DSFDP:一种增强型的深空文件传输协议

针对深空通信所具有的长延时、高误码、深衰落问题,提出一种增强型的深空文件传输协议(DSFDP).与CCSDS文件传输协议(CFDP)的对比仿真表明,两者在地球同步轨道(GEO)通信环境下性能相当;随着延时和误码率的增加,DSFDP的性能将显著优于CFDP;在1.35s单向传输延时(月球通信)、104误码率(深衰落)情况下,DSFDP比CFDP的传输时间缩短50%以上.因此,DSFDP可以适应较大的误码率和延时变化范围,尤其适合深空通信这种信号传输条件恶劣的极限通信环境.     

CFDP协议中延迟NAK文件传输时间分析与仿真

未来的深空通信需要一个鲁棒的、有效与可靠的文件传输协议,在研究CCSDS提出的CFDP协议基础上,针对延迟NAK模式提出了一种新的分析方法。在保证吞吐量的前提下,对ARQ定时器优化设置,导出了平均文件传输时间的理论表达式。在单跳直连链路中,对不同条件下的平均文件传输时间进行了仿真与数值分析。仿真结果表明平均文件传输时间与PDU错误概率、PDU数目及单向传播时间等有密切关系。随机仿真与理论分析具有很好的一致性。     

CFDP协议中延迟NAK模式的一种改进建议

本文基于CFDP协议中的延迟NAK型可靠传输模式,提出了一种改进建议,并对其进行了数学建模分析。在文件传输时间与吞吐量之间做了一个合理的折衷,建议把整个文件传输分为初次发送与重传两阶段,采用仅对丢失的PDUs连续重传2次的策略,推算了双重传延迟NAK型模式下的平均文件传输时间。通过随机仿真验证了该建议的正确性,仿真结果表明该建议非常适合长距离、高丢包率及链路连接时间短的场景。     

深空通信中提示否定确认型CFDP协议延时估算

为确定空间数据咨询委员会（CCSDS）建议高级在轨系统中CCSDS文件传输协议（CFDP）在深空通信环境中的适应性,研究了CFDP中提示否定确认型文件传输协议（Prompt NAK CFDP）的传输机理。给出了此传输方式的文件传输时延估算方法。分析了误码率、传输速率、协议数据单元的大小与数量,以及提示信息数等对传输时延的影响,获得了深空通信对误码率的要求。研究表明：CFDP可用于深空通信,为其进一步应用和改进提供了参考。     

延迟/中断容忍网络技术及其在行星际因特网中的应用

延迟/中断容忍网络(DTN)采用一种新的端到端的覆盖层网络体系结构,是实现行星际因特网(IPN)的一种重要技术途径。文章首先论述了DTN应用于航天的几种网络协议的特点,包括束协议、利克里德传输协议(LTP)、空间数据系统咨询委员会文件传输协议(CFDP)和Saratoga协议,并分析了DTN路由算法的特点和DTN网络软件的实现,然后总结了NASA在遥感、空间站、中继通信和深空探测等任务情景下进行的DTN飞行验证试验的技术特点。针对我国未来天基综合信息网建设的需求,提出了DTN技术在体系结构、汇聚层协议、路由算法和网关节点设计方面值得关注的问题。     

深空通信文件传输协议的交织技术研究

引入喷泉编码技术应用于深空通信,对CCSDS文件传输协议进行改进,提出了一种针对深空环境长时延、高误码率、丢包率大和链路易中断等特点的基于数据包交织的文件传输协议。根据深空通信文件传输的业务需要设计了两种不同的级别概率分布,接收端只需要接收到一定数量的数据包,就能够恢复出整个原始信息,无需或需要很少反馈确认信息。仿真验证交织技术能够简化传输协议,减少文件传输时延,增大系统的吞吐量并保证通信的有效性。
     

