固体火箭发动机尾焰红外辐射特性预估研究

运用离散颗粒模型对固体火箭发动机及尾焰两相流进行了一体化仿真,得出了各燃气组分和Al2O3颗粒的流场参数分布.通过建立固体火箭尾焰红外辐射模型,计算出了二维轴对称尾焰的光谱辐射亮度.研究表明,颗粒辐射起着主导性作用,颗粒尺寸越小,在4.3 μm波长处气相辐射作用越明显;燃烧室内燃面颗粒速度越大,尾焰辐射越弱;颗粒尺寸越大,颗粒辐射越强,但随燃面颗粒速度增大,辐射降低越快.所得结论与相关文献数据一致,表明计算模型和方法可行.     

Effects of buoyancy on gas-jet diffusion flames: Experiment and theory

Theoretical and experimental research on the effects of buoyancy on gas-jet diffusion flames is described in this paper. Part of this research involves an assessment of existing data obtained under reduced-gravity conditions. The results show that uncertainties in our understanding of flame structure exist and further research is required before reliable predictions of ignition, stabilization and propagation of flames under microgravity conditions can be made. Steady-state and transient theories have been developed and used in the analysis of existing drop-tower data and new data obtained from a stationary experiment involving inverted flames. The result of this research has led to the definition of a microgravity experiment to be performed in space.     

Experiments on velocity augmentation of spherical flames by grids

Using spherical wire mesh screens with a wire diameter d and a mesh size l, an experimental study was carried out involving homogeneous mixtures of propane/air, ethylene/air, acetylene/air and with oxygen enriched air. Streak photographs of the processes were taken, yielding information on the flame propagation speeds inside and outside the screen. The ratio of the two speeds immediately before and after crossing the screen, α, can be interpreted as practically equivalent (for the same “heat release”) to the ratio of flame velocities relative to the unburned gas, i.e. Values of (α − 1) are correlated with the Reynolds number based on the wire thickness d, density and viscosity of the unburned gas and flame propagation speed inside the wire mesh. The experiments were repeated with two and three spheres of different diameters, e.g. inner screen 9 cm in diameter and outer screen 18 cm in diameter or three screens, 9, 13.5 and 18 cm, respectively. The second screen usually added a factor of 2 on the value of α. The third screen produced very little additional effect. The highest value of α we ever obtained for mixtures with air was about 12 (for acetylene/air). With oxygen enriched air the situation is quite different. If the flame velocity of the laminar flame relative to the unburned gas exceeds 2 m/sec, the value of α may increase up to a level corresponding to detonation.     

含硼富燃料推进剂燃烧表面"沉积层"研究

针对含硼富燃料推进剂低压燃烧时燃烧表面产生“沉积层”的现象,结合该推进剂的燃烧过程,分析了“沉积层”的形成机理,建立了“沉积层”影响燃气流动的数学模型,研究了其对气相火焰高度的影响。结果表明,“沉积层”使气相火焰高度降低,传给燃面的热流密度占气相总热流密度的百分比增大,有更多的气相燃烧产生的热量反馈回燃烧表面,即使含硼富燃料推进剂燃烧过程中气相作用增强,易于在低压下维持稳定燃烧,并具有相对高的燃速和压强指数。这为含硼富燃料推进剂用于冲压发动机提供了有利的理论支持。     

白刚玉对微烟推进剂燃烧性能的影响

微烟推进剂不能含有铝粉,故必须加入其他燃烧稳定剂来抑制不稳定燃烧。本文提出了燃烧稳定剂选择的关键性指标——粒度及粒度分布的可控性,认为磨料微粉白刚玉(Al_2O_3)是微烟推进剂比较合适的燃烧稳定剂新品种,进而研究了白刚玉粒度、含量对推进剂燃速、压强指数和燃烧稳定性影响的规律性,探讨了燃烧前后白刚玉粒度变化的趋势,并由实测火焰结构证实,该推进剂与双基推进剂火焰结构相似,从而为该类推进剂选择催化剂提供了理论依据.     

On a distorted flame front as a hydrodynamic discontinuity

The radius of curvature of a steady distorted flame often turns out to be considerably larger than the width of the thermal structure of the flame. Thus, even under finite deformations of the flame, its structure remains quasi-one-dimensional. This property enables the propagation velocity of a distorted flame front (relative to the gas) to be determined explicitly as a function of the hydrodynamic field and the physico-chemical parameters of the gaseous mixture. With the aid of this relationship one can try to determine the shape of the front in a model which is external with respect to the flame structure and treats the flame as a density jump in an ideal incompressible fluid. As applications, we consider (1) the structure of a Bunsen cone, (2) the extinction of a flame in a divergent flow and (3) the propagation velocity of a corrugated flame.     

