟

 针对导弹虚拟飞行数值模拟问题,发展了空气动力学/飞行力学数值计算方法和软件。控制方程为非定常雷诺时均Navier-Stoker(RANS)方程和刚体六自由度运动方程;流场求解器为有限体积法结构网格求解器,时间推进采用双时间步法,湍流模型为Spalart-Allmaras一方程模型;采用Adams预估校正法实现飞行力学方程与流场控制方程的耦合计算;使用嵌套网格方法模拟多体运动。首先模拟了美国国家航空航天局(NASA)窄条翼导弹模型纵向虚拟飞行,研究耦合方式和时间步长的影响。仿真结果表明,双时间步三阶Adams耦合方法,同等精度下可以显著增大时间步长,缩短仿真时间。最后,采用该方法模拟了导弹自由摇滚特性和纵向虚拟飞行,模拟结果与试验值吻合较好。     

低速风洞进气道试验柱形分布式引射器优化设计

为适应低速风洞发动机进气道试验的大流量模拟的迫切需要，介绍了适用于4 m量级低速风洞的柱形分布式引射器的设计方案。通过ANSYS-CFX软件采用有限体积法对引射器内流场进行了数值模拟,重点优化了引射器的引射面积比、离散的喷嘴分布方式和喷嘴出口设计点总压、马赫数等参数。综合考虑引射器在风洞中的使用条件限制和吸入流量技术指标要求,完成了引射器设计。优化后的引射器方案解决了小体积、大吸入流量需求之间的矛盾。在FL-14风洞的验证试验表明,优化后引射器的最大吸入流量达到9.07 kg/s,满足4 m量级低速风洞进气道试验大流量模拟需求。     

某小型边条翼无人飞机的气动参数估算及风洞试验分析

根据自主飞行技术要求,对试验载荷飞机的气动布局进行设计论证。在低雷诺数下,通过风洞试验对所设计的微小型边条翼飞行器进行气动性能的评估,得到有效的气动参数。针对风洞对阻力系数测量偏大的弊端以及在低雷诺数下风洞数据在绝对量值上的不精确,利用前人已有的经验公式与处理方法创新性的对风洞数据进行处理,从小迎角范围中选用一些相对合理的参数,对经验公式及结果进行修正,得到更为合理的控制辨识参数,为无人飞行器提供可靠的参数保障,以实现小型飞机的自主飞行。     

Design and implementation of rigid-flexible coupling for a half-flexible single jack nozzle

The aerodynamic design of a rigid-flexible coupling profile is the decisive factor for the flow-field quality of a supersonic free jet wind tunnel nozzle, and its mechanic dynamic features are the key for engineering implementation of continuous Mach number regulations. To fulfill the requirements of a free jet inlet/engine compatibility test within a wide simulation envelop, both uni-form flow-fields of continuous acceleration and deceleration are necessary. In this paper, the aero-dynamic design methods of an expansion wall and machinery implementation plan for the half-flexible single jack nozzle were researched. The profile control in nozzle flexible plate design was studied with a rigid-flexible coupling method. Design and calculations were performed with the help of numerical simulation. The technique of axial free stretching of the flexible plate was used to improve the matching performance between the designed elasticity profile and the theoretical one, and the rigid-flexible coupling structure was calibrated by wind tunnel tests. Results indicate that the flexible plate aerodynamic design method used here is effective and feasible. Via rigid-flexible coupling design, the flexible plate agrees with the rigid body very well, and continuous Mach number changes can be achieved during the tests. The nozzle’s exit flow-field uniformity meets the requirements of China Military Standard (GJB).     