深空通信中Ka频段自适应纠删编码研究

未来深空通信将采用Ka频段进行深空探测任务,但余量有限的Ka频段链路受地面站区域天气的影响较大,容易产生中断。将Ka频段链路的噪声温度建模为两状态马尔科夫链的Gilbert Elliot信道,结合异步CFDP传输模式,设计了低误差的天气状态预测模型,同时针对给定噪声阈值下天气状态转换对下行链路丢包率的影响,提出一种基于天气状态转换的RS码与弱鲁棒孤波分布LT码级联的分组纠删编码技术,通过预测模型实现自适应码率调整以保持Ka频段的数据链路连续性以及有效吞吐量。仿真表明算法可实现对数据分组的纠删保护,提高接收端的译码性能,增大系统吞吐量,提高文件传输效率。     

面向深空通信的分布式系统Raptor码传输机制

为缓解深空探测器与地面站之间的超远距离和星体遮挡,而导致巨大的信号衰减以及链路频繁中断的问题,基于容迟/容断网络（DTN）协议框架,利用轨道器进行多跳中继组网传输,设计了多个探测器经过轨道器向地面传输场景下的分布式系统Raptor编码传输方案（DSRC）。提出了联合译码简化方案,理论分析推导了DSRC方案及改进方案的性能参数,并与现有分布式无速率纠删方案进行仿真比较,在译码冗余为5%时达到了0.01的译码失败率。     

弱太阳闪烁中深空探测信道的自适应控制

为提高探测器发射机功率利用率,在探测器和地球间建立可靠的传输链路,弱太阳闪烁中的深空信道的自适应控制十分重要。根据CCSDS规范,提出了一种基于连续功率控制和离散速率控制策略的深空信道自适应控制方法。数学分析和计算机仿真表明,(1) 太阳闪烁越强,自适应功率控制效果越明显;(2) 当太阳闪烁引起的信号衰减不大,小于9.4dB时,MPSK自适应控制信道容量高于非自适应控制信道容量。
     

RF communications subsystem for the Radiation Belt Storm Probes mission

The NASA Radiation Belt Storm Probes (RBSP) mission, currently in Phase B, is a two-spacecraft, Earth-orbiting mission, which will launch in 2012. The spacecraft's S-band radio frequency (RF) telecommunications subsystem has three primary functions: provide spacecraft command capability, provide spacecraft telemetry and science data return, and provide accurate Doppler data for navigation. The primary communications link to the ground is via the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory's (JHU/APL) 18 m dish, with secondary links to the NASA 13 m Ground Network and the Tracking and Data Relay Spacecraft System (TDRSS) in single-access mode. The on-board RF subsystem features the APL-built coherent transceiver and in-house builds of a solid-state power amplifier and conical bifilar helix broad-beam antennas. The coherent transceiver provides coherency digitally, and controls the downlink data rate and encoding within its field-programmable gate array (FPGA). The transceiver also provides a critical command decoder (CCD) function, which is used to protect against box-level upsets in the C&DH subsystem. Because RBSP is a spin-stabilized mission, the antennas must be symmetric about the spin axis. Two broad-beam antennas point along both ends of the spin axis, providing communication coverage from boresight to 70°. An RF splitter excites both antennas; therefore, the mission is designed such that no communications are required close to 90° from the spin axis due to the interferometer effect from the two antennas. To maximize the total downlink volume from the spacecraft, the CCSDS File Delivery Protocol (CFDP) has been baselined for the RBSP mission. During real-time ground contacts with the APL ground station, downlinked files are checked for errors. Handshaking between flight and ground CFDP software results in requests to retransmit only the file fragments lost due to dropouts. This allows minimization of RF link margins, thereby maximizing data rate and thus data volume.     

