星载二维转台减振驱动控制设计

星载二维转台伺服机构是一种高精度指向调节机构,目前在轨运动应用频带在1Hz～300Hz范围,步进电机在低频旋转时存在振荡问题。为了解决此问题,文章基于正弦脉冲宽度调制(sine pulse width modulation, SPWM)提出了一种控制步进电机细分设计方法。系统以FPGA为控制核心,以LMD18200为电机驱动输出,构成了一个完整的运动控制平台,实现SPWM步进电机的细分控制。通过ModelSim软件仿真和实践表明,电机在低频时能运行平稳,有效降低了电机运行中的噪声和启动、停止时的振动,转台转动过程中抖动明显减小。     

Three-axis active control system for gravity gradient stabilised microsatellite

In this paper, the control system of the first Algerian microsatellite in orbit Alsat-1 is presented. Alsat-1 is a 3-axis stabilised microsatellite, using a pitch momentum wheel and yaw reaction wheel, with dual redundant 3-axis magnetorquers. A gravity gradient boom is employed to provide a high degree of platform stability. Two vector magnetometers and four dual sun sensors are carried in order to determine the attitude. This paper examines the low Earth orbit (LEO) control system requirements and design in the context of a real system, the Surrey Satellite Technology Limited (SSTL) advanced microsatellite platform and puts forward designs for the control system to match the advanced capability of the enhanced microsatellite platform. Numerical results show the effectiveness of the implementation. Comparison with in orbit results is presented to evaluate the performance of the control system during accurate Nadir pointing control.     

一种改进的激光星间链路终端指向误差在轨标定方法

提出一种改进的激光星间链路终端(LCT)指向误差在轨标定方法，对激光星间链路终端指向误差模型和观测数据获取方法进行改进。针对现有的终端指向误差参数模型误差因素考虑不足的问题，引入相应的误差项描述误差因素影响。针对链路观测法中存在的激励信号受限，不能充分激励误差参数的问题，以捕获过程中指向机构主动摆动时的入射光信号作为激励信号，以系统误差参数的可观测度最大为目标优化设计激励信号。仿真结果表明：经过本方法标定的误差参数经修正后， 激光星间链路终端的最大指向误差（方位向）由改进前的867.8 μrad下降到改进后的112.1 μrad；最大指向误差（俯仰向）由改进前的62.1 μrad下降到改进后的51.5 μrad，有效地提高了激光星间链路终端指向精度。     

Attitude pointing enhancement for combined energy and attitude control system

This paper extends the previous works that appeared in Acta Astronautica. An approach that incorporates the Active Force Control (AFC) technique into a conventional Proportional-Derivative (PD) controller is proposed for a 50 kg small satellite. Numerical treatments are performed to validate the effectiveness of AFC. The attitude control capability of the combined energy and attitude control system (CEACS) is expected to improve. The result shows an important attitude pointing enhancement for the CEACS attitude control task.     

用户星天线指向控制设计初探

在数据中继卫星系统中，为保证用户星和中继星间的通信，用户星天线要精确指向中继星。由于天线指向系统和姿态控制系统间存在动态耦合，天线桅杆又有拉伸和扭转变形，所以仅靠卫星的姿态控制不能达到要求的指向精度，必须采用独立的指向控制系统。本文针对这一情况，首先分析了用户星天线指向跟踪信号，并设计单轴天线控制器。仿真结果表明，用典型跟踪信号作为输入，可得到满意的跟踪精度。     

超静平台在卫星高精度高稳定度指向 控制中的应用研究

文章对超静平台在卫星高精度高稳定度指向控制中的应用进行了研究,针对不同频率振源下平台的动力学模型,设计了超静平台分层控制器。通过控制算法仿真表明,采用超静平台能充分消除星上振源对有效载荷的干扰,保持对观测目标精确指向。     

挠性结构的分力合成主动振动抑制方法研究

针对当代航天器的大挠性特点和挠性附件的振动常影响航天器的姿态控制精度和指向精度的问题，全面分析了一种挠性结构的主动振动抑制方法－分力合成方法。分力合成方法的具体应用以若干个定理的形式加以总结。为了提高方法在工程实践中应用的可行性，又提出了改善方法对参数变动鲁棒性的定理并得到了严格的数学证明。数值仿真和地面试验进一步验证了该方法的有效性和简便性。     

Limit-cycle-like control for planar space robot models with initial angular momenta

In this paper, we develop a new control strategy on limit cycles for planar space robot models with initial angular momenta. First, we state our problem formulation, and give some concepts and assumptions. Next, we derive a controller that generates a desired stable limit-cycle-like behavior for general two-dimensional nonlinear control systems, which is called limit-cycle-like control. We then give two kinds of specific forms of the controller and investigate some characteristics of them. After that, we apply the limit-cycle-like control methods to a control problem of a planar space robot model with an initial angular momentum, and some simulations are carried out in order to demonstrate the effectiveness of our new methods.     