Numerical modeling of unsteady flame propagation

The problem of the numerical modeling of unsteady flame propagation with large amounts of exothermic heat release has been addressed through the use of a model equation which contains many of the important nonlinearities and difficulties in the problem. The model equation has been solved for a significant variation in Damköhler number with a variety of conventional and new finite-difference procedures. One of the new procedures used was an adaptive grid method which places node points in the region of large temperature gradients where they are necessary for a proper simulation of the phenomena. This adaptive grid procedure does have significant advantages over conventional second and fourth order uniform grid methods for many aspects of the problem. It has been found that conventional methods with relatively few node points are inadequate for flames with high Damköhler number, because of the fact that too few nodes are located in the flame. Further refinement of the adaptive grid method seems feasible, but even in the present form it represents a significant improvement over conventional techniques.     

粒子冲刷对丁羟推进剂燃烧性能影响试验研究

利用X射线实时荧屏分析技术(RTR),开展了粒子冲刷条件下固体推进剂燃烧特性试验研究,获得了冲刷条件下丁羟推进剂燃烧界面动态退移图像和燃速变化规律。结果表明,在不同粒子冲刷速度条件下,丁羟推进剂的燃速均有增大。当粒子冲刷速度大于某一值时,燃面上会有凹坑形成,表明粒子冲刷导致推进剂燃速增加加剧,当冲刷速度小于这一值时,燃面上不会有明显凹坑出现,但在气相冲刷的作用下燃速也会有不同程度地增大,改变粒子浓度对燃速的影响不太明显。     

不同高度通道内热薄燃料火焰传播特性的研究

为探究通道高度对逆风火焰传播特性的影响,采用实验、数值模拟、理论分析方法对微重力条件下不同高度通道内热薄燃料火焰传播特性进行了研究。通道高度分别为10mm, 14mm和60mm的短时落塔微重力实验结果表明,相同逆风气流速度时,随通道高度增加,火焰传播速度逐渐增大,且10mm, 14mm和16mm高度通道下的火焰长度比约为通道半高度比的二次方关系。数值模拟与理论分析表明,微重力条件下,随通道高度增加,火焰传播速度、火焰长度先增大再减小,呈非单调的变化趋势。燃烧热释放速率随高度变化呈非单调变化趋势,同火焰传播速度变化规律基本一致。     

Combustion characteristics of the end burning hybrid rockets in laminar flow

In this study, we aim to clarify the blowoff mechanism for flame spreading in an opposed laminar flow in narrow solid fuel ducts. To clarify this mechanism we conducted two experiments. First, we observed the changes of the flame spread rate at various oxygen velocities, ambient pressures, and port diameters. For flame spreading in laminar flow, combustion modes could be classified into 3 distinct regimes based on the strength of the opposed flow, i.e., chemical regime, thermal regime, and stabilized regime. This result is consistent with the result in turbulent flow. In the stabilized regime, quenching distance is almost constant despite oxygen velocity. In order to investigate the effect of ambient pressure and port diameter of fuels on blowoff limit, transition oxygen velocity is observed. As a result, transition oxygen velocity is proportional to the logarithm of the ambient pressure and port diameter. This relation is applicable despite the flow condition. Furthermore, we calculated velocity gradient at the fuel surface to reveal the determining factor of the blowoff limit in laminar flow. Consequently, velocity gradient, which is considered to dominate flow separation in laminar flow, would not be constant. This is because the velocity gradient at the fuel surface could not be evaluated by only the assumption of Hagen–Poiseuille flow but other parameters, such as vaporized fuel gas and natural convection by buoyancy should be included.     

An experimental study on the stability of jet diffusion flame

The stability behavior of jet diffusion flame developing in a coflowing high temperature air stream was studied experimentally, using city gas and hydrogen as fuel gases. The primary variables studied were temperature and velocity of the air stream. Two distinct types of stability limits were observed. The first is the blow-off of the rim-stabilized flame, which is familiar and has been studied by a number of investigators. The second is the break-off or extinction of the turbulent portion of the flame at the transition point from laminar to turbulent flow. The second limit is quite unfamiliar and is interesting in relation to the structure of turbulent diffusion flames. The important implications of the experimental findings concerning the stability and the structure of turbulent diffusion flames is discussed.     

Radial propagation velocity of energetic particle injections according to measurements onboard the <Emphasis Type="Italic">Cluster</Emphasis> satellites

Injections of energetic electrons with a dispersion over energies were observed during the February 23, 2004 (at about 03:20 UT) substorm onboard the Cluster satellites in the vicinity of perigee near the midnight meridian. The delays in the particle observation caused by the energy dependence of the magnetic drift velocities made it possible to determine the position and time of the beginning of the drift, tracing the trajectories of the leading center of particles back in time in the magnetospheric model. The comparisons of the measurements of four satellites allowed us to determine the radial propagation of the injection front with a velocity of 100–150 km/s at a distance of 7–9 R _E. The comparison with a few previous measurements shows a substantial slowing down of injections as they approached the Earth, and this confirms the prospects of this method for more detailed study of propagation of plasma injection into the inner magnetosphere.     