我国天基综合信息网构想

阐述了天基综合信息网的定义、组成和特征;介绍了美国和欧洲天基综合信息网的研究情况;提出了我国天基综合信息网的体系架构,其中包含通信卫星、导航卫星、遥感卫星、载人飞船等航天器和临近空间各种飞行器,以及地面系统。分析了该网络的特点和可用的网络协议结构;探讨了该网络的组网结构、网络协议、服务质量(QoS)路由、网络管理、网络安全防护、激光通信和星载处理交换等多项关键技术。依据国情,提出了我国天基综合信息网构想。此构想采用双层(地球静止轨道和低地球轨道)通信卫星星座和导航卫星星座,实现全球全时覆盖空间层航天器、临近空间层飞行器和地面层各种用户终端,通过星间链路、星地链路和地面线路组成一个空天地一体化的全球信息网络。在国外不设地球站的情况下,该网络可实现:国内测控站测控我国全球运行的卫星;国内遥感站实时接收我国全球遥感卫星发送的信息;国内关口站管理我国授权的全球用户站之间的互通信息。最后,提出了开展我国天基综合信息网的可行性研究建议。     

Space solar power vs space communications

To meet the future needs of energy on Earth, the transmission of solar power from space is being extensively studied. Since the power station will occupy a position in the geostationary orbit and will use radio frequency spectrum for transmission of energy to Earth, the relative benefits of space solar power and space communications should be considered. The resource allocation of orbit-spectrum to a power station requires a sacrifice from space communications as they both utilize similar limited resources. The power station is to energy what communication is to information. While the cost of energy is going up, the cost of information processing, storage, sharing and transmission is decreasing. Also, increased means of communication are used as a measure of energy conservation. With the advent of computer communication and the Large Scale Integrated (LSI) microprocessors, the technique of multiple access, message switching and satellite switching can be cost-effectively combined. The computer-satellite communication will allow information resource sharing among large numbers of users besides the conventional application of space communications. Since space communication means work effectively in many other areas where ultimate energy use and conservation is possible, the space solar power will not be able to compete or substitute on the basis of equality and social benefits. But, as the transmission technology is similar for both areas, the R & D effort for solar power will certainly increase efficiency and reduce cost for space communications.     

Human space exploration and human spaceflight: Latency and the cognitive scale of the universe

The role of telerobotics for space exploration in placing human cognition on other worlds is limited almost entirely by the speed of light, and the consequent communications latency that results from large distances. This latency is the time delay between the human brain at one end, and the telerobotic effector and sensor at the other end. While telerobotics and virtual presence is a technology that is rapidly becoming more sophisticated, with strong commercial interest on the Earth, this time delay, along with the neurological timescale of a human being, quantitatively defines the cognitive horizon for any locale in space. That is, how distant can an operator be from a robot and not be significantly impacted by latency? We explore that cognitive timescale of the universe, and consider the implications for telerobotics, human spaceflight, and participation by larger numbers of people in space exploration. We conclude that, with advanced telepresence, sophisticated robots could be operated with high cognition throughout a lunar hemisphere by astronauts within a station at an Earth-Moon L1 or L2 venue. Likewise, complex telerobotic servicing of satellites in geosynchronous orbit can be carried out from suitable terrestrial stations.     

面向火星临近空间的分布式中继纠删编码机制研究

火星探测极远的通信距离以及行星遮挡,使得探测车与地面站的通信需要构建火星临近空间网络传输信息。为保证数据传输的可靠性并提高传输效率,重点研究基于分布式前向纠删编码的多个火星探测车通过中继轨道器向地面站传输的场景。考虑探测节点的周期性加入和退出的特性,设计了源节点使用弱鲁棒孤波LT码,中继随机转发/异或的中继随机决策编码方案,并推导了转发概率的理论最优值。仿真验证了新方案与已有的分布式喷泉方案相比,降低了约50%的信源编码开销,并通过复杂度与译码冗余的折衷,达到了99.9%的译码成功率。     