Maneuver planning of a rigid spacecraft with two skew control moment gyros

The attitude maneuver planning of a rigid spacecraft using two skew single-gimbal control moment gyros (CMGs) is investigated. First, two types of restrictions are enforced on the gimbal motions of two skew CMGs, with each restriction yielding continuous control torque along a principal axis of the spacecraft. Then, it is proved that any axis fixed to the spacecraft can be pointed along an arbitrary inertial direction by at most two sequent rotations around the two actuated axes. Given this fact, a two-step eigenaxis rotation strategy, executing by the two single-axis torques respectively, is designed to point a given body-fixed axis along a desired direction. Furthermore, a three-step eigenaxis rotation strategy is constructed to achieve an arbitrary rest-to-rest attitude maneuver. The rotation angles required for the single-axis pointing and arbitrary attitude maneuver schemes are all analytically solved. Numerical examples are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithms.     

控制受限柔性航天器姿态机动内闭环成形控制

针对柔性航天器带有执行机构饱和的姿态控制问题,提出了一种将反馈控制与内闭环信号成形相结合的控制方法。将成形器作用于系统内闭环回路中,通过人为引入控制延时达到抑制振动的目的,避免敏感器扰动、执行机构饱和等非线性影响控制器振动抑制效果。全物理实验结果表明,在反作用飞轮存在控制力矩饱和的情况下,该方法不仅使航天器快速地、平稳地完成高精度姿态机动,而且显著地减少了柔性结构的弹性振动,具有算法简单、易于在轨实时计算的优点。
     

New one-axis one-sensor magnetic attitude control theoretical and in-flight performance

New one-axis magnetic attitude control is proposed. Only one attitude sensor providing any inertial direction measurements is necessary, magnetometer is not used. The control may be used as a backup capability in case main actuators or some attitude sensors fail. Sun pointing is achievable using only three-axis Sun sensor, so the control may be used to lower the power consumption during battery charging. Asymptotic stability of different equilibria depending on the satellite inertia tensor is summarized. In-flight results from “Chibis-M” microsatellite are provided proving general control performance.     

Time-optimal maneuvering control of a rigid spacecraft

The time-optimal rest-to-rest maneuvering control problem of a rigid spacecraft is studied in this paper. By utilizing an iterative procedure, this problem is formulated and solved as a constrained nonlinear programming (NLP) one. In this novel method, the count of control steps is fixed initially and the sampling period is treated as a variable in the optimization process. The optimization object is to minimize the sampling period below a specific minimum value, which is set in advance considering the accuracy of discretization. To generate initial feasible solutions of the NLP problem, a genetic-algorithm-based is also proposed such that the optimization process can be started from many different points to find the globally optimal solution. With the proposed method, one can find a time-optimal rest-to-rest maneuver of the rigid spacecraft between two attitudes. To show the feasibility of the proposed method, simulation results are included for illustration.     

基于自抗扰技术的挠性航天器高精度指向控制

针对存在外部干扰和模型不确定性的挠性航天器,提出了一类新颖的基于自抗扰技术的控制方案,实现无姿态角速度反馈的航天器对目标高精度姿态指向控制。对目标相对姿态指向控制系统进行建模,引入一光滑连续秦函数,构造三阶扩张观测器,观测系统姿态角速度和总扰动,并利用其实现动态补偿线性化及扰动抑制。针对单框架控制力矩陀螺群作为执行机构常存在的奇异,引入零空间空转指令设计了一类奇异避免操纵律。将控制系统方案用于某挠性航天器模型,仿真结果验证了方案的有效性、合理性。     

Parameters design of vibration isolation platform for control moment gyroscopes

Vibration isolation is a direct and effective approach to improve the ultra-precise pointing capability of a high resolution remote sensing satellite. In this paper, a passive multi-strut vibration isolation platform for the control moment gyroscopes in a pyramid configuration on a satellite is adopted and the parameter design of this platform is discussed. The first step constructs a whole satellite dynamic model including the control moment gyroscopes and the vibration isolation platform with Newton–Euler method, while the analytical control moment gyroscopes disturbance model is derived. The transmissibility matrix of the vibration isolation platform is then obtained, and the frequency domain characteristics of the platform are described, with its influence on the attitude control system analyzed. The third part presents the parameter design method of the vibration isolation platform based on the frequency domain characteristics mentioned above. The stiffness and damping coefficients of this platform are subsequently selected with the above mentioned method. Finally, using these parameters, the performance of the vibration isolation platform on the satellite is testified by integrated simulations. The study shows that parameters of this platform selected based on this method not only satisfy the requirement of vibration isolation but also guarantee that the closed-loop attitude control system remains sufficiently stable.     