Detonation engine fed by acetylene–oxygen mixture

The advantages of a constant volume combustion cycle as compared to constant pressure combustion in terms of thermodynamic efficiency has focused the search for advanced propulsion on detonation engines. Detonation of acetylene mixed with oxygen in various proportions is studied using mathematical modeling. Simplified kinetics of acetylene burning includes 11 reactions with 9 components. Deflagration to detonation transition (DDT) is obtained in a cylindrical tube with a section of obstacles modeling a Shchelkin spiral; the DDT takes place in this section for a wide range of initial mixture compositions. A modified ka-omega turbulence model is used to simulate flame acceleration in the Shchelkin spiral section of the system. The results of numerical simulations were compared with experiments, which had been performed in the same size detonation chamber and turbulent spiral ring section, and with theoretical data on the Chapman–Jouguet detonation parameters.     

低温氢气排放过程数值模拟

以低温氢气安全排放为目的,采用数值模拟方法对低温氢气直接排放和燃烧排放的流场进行分析.流场仿真计算采用了标准双方程k-ε湍流模型和氢氧单步燃烧模型.研究参数包括氢排放压力、流量、温度和环境风速,评价指标为氢扩散范围和燃烧范围.计算结果表明：燃烧排放燃烧范围小于直接排放氢扩散范围;排放压力增加、流量增大和温度降低均会使氢扩散范围和燃烧范围变大.     

超细铝粉的燃烧特性及燃烧模型

运用ＤＴＡ－ＴＧ、ＰＤＳＣ单幅近距摄影、扫描电镜、推进剂爆热的测定等多种实验技术，对超细铝粉燃烧特性及其燃烧模型进行了研究。结果表明，在中压区，推进剂燃面的ＳＡ１直接点火燃烧放热，提高了推进剂燃速，并提出了ＳＡ１在推进剂燃面上直接点火的观战及燃面点火的两个条件；揭示了铝粉在中、高压区内的不同作用，提出了铝焰的概念；绘制了铝和ＳＡ１的燃烧行为图。     

气相氛围中悬浮粉末燃料爆震燃烧研究进展

针对在氧化性气相氛围以及在燃料/氧化剂混合气相氛围中粉末燃料爆震燃烧波的传播特性，总结了气相氛围中悬浮粉末燃料爆震燃烧的实验和数值模拟研究进展，归纳了影响爆震波速度、稳定性、传播模式、细观结构和胞格尺寸的主要因素。同时，还介绍了粉末燃料应用于爆震发动机或燃烧室的案例；结合粉末爆震自身特点对实验装置和燃烧诊断测试手段和数值模拟方法进行总结分析；最后针对下一步需要开展的研究工作进行展望 。     

TG-DSC-IR-MS联用研究RDX-CMDB推进剂催化热分解

采用热重-差示扫描量热-红外-质谱(TG-DSC-IR-MS)联用技术,研究了三元复合燃速催化剂(2,4二羟基苯甲酸铅、对氨基苯甲酸铜和炭黑)对RDX-CMDB推进剂热分解的作用,并比较了纳米和普通催化剂作用效果的差异.结果表明,该复合燃速催化剂使RDX-CMDB推进剂热分解特征量发生明显变化;改变了推进剂中RDX的初期热分解机理,使放热的CN 键断裂在与吸热的NNO2 键断裂的竞争反应中占优;也使双基组分放出有负生成热的CH2O的相对量增加,分解过程放热量或放热速度提高,促进了燃速的提高.与普通催化剂相比,纳米催化剂作用效果更好.     

不同内边界条件下SEP事件实例的集合数值模拟及其在SEP事件预报中的应用

太阳高能粒子（SEP）事件的定量数值预报是空间态势感知的重要方面之一。SEP事件主要来自于日冕物质抛射（CME）所驱动的激波扩散加速（DSA）。文章在三个有关模型的基础上,结合1 AU处卫星的太阳风观测参数和日冕仪的CME观测参数,建立了一套可用于预报SEP事件的数值方法。利用该方法对一次SEP实例进行数值模拟,并将模拟结果与GOES卫星观测结果进行比较。结果表明:数值模拟得到的＞10 MeV的高能粒子的通量和观测较为吻合,＞100 MeV的高能粒子的通量高于观测值。针对此事件进一步开展了不同CME抛射速度和不同内边界背景太阳风温度条件下的集合模拟试验,结果表明:CME抛射速度对SEP事件中高能粒子通量和能谱影响较大,而内边界背景太阳风温度的改变对于高能粒子通量和能谱的影响几乎可以忽略不计。     

含硼富燃料推进剂低压燃烧模型

针对含硼富燃料推进剂低压燃烧的凝相反应和气相燃烧具有气相反应在燃面上的惰性“沉积层”中进行、气相放热主要由AP与HTPB分解产物的扩散燃烧产生的特点,以BDP模型为基础,建立了含硼富燃料推进剂低压燃烧模型,分析了“沉积层”对气相燃烧的影响。结果分析认为,“沉积层”的存在是含硼富燃料推进剂能在较低压强下维持稳定燃烧,并具有较高燃速和压强指数的主要原因。燃烧模型实质是对BDP模型的拓展,利用该模型定性解释了含硼富燃料推进剂低压下特有的燃烧现象。