导弹模型后体横向喷流干扰特性

通过在2m×2m超声速风洞开展横向喷流静态测力和油流显示试验，获取了来流马赫数为1.5~4.0、迎角为-8°~27°、喷流静压比为5~17.6及不同喷口位置等参数对横向喷流干扰的影响规律，结合数值模拟获取了模型表面极限流线和喷口附近干扰流场结构，进而研究了导弹模型强迫运动下的横向喷流干扰特性。结果表明:在模拟参数范围内，位于导弹模型后体的横向喷流均产生有利干扰；来流马赫数越大，干扰放大因子随迎角变化越剧烈，静压比升高导致干扰放大因子减小，“单独向上喷流”干扰程度大于“单独向下喷流”；强迫运动条件下基本气动特性和干扰均出现动态迟滞，干扰放大因子尤其在大迎角和下俯过程中明显偏离固定迎角值，表明模型运动对横向喷流干扰特性影响较大。      

Design and simulation of ex-range gliding wing of high altitude air-launched autonomous underwater vehicles based on SIMULINK

 High altitude air-launched autonomous underwater vehicle (AL-AUV) is a new anti-submarine field, which is designed on the Lockheed Martin's high altitude anti-submarine warfare weapons concept (HAAWC) and conducts the basic aerodynamic feasibility in a series of wind tunnel trials. The AL-AUV is composed of a traditional torpedo-like AUV, an additional ex-range gliding wings unit and a descending parachute unit. In order to accurately and conveniently investigate the dynamic and static characteristic of high altitude AL-AUV, a simulation platform is established based on MATLAB/SIMULINK and an AUV 6DOF (Degree of Freedom) dynamic model. Executing the simulation platform for different wing's parameters and initial fixing angle, a set of AUV gliding data is generated. Analyzing the recorded simulation result, the velocity and pitch characteristics of AL-AUV deployed at varying wing areas and initial setting angle, the optimal wing area is selected for specific AUV model. Then the comparative simulations of AL-AUV with the selected wings are completed, which simulate the AUV gliding through idealized windless air environment and gliding with Dryden wind influence. The result indicates that the method of wing design and simulation with the simulation platform based on SIMULINK is accurately effective and suitable to be widely employed.     

风洞非均匀流场中的一体化高超声速飞行器缩比模型气动性能研究

准确预测气动推进性能是吸气式高超声速飞行器研究的重要挑战之一。针对CARDC吸气式高超声速实验室（AHL）自主设计的一体化高超声速飞行器风洞试验模型,通过数值模拟计算,研究了CARDC600mm脉冲燃烧风洞的流场,并与试验结果做了对比,确定了试验模型在风洞中的合理安装位置,分析了带舵面飞行器在进气道打开、发动机不工作情况下的气动性能,对比研究了试验模型部分处于风洞流场非均匀区时,风洞结果对模型气动性能产生的影响,对比了数值计算结果和风洞试验结果。结果为利用风洞试验结果准确分析飞行器气动性能提供了重要依据。     

Aerodynamic force and moment measurement of 10° half-angle cone in JF12 shock tunnel

An aerodynamic force and moment measurement was conducted in JF12 long-testduration detonation-driven shock tunnel of Institute of Mechanics,Chinese Academy of Sciences.The test duration of JF12 is 100–130 ms.The nominal Mach number is 7.0 and the exit diameter of the contoured nozzle is 2.5 m.The total enthalpy is 2.5 MJ/kg which duplicates the hypersonic flight conditions of Mach number 7.0 at 35 km altitude.The test model is the standard aerodynamic force model of 10° half-angle sharp cone.The length of the test model is 1500 mm and the weight is 57 kg.The aerodynamic forces were measured with a six-component strain balance.The angles of attack were set to be à5°,0°,5°,10° and 14°,respectively.The experimental results show that in the 100–130 ms test duration,the signals of strain balance have 3–4 complete vibration cycles.So,the aerodynamic forces and moments can be obtained directly by averaging the signals of balance without acceleration compensation.The force measurement error of repeatability of JF12 is less than 2%.The aerodynamic force coefficients of JF12 are in good agreement with those of conventional hypersonic wind tunnels.For this test model at Mach number 7.0 and total enthalpy of 2.5 MJ/kg,the real-gas effects on aerodynamic force characteristics are not very evident.