超静超稳卫星碰振动力学建模

针对分离式卫星载荷模块(PM)受到扰动时可能与服务模块(SM)发生碰撞的问题，综合音圈电机反电动势(back-EMF)和柔性线缆动力学的效应，基于牛顿欧拉法建立了分离式卫星(DFP)载荷模块动力学模型。基于Hertz接触理论，推导了分离式卫星碰撞过程中连续接触力模型，并分析了碰撞过程中产生的接触力对载荷模块指向精度和指向稳定度的影响。数值仿真结果表明，碰撞使得载荷模块指向精度和指向稳定度下降5个数量级，碰撞后载荷模块可再次恢复到超静超稳工作状态，恢复时间超过1400 s。本文建立的碰撞模型对研究分离式卫星碰撞规避和碰撞控制具有重要意义。     

Modal control of the planar motion of a long flexible beam in orbit

Attitude control techniques for the pointing and stabilization of very large, inherently flexible spacecraft systems are investigated. The attitude dynamics and control of a long, homogeneous flexible beam whose center of mass is assumed to follow a circular orbit is analyzed. In this study, first order effects of gravity-gradient are included, whereas external perturbations and related orbital station keeping maneuvers are neglected. A mathematical model which describes the system deflections within the orbital plane has been developed by treating the beam as having a maximum of three discretized mass particles connected by massless, elastic structural elements. The uncontrolled dynamics of this system are simulated and, in addition, the effects of the control devices are considered. The concept of distributed modal control, which provides a means for controlling a system mode independently of all other modes, is examined. The effect of varying the number of modes in the model as well as the number and location of the control devices are also considered.     

大型索网式可展开天线在轨高精度指向控制

以星载大型索网式可展开天线为对象,研究在轨工作过程中天线视轴高精度高稳定度指向控制方法。首先,基于Craig-Bampton法建立表征天线指向的动力学模型;然后针对天线振动对视轴指向的影响,设计PD反馈+陷波滤波器的控制算法;进一步分析影响指向精度的因素,设计带有调节滤波器的改进控制器以减小天线视轴指向的周期性误差,提高指向精度与稳定度。最后,给出数值仿真校验的结果并与现有的方法进行比较。结果表明,所提出的控制算法在保证天线指向稳定的同时,可以有效减小天线视轴的指向偏差,并对干扰与振动具有良好的鲁棒性。     

Approximate solutions to minimax optimal control problems for aeroassisted orbital transfer

This paper considers minimax problems of optimal control arising in the study of aeroassisted orbital transfer. The maneuver considered involves the coplanar transfer from a high planetary orbit to a low planetary orbit. An example is the HEO-to-LEO transfer of a spacecraft, where HEO denotes high Earth orbit and LEO denotes low Earth orbit. In particular, HEO can be GEO, a geosynchronous Earth orbit.The basic idea is to employ the hybrid combination of propulsive maneuvers in space and aerodynamic maneuvers in the sensible atmosphere. Hence, this type of flight is also called synergetic space flight. With reference to the atmospheric part of the maneuver, trajectory control is achieved by means of lift modulation. The presence of upper and lower bounds on the lift coefficient is considered.The following minimax problems of optimal control are investigated: (i) minimize the peak heating rate, problem P1; and (ii) minimize the peak dynamic pressure, problem P2. It is shown that problems P1 and P2 are approximately equivalent to the following minimax problem of optimal control: (iii) minimize the peak altitude drop occurring in the atmospheric portion of the trajectory, problem P3.Problems P1–P3 are Chebyshev problems of optimal control, which can be converted into Bolza problems by suitable transformations. However, the need for these transformations can be bypassed if one reformulates problem P3 as a two-subarc problem of optimal control, in which the first subarc connects the initial point and the point where the path inclination is zero, and the second subarc connects the point where the path inclination is zero and the final point: (iv) minimize the altitude drop achieved at the point of junction between the first subarc and the second subarc, problem P4. Note that problem P4 is a Bolza problem of optimal control.Numerical solutions for problems P1–P4 are obtained by means of the sequential gradient-restoration algorithm for optimal control problems. Numerical examples are presented, and their engineering implications are discussed. In particular, it is shown that, from an engineering point of view, it is desirable to solve problem P3 or P4, rather than problems P1 and P2.     

Spin-axis pointing of a magnetically actuated spacecraft

Attitude regulation proves to be a challenging problem, when magnetic actuators alone are used as attitude effectors, since they do not provide three independent control torque components at each time instant. In this paper a rigorous proof of global exponential stability is derived for a magnetic control law that leads the satellite to a desired spin condition around a principal axis of inertia, pointing the spin axis toward a prescribed direction in the inertial frame. The technique is demonstrated by means of numerical simulation of a few example maneuvers. An extensive Monte Carlo simulation is performed for random initial conditions, in order to investigate the effect of changes in control law gains.