SCPS-TP在卫星链路上的性能测试及改进策略

给出了在实际卫星链路环境中分别使用空间通信协议标准-传输协议（Space Com-munication Protocol Standard-Transport Protocol,SCPS-TP）、TCP Hybla协议和性能增强代理网关技术（PEPsal）的链路传输速率,并对结果进行了分析和比较,表明SCPS-TP协议在高丢包率、长传输时延的卫星链路中性能最优越;提出了一种基于SCPS-TP协议的空间网络传输层加速方法改进思路,通过增加新的更具针对性的改进型拥塞控制策略,克服其原有的保守型窗口增长模式的缺点以提高链路平均吞吐量。     

Comparative economics of very high capacity communications satellites

Technology advances expected by the late 1980 or early 1990 time period will allow the construction of powerful and complex communications satellites with large multibeam antennas and very many transponders, and their operation and maintenance in geostationary orbit. The high sensitivity and effective radiated power of such satellites will enable the Earth stations using them to shrink dramatically in size and cost, thus becoming readily available to very large numbers of users as well as making possible new kinds and levels of communications services simply not possible with smaller satellites. This paper briefly describes three such new designs, concerning electronic mail transmission, educational TV distribution, and mass personal communications; it compares the users' service costs with those of terrestrial networks designed for the same performance.     

地月空间星地双向单程测量高精度模型

针对使用星地双向单程测量技术实现给定场景下的地月空间高精度测量问题,建立了地月空间纳秒级星地时差解算模型与米级瞬时距离解算模型,定量分析了模型中各因素的量级,并对模型中收发时延、引力时延、定轨误差和大气延迟等多种因素引入的时差和距离估算误差进行了定量分析。仿真数据的处理结果校验了误差量级理论分析的准确性,时差估算的均方根误差优于7.6ns,瞬时距离估算均方根误差优于2.4 m。建立的模型可以对地月空间星地DOWR测量数据进行高精度处理,实现地月空间高精度时间比对,支持未来中国载人登月等任务及地月空间高精度导航技术。     

A methodology to support strategic decisions in future human space exploration: From scenario definition to building blocks assessment

The human exploration of multiple deep space destinations (e.g. Cis-Lunar, NEAs), in view of the final challenge of sending astronauts to Mars, represents a current and consistent study domain especially in terms of its possible scenarios and mission architectures assessments, as proved by the numerous on-going activities about this topic and moreover by the global exploration roadmap. After exploring and analysing different possible solutions to identify the most flexible path, a detailed characterisation of several Design Reference Missions (DRMs) represents a necessity in order to evaluate the feasibility and affordability of deep space exploration missions, specifically in terms of enabling technological capabilities.The study presented in this paper was aimed at defining an evolutionary scenario for deep space exploration in the next 30 years with the final goal of sending astronauts on the surface of Mars by the end of 2030 decade. Different destinations were considered as targets to build the human exploration scenario, with particular attention to Earth–Moon Lagrangian points, NEA and Moon. For all the destinations selected as part of the exploration scenario, the assessment and characterisation of the relative Design Reference Missions were performed. Specifically they were defined in terms of strategies, architectures and mission elements. All the analyses were based on a pure technical approach with the objective of evaluating the feasibility of a long term strategy for capabilities achievement and technological development to enable future space exploration.This paper describes the process that was followed within the study, focusing on the adopted methodology, and reports the major obtained results, in terms of scenario and mission analysis.     

一种适用于深空通信的有限随机性喷泉码算法

基于数字喷泉的编译码技术无码率、不需要反馈的特点可适应深空环境下的文件传输。但传统的喷泉随机编码算法需要10^4量级以上的码长以保证可恢复概率,且原有的译码算法是一种次优方案,无法满足功率和存储空间严格受限的深空通信系统。提出了一种限制编码过程中部分随机性的相关列补偿编码算法,采用渐增高斯消去算法优化译码性能。仿真结果表明所提出的联合优化编译码方案能使码长不大于10^3的喷泉码在冗余度小于0.20的情况下,获得10^-4的译码失败率,较好地解决了传统数字喷泉码在空间通信系统中的适用问题。